Review
BibTex RIS Cite

Covid-19 Küresel Salgınının Yaşlı Bireyler Bağlamında Değerlendirilmesi

Year 2021, , 96 - 104, 18.04.2021
https://doi.org/10.38108/ouhcd.741640

Abstract

Bulaşıcı hastalıkların ortaya çıktığı dönemlerde tüm insanlar fiziksel, sosyal, ruhsal, ekonomik ve kültürel olarak etkilenmektedir. Hastalığın tam olarak bilinememesi, tedavi ve bakım konusunda belirsizlikler yaşanması, durumu daha da ciddileştirmektedir. Yeni (Novel) COVID-19 virüsü, ilk kez Çin’in Hubei eyaletinin Wuhan şehrinde 2019 yılı Aralık ayında ortaya çıkmıştır. Çin’de başlayan bu salgın hızlıca birçok ülkeye yayılmış ve Dünya Sağlık Örgütü tarafından da 11 Mart 2020’de pandemi olarak ilan edilmiştir.
Yetişkin bireylerde gözlenen non-spesifik belirtiler ateş, öksürük, halsizlik gibi üst solunum yolu hastalıklarına ait belirtiler olup, tablo ağırlaştıkça pnömoni, ağır solunum yetmezliği tarzında bulgular gelişmektedir. Çocuklarda bulgular genellikle asemptomatik veya çok hafif düzeyde bir üst solunum yolu enfeksiyonu şeklinde ortaya çıkmasına rağmen yetişkin ve özellikle de yaşlı bireylerde daha ağır bulgularla hastalık kendini göstermektedir. Çocuklarda pnömoni olgusu nadir görülürken yaşlılarda çoğunlukla rastlanan ve mortaliteye neden olan en önemli bir semptomdur.
Yaşın ilerlemesiyle ortaya çıkan fizyoljik, psikolojik ve sosyal değişimler, yaşlının bir kronik hastalığının ya da komorbid hastalıklarının olması, çoklu ilaç kullanımı gibi durumlar, yaşlıları bu hastalığa daha yatkın hale getirmektedir. Görüldüğü gibi bu hastalığın yaşlılarda ağır semptomlara ve fataliteye neden olması gerekçesiyle yaşlılarda tedbirlerin daha dikkatli ve emin adımlarla alınması gerekmektedir. Hastalıktan korunmada el hijyeni, damlacık ve sosyal izolasyon önlemleri önemlidir. Bu önlemlerin dikkatli ve aksatılmadan uygulanmasının pandemiyi azaltacağı umulmaktadır. COVID-19 virüsünün yaşlı bireyleri daha çok etkilemesi ve yaşlılarda ölümle sonuçlanan bir virüs olması nedeniyle, bu süreçte yaşlı bireyler virüsle mücadele konusunda önemli bir konuma sahip hale gelmiştir.

References

  • Aldemir M, Adalı F, (2013). Yaşlılarda Kalp ve Dolaşım Sistemi Hastalıkları. Altındiş M, editör, Yaşlılarda Güncel Sağlık Sorunları ve Bakım. İstanbul, İstanbul Tıp Kitapevi, s. 116-122.
  • Altuğ F, Yağcı N, Kitiş A, Büker N, Cavlak U. (2009). Evde yaşayan yaşlılarda yaşam kalitesini etkileyen faktörlerin incelenmesi. Yaşlı Sorunları Araştırma Dergisi, (1), 48-60.
  • Aslan S. (2019). Yaşlanmada Meydana Gelen Fizyolojik, Psikolojik ve Sosyolojik Değişiklikler, Aylaz R, editör. Yaşlı Sağlığı ve Hemşirelik Bakımı. Malatya, İnönü Üniversitesi Yayınları: 49, s. 65-85.
  • Barnes LL, Mendes de Leon CF, Wilson RS, Bienias JL, Evans DA. (2004). Social resources and cognitive decline in a population of older African Americans and whites. Neurology, 63(12), 2322-2326. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1212/01.WNL.0000147473.04043.B3.
  • Bilir N, Paksoy Erbaydar N. (2015). Yaşlılık Sorunları ve Bulaşıcı Olmayan Hastalıkların Kontrolü. Güler Ç, Akın L, editör. Halk Sağlığı Temel Bilgiler 3. Ankara, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Yayınları, s. 1528-1556.
  • Buchman AS, Boyle PA, Wilson RS, James BD, Leurgans SE, Arnold SE ve ark. (2010). Loneliness and the rate of motor decline in old age: the Rush Memory and Aging Project, a community-based cohort study. BMC Geriatrics, 10(1), 77, 1-8. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2318-10-77.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2020a). Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) How to Protect Yourself. 18 Mart 2020. Erişim tarihi: 21.03.2020, https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prepare/prevention.html.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2020b). Environmental Cleaning and Disinfection Recommendations. 6 Mart 2020. Erişim tarihi: 20.03.2020, https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019ncov/community/organizations/cleaningdisinfection.html.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2020c). What every American and community can do now to decrease the spread of the coronavirus. Erişim tarihi: 21.03.2020, https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/downloads/workplace-school-and-homeguidance.pdf.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2020d). 2019-nCoV: Prevention & Treatment. Erişim tarihi: 12.04.2020, https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/prevention-treatment.html.
  • Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress (2020). Psychological Effects of Quarantine During the Coronavirus Outbreak: What Healthcare Providers Need to Know. Erişim tarihi:19.04.2020, https://www.cstsonline.org/assets/media/documents/CSTS_FS_Psychological_Effects_Quarantine_During_Coronavirus_Outbreak_Providers.pdf.
  • Çalkaya M, Gökkoyun SC. (2020). Türkiye'de yaşlı nüfus 5 yılda yüzde 21,9 arttı. Erişim tarihi: 20.04.2020, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/turkiyede-yasli-nufus-5-yilda-yuzde-21-9-artti/1770051.
  • European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. (2020). Novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: increased transmission in the EU/EEA and the UK – sixth update. ECDC. 12 Mart 2020. Erişim tarihi: 31.03.2020, https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/RRA-sixth-update-Outbreak-ofnovel-coronavirus-disease-2019-COVID-19.pdf.
  • Ferguson NM, Laydon D, Nedjati-Gilani G, Imai N, Ainslie K, Baguelin M. ve ark. (2020). Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to reduce COVID-19 mortality and healthcare demand. London. Imperial College of London COVID-19 Response Team, 1-20, DOI: https://doi.org/10.25561/77482.
  • Gattinoni L, Coppola S, Cressoni M, Busana M, Rossi S, Chiumello D. (2020). COVID-19 does not lead to a “typical” acute respiratory distress syndrome. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 201 (10), 1299-1300. DOI:10.1164/rccm.202003-0817LE.
  • Hawkley LC, Hughes ME, Waite LJ, Masi CM, Thisted RA, Cacioppo JT. (2008). From social structural factors to perceptions of relationship quality and loneliness: the chicago health aging, and social relations study. The Journals of Gerontological Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 63(6), 375–S384. DOI: 10.1093/geronb/63.6.s375.
  • Holt Lunstad J, Smith TB, Layton JB. (2010). Social relationships and mortality risk: a meta-analytic review. PLoS Medicine, 7(7), 1-20. e1000316. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316.
  • Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y ve ark. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet, 395(10223), 497-506.
  • Karadakovan A. (2014). Yaşlılarda Önemli Sağlık Sorunları ve Bakım. Yaşlı Sağlığı ve Bakım. Ankara, Akademisyen Kitapevi, s.300-305.
  • Korkmaz Aslan G. (2017). Yaşlı Sağlığının Geliştirilmesi. Ayaz Alkaya S, editör. Sağlığın Geliştirilmesi. Ankara: Hedef CS Basın Yayın, s. 284-286.
  • Li B, Yang J, Zhao F, Zhi L, Wang X, Liu L ve ark. (2020). Prevalence and impact of cardiovascular metabolic diseases on COVID-19 in China. Clinical Research Cardiology, 109, 531–538.
  • Luo Y, Hawkley LC, Waite LJ, Cacioppo JT. (2012). Loneliness, health, and mortality in old age: a national longitudinal study. Social Science and Medicine, 74(6), 907–914. DOI:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.11.028.
  • McMichael TM, Currie DW, Clark S, Pogosjans S, Kay M, Schwartz NG ve ark. (2020). Epidemiology of Covid-19 in a Long-Term Care Facility in King County, Washington. The New England Journal of Medicine. 382. 1-7. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2005412.
  • Özkayar N, Arıoğul S. (2007). Yaşlanma ile Meydana Gelen Fizyolojik Değişiklikler. İç Hastalıkları Dergisi, 14(1), 18-26.
  • Peerenboom L, Collard RM, Naarding P, Comijs HC. (2015). The association between depression and emotional and social loneliness in older persons and the influence of social support, cognitive functioning and personality: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 182, 26-31. DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.04.033.
  • Priebe HJ. (2000). The aged cardiovasculer risk patient. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 85(5), 763-78.
  • Rothe C, Schunk M, Sothmann P, Bretzel G, Froeschl G, Wallrauch C ve ark. (2020). Transmission of 2019-nCoV Infection from an Asymptomatic Contact in Germany. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382(10), 970-971.
  • Sayın, Y. (2012). Yaşlılık Süreci ve Etkileri. Durna Z. editör. Kronik Hastalıklar ve Bakım. İstanbul: Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri, s. 517-537. Soyuer F, Soyuer A. (2008). Yaşlılık ve fiziksel aktivite. İnönü Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 15 (3), 219-224.
  • Sun P, Lu X, Xu C, Sun W, Pan B. (2020). Understanding of COVID-19 based on current evidence. Journal of Medical Virology. 92, 548-551. Şener, A. (2018). Yaşlılık, Yaşam Doyumu ve Boş Zaman Faaliyetleri. Erişim tarihi: 10.11.2018, http://www.sdergi.hacettepe.edu.tr/yasamdoyumu.pdf.
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı (2020a). Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü, COVID-19 (Yeni Koronavirüs Hastalığı) Nedir?. Erişim tarihi: 21.07.2020, https://covid19bilgi.saglik.gov.tr/tr/covid-19-yeni-koronavirus-hastaligi-nedir.html.
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı (2020b). Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü, COVID-19 (Yeni Koronavirüs Hastalığı), COVID-19 Halka Yönelik Sıkça Sorulan Sorular. Erişim tarihi: 21.07.2020, https://covid19bilgi.saglik.gov.tr/tr/sss/halka-yonelik.html.
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı (2020c). Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü, COVID-19 (Yeni Koronavirüs Hastalığı), COVID-19 Rehberi, COVID-19 (Sars-Cov-2 Enfeksiyonu), Temaslı Takibi, Salgın Yönetimi, Evde Hasta İzlemi ve Filyasyon. Erişim tarihi: 21.07.2020, https://covid19bilgi.saglik.gov.tr/depo/rehberler/covid-19-rehberi/COVID19_REHBERI_TEMASLI_TAKIBI_EVDE_HASTA_IZLEMI_VE_FILYASYON.pdf
  • Til A. (2020). Yeni koronavirüs hastalığı (COVID-19) hakkında bilinmesi gerekenler. Göller Bölgesi Aylık Ekonomi ve Kültür Dergisi Ayrıntı, 8(85), 53-57.
  • Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi (TÜBA). 2020. COVID-19 Pandemi Değerlendirme Raporu, 17 Nisan 2020. Ankara. Erişim tarihi: 10.04.2020, http://www.tuba.gov.tr/files/images/2020/kovidraporu/Covid-19%20Raporu-Final+.pdf.
  • Türkiye Psikiyatri Derneği Ruhsal Travma ve Afet Çalışma Birimi. Karantinanın ruhsal etkileri ve koruyucu önlemler. Erişim tarihi: 19.04.2020, https://www.psikiyatri.org.tr/TPDData/Uploads/files/ KarantinaCOVID.pdf.
  • UpToDate (2020). Patient education: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) (The Basics). 18 Mart 2020. Erişim tarihi: 01.04.2020, https://www.uptodate.com/contents/126678#H1787610950
  • Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, Ho CS ve ark., (2020). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research Public Health, 17(5):1729.
  • World Health Organization (2020a). Statement on the second meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the outbreak of novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Erişim tarihi: 03.05.2020, https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/30-01-2020-statement-on-the-second-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-outbreak-of-novel-Coronavirus-(2019-ncov)
  • World Health Organization (2020b). Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Situation Report 51. Erişim tarihi: 03.04.2020, https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-open-ing-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-March-2020.
  • World Health Organization (2020c). Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Situation Report 11. 31 January 2020. Erişim tarihi: 01.04.2020, https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-re-ports/20200131-sitrep-11ncov.pdf?sfvrsn=de7c0f7_4.
  • World Health Organization (2020d). Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) when COVID-19 disease is suspected. Interim Guidance. Erişim Tarihi: 12.04.2020, WHO Reference number WHO/2019-nCoV/clinical/2020.4.
  • World Health Organization (2020e). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) advice for the public. 18 Mart 2020. Erişim tarihi: 10.04.2020, https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public.
  • World Health Organization (2020f). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) advice for the public: Myth busters. Erişim tarihi: 01.04.2020, https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for public/mythbusters.
  • World Health Organization (2020g). Rational use of personal protective equipment (PPE) for coronavirus disease (COVID-19). 19 Mart 2020. Erişim tarihi: 01.04.2020, https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/331498/WHO-2019-nCoV-IPCPPE_use-2020.2-eng.pdf.
  • World Health Organization (2020h). Advice on the use of masks in the community, during home care and in healthcare settings in the context of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak. 19 Mart 2020. Erişim tarihi: 31.03.2020, https://www.who.int/publications-detail/advice-on-the-use-of-masks-in-the-communityduring-home-care-and-in-healthcare-settings-in-the-context-of-the-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov)-outbreak.
  • World Health Organization (2020k). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) advice for the public: When and how to use masks. 2020. Erişim tarihi: 21.03.2020, https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public/whenand-how-to-use-masks.
  • World Health Organization (2020l). 3.4% Mortality Rate estimate by the World Health Organization (WHO) as of March 3 (2020). Erişim tarihi: 05.04.2020, https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/coronavirus-death-rate/#correct. Coronavirus: case fatality rates by age. https://ourworldindata. org/uploads/2020/03/COVID-CFR-by-age-1536x1190.png.
  • Yang J, Zheng Y, Gou X, Pu K, Chen Z, Guo Q ve ark. (2020). Prevalence of comorbidities in the novel Wuhan coronavirus (COVID-19) infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 12; s:1201-9712(20)30136-3. DOI:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.017.

Evaluation of the COVID-19 Global Epidemic in the Context of the Elderly Individuals

Year 2021, , 96 - 104, 18.04.2021
https://doi.org/10.38108/ouhcd.741640

Abstract

In the period when infectious diseases occur, all people are physically, socially, spiritually, economically and culturally affected. The fact that the disease is not fully known, and the uncertainties about treatment and care make the situation more serious. The COVID-19 virus first appeared in Wuhan, China's Hubei province, in December 2019. This epidemic that started in China spread rapidly to many countries and was declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020. Non-specific symptoms observed in adult individuals are symptoms of upper respiratory diseases such as fever, cough, and weakness, and symptoms develop in the form of pneumonia and severe respiratory failure as the condition becomes serious. Although the findings usually appear as an asymptomatic or very mild upper respiratory tract infection in children, the disease manifests with more severe findings in adults and especially elderly individuals. While pneumonia is rare in children, it is the most common symptom that causes mortality in the elderly.
Physiological, psychological and social changes that occur with the advancement of age, the presence of a chronic disease or co morbid diseases of the elderly, and multiple drug use make the elderly more prone to this disease. As can be seen, precautions should be taken with more careful and confident steps in the elderly, as this disease causes severe symptoms and fatality in the elderly. Hand hygiene, droplet and social isolation measures are important in preventing disease. Careful and uninterrupted implementation of these measures is expected to reduce pandemics. Because the COVID-19 virus affects older individuals more and is a death-causing virus in the elderly, older individuals have gained an important position in the fight against the virus in this process.

References

  • Aldemir M, Adalı F, (2013). Yaşlılarda Kalp ve Dolaşım Sistemi Hastalıkları. Altındiş M, editör, Yaşlılarda Güncel Sağlık Sorunları ve Bakım. İstanbul, İstanbul Tıp Kitapevi, s. 116-122.
  • Altuğ F, Yağcı N, Kitiş A, Büker N, Cavlak U. (2009). Evde yaşayan yaşlılarda yaşam kalitesini etkileyen faktörlerin incelenmesi. Yaşlı Sorunları Araştırma Dergisi, (1), 48-60.
  • Aslan S. (2019). Yaşlanmada Meydana Gelen Fizyolojik, Psikolojik ve Sosyolojik Değişiklikler, Aylaz R, editör. Yaşlı Sağlığı ve Hemşirelik Bakımı. Malatya, İnönü Üniversitesi Yayınları: 49, s. 65-85.
  • Barnes LL, Mendes de Leon CF, Wilson RS, Bienias JL, Evans DA. (2004). Social resources and cognitive decline in a population of older African Americans and whites. Neurology, 63(12), 2322-2326. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1212/01.WNL.0000147473.04043.B3.
  • Bilir N, Paksoy Erbaydar N. (2015). Yaşlılık Sorunları ve Bulaşıcı Olmayan Hastalıkların Kontrolü. Güler Ç, Akın L, editör. Halk Sağlığı Temel Bilgiler 3. Ankara, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Yayınları, s. 1528-1556.
  • Buchman AS, Boyle PA, Wilson RS, James BD, Leurgans SE, Arnold SE ve ark. (2010). Loneliness and the rate of motor decline in old age: the Rush Memory and Aging Project, a community-based cohort study. BMC Geriatrics, 10(1), 77, 1-8. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2318-10-77.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2020a). Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) How to Protect Yourself. 18 Mart 2020. Erişim tarihi: 21.03.2020, https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prepare/prevention.html.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2020b). Environmental Cleaning and Disinfection Recommendations. 6 Mart 2020. Erişim tarihi: 20.03.2020, https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019ncov/community/organizations/cleaningdisinfection.html.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2020c). What every American and community can do now to decrease the spread of the coronavirus. Erişim tarihi: 21.03.2020, https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/downloads/workplace-school-and-homeguidance.pdf.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2020d). 2019-nCoV: Prevention & Treatment. Erişim tarihi: 12.04.2020, https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/prevention-treatment.html.
  • Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress (2020). Psychological Effects of Quarantine During the Coronavirus Outbreak: What Healthcare Providers Need to Know. Erişim tarihi:19.04.2020, https://www.cstsonline.org/assets/media/documents/CSTS_FS_Psychological_Effects_Quarantine_During_Coronavirus_Outbreak_Providers.pdf.
  • Çalkaya M, Gökkoyun SC. (2020). Türkiye'de yaşlı nüfus 5 yılda yüzde 21,9 arttı. Erişim tarihi: 20.04.2020, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/turkiyede-yasli-nufus-5-yilda-yuzde-21-9-artti/1770051.
  • European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. (2020). Novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: increased transmission in the EU/EEA and the UK – sixth update. ECDC. 12 Mart 2020. Erişim tarihi: 31.03.2020, https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/RRA-sixth-update-Outbreak-ofnovel-coronavirus-disease-2019-COVID-19.pdf.
  • Ferguson NM, Laydon D, Nedjati-Gilani G, Imai N, Ainslie K, Baguelin M. ve ark. (2020). Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to reduce COVID-19 mortality and healthcare demand. London. Imperial College of London COVID-19 Response Team, 1-20, DOI: https://doi.org/10.25561/77482.
  • Gattinoni L, Coppola S, Cressoni M, Busana M, Rossi S, Chiumello D. (2020). COVID-19 does not lead to a “typical” acute respiratory distress syndrome. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 201 (10), 1299-1300. DOI:10.1164/rccm.202003-0817LE.
  • Hawkley LC, Hughes ME, Waite LJ, Masi CM, Thisted RA, Cacioppo JT. (2008). From social structural factors to perceptions of relationship quality and loneliness: the chicago health aging, and social relations study. The Journals of Gerontological Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 63(6), 375–S384. DOI: 10.1093/geronb/63.6.s375.
  • Holt Lunstad J, Smith TB, Layton JB. (2010). Social relationships and mortality risk: a meta-analytic review. PLoS Medicine, 7(7), 1-20. e1000316. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316.
  • Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y ve ark. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet, 395(10223), 497-506.
  • Karadakovan A. (2014). Yaşlılarda Önemli Sağlık Sorunları ve Bakım. Yaşlı Sağlığı ve Bakım. Ankara, Akademisyen Kitapevi, s.300-305.
  • Korkmaz Aslan G. (2017). Yaşlı Sağlığının Geliştirilmesi. Ayaz Alkaya S, editör. Sağlığın Geliştirilmesi. Ankara: Hedef CS Basın Yayın, s. 284-286.
  • Li B, Yang J, Zhao F, Zhi L, Wang X, Liu L ve ark. (2020). Prevalence and impact of cardiovascular metabolic diseases on COVID-19 in China. Clinical Research Cardiology, 109, 531–538.
  • Luo Y, Hawkley LC, Waite LJ, Cacioppo JT. (2012). Loneliness, health, and mortality in old age: a national longitudinal study. Social Science and Medicine, 74(6), 907–914. DOI:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.11.028.
  • McMichael TM, Currie DW, Clark S, Pogosjans S, Kay M, Schwartz NG ve ark. (2020). Epidemiology of Covid-19 in a Long-Term Care Facility in King County, Washington. The New England Journal of Medicine. 382. 1-7. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2005412.
  • Özkayar N, Arıoğul S. (2007). Yaşlanma ile Meydana Gelen Fizyolojik Değişiklikler. İç Hastalıkları Dergisi, 14(1), 18-26.
  • Peerenboom L, Collard RM, Naarding P, Comijs HC. (2015). The association between depression and emotional and social loneliness in older persons and the influence of social support, cognitive functioning and personality: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 182, 26-31. DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.04.033.
  • Priebe HJ. (2000). The aged cardiovasculer risk patient. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 85(5), 763-78.
  • Rothe C, Schunk M, Sothmann P, Bretzel G, Froeschl G, Wallrauch C ve ark. (2020). Transmission of 2019-nCoV Infection from an Asymptomatic Contact in Germany. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382(10), 970-971.
  • Sayın, Y. (2012). Yaşlılık Süreci ve Etkileri. Durna Z. editör. Kronik Hastalıklar ve Bakım. İstanbul: Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri, s. 517-537. Soyuer F, Soyuer A. (2008). Yaşlılık ve fiziksel aktivite. İnönü Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 15 (3), 219-224.
  • Sun P, Lu X, Xu C, Sun W, Pan B. (2020). Understanding of COVID-19 based on current evidence. Journal of Medical Virology. 92, 548-551. Şener, A. (2018). Yaşlılık, Yaşam Doyumu ve Boş Zaman Faaliyetleri. Erişim tarihi: 10.11.2018, http://www.sdergi.hacettepe.edu.tr/yasamdoyumu.pdf.
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı (2020a). Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü, COVID-19 (Yeni Koronavirüs Hastalığı) Nedir?. Erişim tarihi: 21.07.2020, https://covid19bilgi.saglik.gov.tr/tr/covid-19-yeni-koronavirus-hastaligi-nedir.html.
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı (2020b). Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü, COVID-19 (Yeni Koronavirüs Hastalığı), COVID-19 Halka Yönelik Sıkça Sorulan Sorular. Erişim tarihi: 21.07.2020, https://covid19bilgi.saglik.gov.tr/tr/sss/halka-yonelik.html.
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı (2020c). Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü, COVID-19 (Yeni Koronavirüs Hastalığı), COVID-19 Rehberi, COVID-19 (Sars-Cov-2 Enfeksiyonu), Temaslı Takibi, Salgın Yönetimi, Evde Hasta İzlemi ve Filyasyon. Erişim tarihi: 21.07.2020, https://covid19bilgi.saglik.gov.tr/depo/rehberler/covid-19-rehberi/COVID19_REHBERI_TEMASLI_TAKIBI_EVDE_HASTA_IZLEMI_VE_FILYASYON.pdf
  • Til A. (2020). Yeni koronavirüs hastalığı (COVID-19) hakkında bilinmesi gerekenler. Göller Bölgesi Aylık Ekonomi ve Kültür Dergisi Ayrıntı, 8(85), 53-57.
  • Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi (TÜBA). 2020. COVID-19 Pandemi Değerlendirme Raporu, 17 Nisan 2020. Ankara. Erişim tarihi: 10.04.2020, http://www.tuba.gov.tr/files/images/2020/kovidraporu/Covid-19%20Raporu-Final+.pdf.
  • Türkiye Psikiyatri Derneği Ruhsal Travma ve Afet Çalışma Birimi. Karantinanın ruhsal etkileri ve koruyucu önlemler. Erişim tarihi: 19.04.2020, https://www.psikiyatri.org.tr/TPDData/Uploads/files/ KarantinaCOVID.pdf.
  • UpToDate (2020). Patient education: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) (The Basics). 18 Mart 2020. Erişim tarihi: 01.04.2020, https://www.uptodate.com/contents/126678#H1787610950
  • Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, Ho CS ve ark., (2020). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research Public Health, 17(5):1729.
  • World Health Organization (2020a). Statement on the second meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the outbreak of novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Erişim tarihi: 03.05.2020, https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/30-01-2020-statement-on-the-second-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-outbreak-of-novel-Coronavirus-(2019-ncov)
  • World Health Organization (2020b). Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Situation Report 51. Erişim tarihi: 03.04.2020, https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-open-ing-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-March-2020.
  • World Health Organization (2020c). Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Situation Report 11. 31 January 2020. Erişim tarihi: 01.04.2020, https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-re-ports/20200131-sitrep-11ncov.pdf?sfvrsn=de7c0f7_4.
  • World Health Organization (2020d). Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) when COVID-19 disease is suspected. Interim Guidance. Erişim Tarihi: 12.04.2020, WHO Reference number WHO/2019-nCoV/clinical/2020.4.
  • World Health Organization (2020e). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) advice for the public. 18 Mart 2020. Erişim tarihi: 10.04.2020, https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public.
  • World Health Organization (2020f). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) advice for the public: Myth busters. Erişim tarihi: 01.04.2020, https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for public/mythbusters.
  • World Health Organization (2020g). Rational use of personal protective equipment (PPE) for coronavirus disease (COVID-19). 19 Mart 2020. Erişim tarihi: 01.04.2020, https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/331498/WHO-2019-nCoV-IPCPPE_use-2020.2-eng.pdf.
  • World Health Organization (2020h). Advice on the use of masks in the community, during home care and in healthcare settings in the context of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak. 19 Mart 2020. Erişim tarihi: 31.03.2020, https://www.who.int/publications-detail/advice-on-the-use-of-masks-in-the-communityduring-home-care-and-in-healthcare-settings-in-the-context-of-the-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov)-outbreak.
  • World Health Organization (2020k). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) advice for the public: When and how to use masks. 2020. Erişim tarihi: 21.03.2020, https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public/whenand-how-to-use-masks.
  • World Health Organization (2020l). 3.4% Mortality Rate estimate by the World Health Organization (WHO) as of March 3 (2020). Erişim tarihi: 05.04.2020, https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/coronavirus-death-rate/#correct. Coronavirus: case fatality rates by age. https://ourworldindata. org/uploads/2020/03/COVID-CFR-by-age-1536x1190.png.
  • Yang J, Zheng Y, Gou X, Pu K, Chen Z, Guo Q ve ark. (2020). Prevalence of comorbidities in the novel Wuhan coronavirus (COVID-19) infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 12; s:1201-9712(20)30136-3. DOI:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.017.
There are 48 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Nursing
Journal Section Review
Authors

Merve Ayşe Şahin 0000-0003-3169-2911

Publication Date April 18, 2021
Submission Date May 22, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2021

Cite

APA Şahin, M. A. (2021). Covid-19 Küresel Salgınının Yaşlı Bireyler Bağlamında Değerlendirilmesi. Ordu Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Çalışmaları Dergisi, 4(1), 96-104. https://doi.org/10.38108/ouhcd.741640