Research Article

Numerical investigation of flow control of a circular cylinder using a synthetic jet actuator at the rear stagnation point

Number: Advanced Online Publication Early Pub Date: June 8, 2026
TR EN

Numerical investigation of flow control of a circular cylinder using a synthetic jet actuator at the rear stagnation point

Abstract

ContextFlow around circular cylinders remain a fundamental yet practically important problem in fluid mechanics due to its strong flow separation, unsteady wake formation, and associated pressure drag. In many engineering applications, particularly in aerospace and civil structures, reducing drag is essential for improving performance and energy efficiency. The Reynolds number considered in this study (Re = 2×105) lies within the critical regime for circular cylinders, where the boundary layer undergoes transition, and the wake structure becomes highly sensitive to external disturbances. Despite extensive research on synthetic jet actuators (SJAs) as an active flow control technique, their application at such critical Reynolds numbers has not been thoroughly investigated, and most existing studies focus on lower-Reynolds-number regimes or conventional configurations.

ObjectiveThe primary objective of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of a SJA positioned at the rear stagnation point of a circular cylinder operating in the critical Reynolds number regime. Specifically, the study aims to evaluate the influence of actuation frequency and momentum coefficient on drag reduction, wake dynamics, and vortex shedding behavior.

MethodA two-dimensional unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) approach coupled with the k-ω turbulence model was employed. The baseline case was first validated against reference experimental data for aerodynamic coefficients and pressure distribution. Subsequently, a parametric study was conducted by varying the non-dimensional frequency and momentum coefficient. Time-resolved analysis and phase-resolved flow visualizations were used to examine the interaction between the synthetic jet and the wake.

ResultsThe results indicate that synthetic jet actuation leads to a significant reduction in drag coefficient, with a maximum reduction of 19.4% under sub-harmonic forcing conditions. The flow transitions into a quasi-periodic regime after the initial transient phase, where the mean drag is reduced while maintaining unsteady fluctuations. The drag reduction mechanism is primarily associated with enhanced base pressure and periodic modification of the wake structure.

ConclusionThe findings demonstrate that SJAs can effectively control bluff body flows even within the critical Reynolds number regime when appropriate actuation parameters are selected. The study highlights the importance of frequency tuning and momentum input in achieving efficient flow control. Future work will focus on three-dimensional effects.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

Middle East Technical University, Northern Cyprus Campus

Project Number

BAP-FEN-25-D-15

Ethical Statement

Ethics committee approval is not required for this article.

References

  1. A. Roshko, “On the drag and shedding frequency of two-dimensional bluff bodies”, California Institute of Technology, Washington, USA, NACA Technical Note, 3169, 1954.
  2. C. H. K. Williamson, “Defining a universal and continuous Strouhal–Reynolds number relationship for the laminar vortex shedding of a circular cylinder”, Physics of Fluids, 31(10), 2742–2744, 1988. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.866978.
  3. C. H. K. Williamson, “Vortex dynamics in the cylinder wake”, Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 28, 477–539, 1996. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.28.010196.002401.
  4. P. W. Bearman, “On vortex shedding from a circular cylinder in the critical Reynolds number régime”, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 37(3), 577–585, 1969. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112069000735.
  5. M. M. Zdravkovich, “Different modes of vortex shedding: An overview”, Journal of Fluids and Structures, 10(5), 427–437, 1996, https://doi.org/10.1006/jfls.1996.0029.
  6. C. Norberg, “An experimental investigation of the flow around a circular cylinder: Influence of aspect ratio”, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 258, 287–316, 1994. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112094003332.
  7. N. K. Delany, N. E. Sorensen, “Low-speed drag of cylinders of various shapes”, Ames Aeronautical Laboratory, Washington, USA, NACA Technical Note, 3038, 1953. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc56716/ (Access date: 12.03.2026)
  8. H. Jiang, “Two- and three-dimensional wake transitions of a circular cylinder with a rear-attached splitter plate”, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 1014, A28, 2025, https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2025.10267.

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Numerical Methods in Mechanical Engineering

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Barış Güngördü *
0000-0001-5192-3989
Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti

Early Pub Date

June 8, 2026

Publication Date

-

Submission Date

March 30, 2026

Acceptance Date

May 5, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Number: Advanced Online Publication

APA
Güngördü, B. (2026). Numerical investigation of flow control of a circular cylinder using a synthetic jet actuator at the rear stagnation point. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, Advanced Online Publication. https://doi.org/10.65206/pajes.1919348
AMA
1.Güngördü B. Numerical investigation of flow control of a circular cylinder using a synthetic jet actuator at the rear stagnation point. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2026;(Advanced Online Publication). doi:10.65206/pajes.1919348
Chicago
Güngördü, Barış. 2026. “Numerical Investigation of Flow Control of a Circular Cylinder Using a Synthetic Jet Actuator at the Rear Stagnation Point”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, no. Advanced Online Publication. https://doi.org/10.65206/pajes.1919348.
EndNote
Güngördü B (June 1, 2026) Numerical investigation of flow control of a circular cylinder using a synthetic jet actuator at the rear stagnation point. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi Advanced Online Publication
IEEE
[1]B. Güngördü, “Numerical investigation of flow control of a circular cylinder using a synthetic jet actuator at the rear stagnation point”, Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, no. Advanced Online Publication, June 2026, doi: 10.65206/pajes.1919348.
ISNAD
Güngördü, Barış. “Numerical Investigation of Flow Control of a Circular Cylinder Using a Synthetic Jet Actuator at the Rear Stagnation Point”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. Advanced Online Publication (June 1, 2026). https://doi.org/10.65206/pajes.1919348.
JAMA
1.Güngördü B. Numerical investigation of flow control of a circular cylinder using a synthetic jet actuator at the rear stagnation point. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2026. doi:10.65206/pajes.1919348.
MLA
Güngördü, Barış. “Numerical Investigation of Flow Control of a Circular Cylinder Using a Synthetic Jet Actuator at the Rear Stagnation Point”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, no. Advanced Online Publication, June 2026, doi:10.65206/pajes.1919348.
Vancouver
1.Barış Güngördü. Numerical investigation of flow control of a circular cylinder using a synthetic jet actuator at the rear stagnation point. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2026 Jun. 1;(Advanced Online Publication). doi:10.65206/pajes.1919348