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Otobüs gösterge panellerinde kullanılan PVC kaplı pur köpük alt yapısının mekanik ve sıcaklık etkileri altındaki davranışının sonlu elemanlar analizi tabanlı doğrulaması

Year 2026, Issue: Advanced Online Publication
https://doi.org/10.5505/pajes.2025.00810
https://izlik.org/JA24NH33HJ

Abstract

Bu çalışma kapsamında poliüretan (PUR) köpük katmanları ile polivinilklorür (PVC) kaplama kullanılan otobüs gösterge panelleri, çeşitli mekanik ve termal etkilere maruz kalmaktadır. Bu malzemelerin bu etkiler altındaki davranışını anlamak, ürün performansını ve dayanıklılığını artırmak için kritik öneme sahiptir ve bu amaçla deneysel testlere ek olarak sonlu elemanlar analizi (FEA) uygulanmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, FEA kullanarak PVC kaplı PUR numunelerin mekanik ve termal davranışlarını incelemek ve özellikle farklı koşullar altında malzemenin bozunma mekanizmalarını ve performansını araştırmaktır. PVC kaplı PUR numunelerin mekanik davranışı, farklı yükleme ve sıcaklık koşulları altında modellenmiş ve sonlu elemanlar yazılımı ile analiz edilmiştir. Simülasyonlar, deneysel veriler ve literatür bilgilerine dayanarak modellenmiş ve çekme, üç nokta eğme, soyulma ve termal genleşme testlerini içermiştir. Gerinimyer değiştirme oranları, dijital görüntü korelasyonu (DIC) teknikleri ile izlenmiştir. Sonuçlar, deneysel verilerle yüksek uyum göstermektedir. Gerinim değerleri hesaplama hatalarından kaynaklanan küçük farklılıklar göstermektedir, ancak üç nokta eğme testlerinde %97, tek bindirmeli bağlantı testinde ise %96 yakınsama sağlanmıştır. Termal analiz ve DIC sonuçları diğer bulguları doğrulamaktadır. Bu çalışmada sunulan sonuçlar, FEA kullanılarak PVC kaplı PUR numunelerin davranışını simüle etme yeteneğini göstermekte, malzeme ve zaman kaybını önlemekte ve tasarım değişikliklerine katkı sağlamaktadır. FEA sonuçları fiziksel testlerle iyi bir uyum içindedir ve numune düzeyinde analiz için uygunluğunu doğrulamaktadır

References

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  • [3] Jeyanthi S, Nivedhitha DM, Jeyamani E, Lazar PJL, Krishnaswamy P. “Experimental and numerical study of rigid PUR foams for mechanical characteristics using FEA”. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2601(1), 2023.
  • [4] Marsavina L, Sadowski T, Constantinescu DM, Negru R. “PUR foams behaviour. Experiments versus modeling”. Key Engineering Materials, 399(1), 123–130, 2009.
  • [5] Alagarraja K, Vijaya RBM, Chinnadurai E. “Mechanical and thermal properties of PVC and PUR foam hybrid composites”. Materials Testing, 62(5), 544–552, 2020.
  • [6] Milojevic S, Pesic R, Lukic J, Taranovic D, Skrucany T, Stojanovic B. “Vehicles optimization regarding to requirements of recycling example: Bus dashboard”. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 659, 2019.
  • [7] Tajima K, Chen K, Takahashi N, Noda N, Nagamatsu Y, Kakigawa H. “Three-dimensional finite element modeling from CT images of tooth and its validation”. Dental Materials Journal, 28(2), 219–226, 2009.
  • [8] Geramy A, Sharafoddin F. “Abfraction 3D analysis by means of the finite element method”. Quintessence International, 34(7), 526–533, 2003.
  • [9] Dassault Systemes. Abaqus 2016 Analysis User’s Guide Volume II: Analysis, Rhode Island, United States, Dassault Systemes, 2011.
  • [10] Manjusha M, Althaf M. “Numerical analysis on flexural behaviour of GFRP sandwich roof panel with multilayer core material”. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 491(1), 012025, 2020.
  • [11] Naga S, Gadelrab RM, Bekheet N, AM A. “Effect of temperature, cross-head speed and duration of loads on the mechanical properties of PVC polymeric material”. 8th International Conference on Aerospace Sciences and Aviation Technology, Cairo, Egypt, 4–6 May 1999.
  • [12] Ncorr. “DIC Algorithms” http://www.ncorr.com/index.php/dic-algorithms (02.12.2024).
  • [13] Somarathna HMCC, Raman SN, Mohotti D, Mutalib AA, Badri KH. “Rate dependent tensile behavior of polyurethane under varying strain rates”. Construction and Building Materials, 254, 119203, 2020.
  • [14] Horak Z, Dvorak K, Zarybnicka L, Vojackova H, Dvorakova J, Vilimek M. “Experimental measurements of mechanical properties of PUR foam used for testing medical devices and instruments depending on temperature, density and strain rate”. Materials, 13(20), 4560, 2020.
  • [15] Bergström M. Product Development and Finite Element Analysis of Polyurethane Press Shoe. MSc Thesis, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden, 2021.
  • [16] Belinha J. “Multiscale analysis of sandwich beams with polyurethane foam core: A comparative study of finite element methods and radial point interpolation method”. Materials, 17(18), 4466, 2024.

Fea-Based verification of mechanical and thermal behavior of PVC coated pur foam substrate used in bus dashboards

Year 2026, Issue: Advanced Online Publication
https://doi.org/10.5505/pajes.2025.00810
https://izlik.org/JA24NH33HJ

Abstract

Polyurethane (PUR) foam layers with polyvinylchloride (PVC) coating used in bus instrument panels are subjected to various mechanical and thermal effects. Understanding the behavior of these materials under these effects is critical to improve product performance and durability, and for this purpose, finite element analysis (FEA) was employed to complement experimental testing. The aim of this study is to investigate the mechanical and thermal behavior of PVC-coated PUR specimens by FEA and in particular to investigate the degradation mechanisms and the performance of the material under different conditions. The mechanical behavior of PVC coated PUR specimens was modeled under different loading and temperature conditions and analyzed with finite element software. The simulations were modeled based on experimental data and literature information and included tensile, three-point bending, peel and thermal expansion tests. Strain-displacement ratios were monitored using digital image correlation (DIC) techniques. The results are in high agreement with the experimental data. Strain quantities show small variations due to calculation errors, but 97% convergence in three-point bending tests and 96% convergence in single lap joint tests. Thermal analysis and DIC results confirm the other findings. The work presented here demonstrates the ability to simulate the behavior of PVC-coated PUR specimens through FEA, avoiding material and time waste and contributing to design changes. FEA results were in good agreement with the physical tests, confirming suitability for specimen-level analysis.

References

  • [1] Xiamen Eco Import And Export Co. Ltd.. “Knowledge of bus dashboard – Knowledge” https://www.ecobusparts.com/info/knowledge-of-busdashboard-74281041.html (11.12.2024).
  • [2] Oral N, Otuz O, Kocabiyik RK, Akoglu M. “Characterization of mechanical and temperature effects on delamination and basic strength behaviors of PVC coated PUR foam substrate used in bus dashboard”. Heliyon, 10(20), 2024.
  • [3] Jeyanthi S, Nivedhitha DM, Jeyamani E, Lazar PJL, Krishnaswamy P. “Experimental and numerical study of rigid PUR foams for mechanical characteristics using FEA”. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2601(1), 2023.
  • [4] Marsavina L, Sadowski T, Constantinescu DM, Negru R. “PUR foams behaviour. Experiments versus modeling”. Key Engineering Materials, 399(1), 123–130, 2009.
  • [5] Alagarraja K, Vijaya RBM, Chinnadurai E. “Mechanical and thermal properties of PVC and PUR foam hybrid composites”. Materials Testing, 62(5), 544–552, 2020.
  • [6] Milojevic S, Pesic R, Lukic J, Taranovic D, Skrucany T, Stojanovic B. “Vehicles optimization regarding to requirements of recycling example: Bus dashboard”. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 659, 2019.
  • [7] Tajima K, Chen K, Takahashi N, Noda N, Nagamatsu Y, Kakigawa H. “Three-dimensional finite element modeling from CT images of tooth and its validation”. Dental Materials Journal, 28(2), 219–226, 2009.
  • [8] Geramy A, Sharafoddin F. “Abfraction 3D analysis by means of the finite element method”. Quintessence International, 34(7), 526–533, 2003.
  • [9] Dassault Systemes. Abaqus 2016 Analysis User’s Guide Volume II: Analysis, Rhode Island, United States, Dassault Systemes, 2011.
  • [10] Manjusha M, Althaf M. “Numerical analysis on flexural behaviour of GFRP sandwich roof panel with multilayer core material”. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 491(1), 012025, 2020.
  • [11] Naga S, Gadelrab RM, Bekheet N, AM A. “Effect of temperature, cross-head speed and duration of loads on the mechanical properties of PVC polymeric material”. 8th International Conference on Aerospace Sciences and Aviation Technology, Cairo, Egypt, 4–6 May 1999.
  • [12] Ncorr. “DIC Algorithms” http://www.ncorr.com/index.php/dic-algorithms (02.12.2024).
  • [13] Somarathna HMCC, Raman SN, Mohotti D, Mutalib AA, Badri KH. “Rate dependent tensile behavior of polyurethane under varying strain rates”. Construction and Building Materials, 254, 119203, 2020.
  • [14] Horak Z, Dvorak K, Zarybnicka L, Vojackova H, Dvorakova J, Vilimek M. “Experimental measurements of mechanical properties of PUR foam used for testing medical devices and instruments depending on temperature, density and strain rate”. Materials, 13(20), 4560, 2020.
  • [15] Bergström M. Product Development and Finite Element Analysis of Polyurethane Press Shoe. MSc Thesis, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden, 2021.
  • [16] Belinha J. “Multiscale analysis of sandwich beams with polyurethane foam core: A comparative study of finite element methods and radial point interpolation method”. Materials, 17(18), 4466, 2024.
There are 16 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Mechanical Engineering (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Niyazi Oral

Okan Otuz This is me

Rafet Kemal Kocabıyık This is me

Mustafa Akoğlu

Submission Date December 6, 2024
Acceptance Date September 24, 2025
Early Pub Date November 2, 2025
DOI https://doi.org/10.5505/pajes.2025.00810
IZ https://izlik.org/JA24NH33HJ
Published in Issue Year 2026 Issue: Advanced Online Publication

Cite

APA Oral, N., Otuz, O., Kocabıyık, R. K., & Akoğlu, M. (2025). Fea-Based verification of mechanical and thermal behavior of PVC coated pur foam substrate used in bus dashboards. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, Advanced Online Publication. https://doi.org/10.5505/pajes.2025.00810
AMA 1.Oral N, Otuz O, Kocabıyık RK, Akoğlu M. Fea-Based verification of mechanical and thermal behavior of PVC coated pur foam substrate used in bus dashboards. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2025;(Advanced Online Publication). doi:10.5505/pajes.2025.00810
Chicago Oral, Niyazi, Okan Otuz, Rafet Kemal Kocabıyık, and Mustafa Akoğlu. 2025. “Fea-Based Verification of Mechanical and Thermal Behavior of PVC Coated Pur Foam Substrate Used in Bus Dashboards”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, no. Advanced Online Publication. https://doi.org/10.5505/pajes.2025.00810.
EndNote Oral N, Otuz O, Kocabıyık RK, Akoğlu M (November 1, 2025) Fea-Based verification of mechanical and thermal behavior of PVC coated pur foam substrate used in bus dashboards. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi Advanced Online Publication
IEEE [1]N. Oral, O. Otuz, R. K. Kocabıyık, and M. Akoğlu, “Fea-Based verification of mechanical and thermal behavior of PVC coated pur foam substrate used in bus dashboards”, Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, no. Advanced Online Publication, Nov. 2025, doi: 10.5505/pajes.2025.00810.
ISNAD Oral, Niyazi - Otuz, Okan - Kocabıyık, Rafet Kemal - Akoğlu, Mustafa. “Fea-Based Verification of Mechanical and Thermal Behavior of PVC Coated Pur Foam Substrate Used in Bus Dashboards”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. Advanced Online Publication (November 1, 2025). https://doi.org/10.5505/pajes.2025.00810.
JAMA 1.Oral N, Otuz O, Kocabıyık RK, Akoğlu M. Fea-Based verification of mechanical and thermal behavior of PVC coated pur foam substrate used in bus dashboards. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2025. doi:10.5505/pajes.2025.00810.
MLA Oral, Niyazi, et al. “Fea-Based Verification of Mechanical and Thermal Behavior of PVC Coated Pur Foam Substrate Used in Bus Dashboards”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, no. Advanced Online Publication, Nov. 2025, doi:10.5505/pajes.2025.00810.
Vancouver 1.Niyazi Oral, Okan Otuz, Rafet Kemal Kocabıyık, Mustafa Akoğlu. Fea-Based verification of mechanical and thermal behavior of PVC coated pur foam substrate used in bus dashboards. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2025 Nov. 1;(Advanced Online Publication). doi:10.5505/pajes.2025.00810

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