İçme sularında alg kaynaklı tat ve koku sorununun değerlendirilmesi

Abstract

İçme suyu, su kaynağından tüketici musluğuna ulaştırılana kadar birçok aşamadan geçmektedir. Suyun kalitesi; su kaynağındaki su kalitesine, arıtma tesisinde uygulanan proseslere ve su dağıtım şebekesinin durumuna bağlıdır. Arıtılmış suda istenmeyen tat ve koku, tüketicideki içilebilir su algısını etkilemekte ve tüketicinin musluk suyu tüketimi ile sağlık riskini ilişkilendirmesine sebep olabilmektedir. Bu durum, su temini tesislerine olan tüketici güveninin azalmasına yol açabilmektedir. Söz konusu sorunun çözümü için su otoritelerince sorunun kaynağı araştırılmakta, buna eş zamanlı olarak arıtma tesislerine kolay entegre edilebilecek sistemler üzerinde çalışılmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, havzada sorunun kaynağının tespiti ve sonrasında alınacak önlemler büyük önem taşımaktadır. Ayrıca su arıtma tesislerinde tesis işletiminden kaynaklanan tat ve kokunun önüne geçilmeye çalışılmakta, bunun yanısıra 10 ng/L konsantrasyonun altında bile insanlar tarafından algılanabilen 2-MIB ve Geosmin bileşiklerinin oksidasyon, adsorpsiyon veya biyofiltrasyon gibi proseslerle giderimi incelenmektedir. Öte yandan, arıtılarak şebekeye verilen suda biyolojik aktiviteden veya dezenfeksiyon yan ürün oluşumundan kaynaklanan tat ve koku oluşumu da önlenmelidir. Bu çalışmada, suyun havzadan musluğa yolculuğu boyunca suda oluşabilecek tat ve koku probleminin etmenleri ve bu soruna yönelik çözüm yolları incelenmiştir.

Keywords

• Tat ve koku,İçme suyu,Geosmin,2-MIB,Alg

Evaluation of algae related taste and odor problem in drinking water

Abstract

Source water goes through several processes before reaching to the customer’s tap. Quality of water which flows through the tap is directly related to the water quality in the reservoir, processes used in the drinking water treatment plant and the condition of the present distribution system. Taste and odor in the treated water affects the perception of the drinking water for the customers and causes them to relate it with health risks. This results with a decline in consumer reliance to the water supply system. Water authorities are not only searching for the cause of the problem, but also trying to find a solution which can be integrated to the existing Water Treatment Plant system. In this context, problems related with watershed should be determined and precautions should be taken based on these issues. In WTP’s, taste and odor problem caused by wrong plant operations should be avoided while treatment processes such as oxidation, adsorption and biofiltration processes should be tested for the removal of 2-MIB and Geosmin which can be percieved by the humanbeings even at 10 ng/L. Also, taste and oodor occurance in treated water caused by biological activity or DBP’s in distribution systems should be avoided. In this study, potential causes of taste and odor occurance during the travel of water from reservoir to consumer’s tap is stated along with the solutions.

Keywords

• Taste and odor,Drinking water,Geosmin,2-MIB,Algae

References

1. Fakıoğlu M. Perokson (Peroxone) Prosesi ile İçme Sularından Alg Kaynaklı Tat ve Koku Bileşiklerinin Giderimi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Türkiye, 2017.
2. Öztürk İ, Fakıoğlu M. İçme Sularından Tat ve Koku Giderimi. İstanbul, Türkiye, İSKİ, 2017.
3. Zamyadi A. “Fate of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol in full-scale water treatment plants”. Water Research, 83(1), 171-183, 2015.
4. Hobson P, Fazekas C, House J, Daly R, Kildea T, Giglio S, Burch M, Lin, TF, Chen YM. “Tastes and Odours in Reservoirs”. Water Quality Research Australia, Adelaide, Australia, 2010.
5. Faust SDA, Osman M. Chemistry of Water Treatment. New York, USA, Lewis Publishers, 1998.
6. Toröz İ, Alp K, Karpuzcu E, Fakıoğlu M. “İSKİ Su Arıtma Tesislerinde (SAT) Organoleptik Parametrelerde İyileştirme ve Suyun İçilebilirliğinin Arttırılmasının Araştırılması”. Arıt Çevre Teknolojileri, Istanbul, Türkiye, 2016.
7. American Water Works Association. “Distribution Generated Taste and Odor Phenomena”. Colorado, USA, AWWA Research Foundation, 2002.
8. Taylor WD, Losee RF, Torobin M, Izaguirre G, Sass D, Khiari D, Atasi K. “Early Warning and Management of Surface Water Taste-and-Odor Events”. AWWA Research Foundation, Denver, USA, 2006.

9. Hoehn RC. “Odor Production by Algae”. Conference Workshop Presentation: Understanding and Controlling the Taste and Odor of Drinking Water. AWWA Annual Conference, New Orleans. USA, 2002.
10. Jüttner F, Watson SB. “Biochemical and ecological control of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol in source waters”. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 73(14), 4395-4406, 2007.
11. Koester K. Measuring And Modeling Geosmin Removal From Horsetooth Reservoir Water by Powdered Activated Carbon for Selected Contact Times. MSc Thesis, Colorado State University, Colorado, USA, 2011.
12. Palmer CM. Alg and Water Pollution. 1st ed. London, England, Castle House, 1980.
13. United States Environmental Protection Agency. “Secondary Drinking Water Standards: Guidance for Nuisance Chemicals”. https://www.epa.gov/dwstandardsregulations/secondary-drinking-water-standards-guidance-nuisance-chemicals (02.03.2018).
14. World Health Organization. “Chlorine in Drinking Water”. Geneva, France, 2003.
15. US Environmental Protection Agency. “National Primary Drinking Water Regulations”. 2002.
16. Burlingame GA, Anselme C. “Distribution System Tastes and Odors”. Advances in Taste-and-Odor-Treatment and Control. AWWA Research Foundation and Lyonnaise des Eaux, Colorado, USA, 1995.
17. Zhou X. “An ignored and potential source of taste and odor (T&O) issues-biofilms in drinking water distribution system (DWDS)”. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnolology, 101(9), 3537-3550. 2017.
18. World Health Organization. “Heterotrophic Plate Counts and Drinking-water Safety”. IWA Publishing, London, UK, 2003.
19. Ozbek PO. “Global taste and odor survey of water utilities: final report to the American Water Works Association from the Taste and Odor Committee”. American Water Works Association, Denver, USA, 2012.
20. Skjevrak I. “Biofilm in water pipelines; a potential source for off-flavours in the drinking water”. Water Science and Technology, 49(9), 211-217, 2004.
21. Skjevrak I. “Volatile organic compounds in natural biofilm in polyethylene pipes supplied with lake water and treated water from the distribution network”. Water Research, 39(17), 4133-4141, 2005.
22. Abbaszadegan M, Yi M, Alum A. “Stimulation of 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) production by actinomycetes after cyclic chlorination in drinking water distribution systems”. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, 50(4), 365-371, 2015.
23. Hamed AF, Shafik HM, Shaaban AS. “Phytoplankton and benthic communities of a small water body (Sacred Lake, Karnak Temple) Luxor, Egypt”. Acta Botanica Hungarica, 45(1-2), 101-112, 2003.
24. Watson SB, Ridal J, Boyer GL. “Taste and odour and cyanobacterial toxins: impairment, prediction and management in the Great Lakes”. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 65(8), 1779-1796, 2008.
25. Seligman K, Enos, AK, Lai HH. “A comparison of 1988-1990 flavor profile analysis results with water conditions in Two Northern California reservoirs”. Water Science and Technology, 25(2), 19-25, 1992.
26. Catherine Q. “A review of current knowledge on toxic benthic freshwater cyanobacteria-Ecology, toxin production and risk management”. Water Research, 47(15), 5464-5479, 2013.
27. Franzmann PD. “The formation of malodorous dimethyl oligosulphides in treated groundwater: the role of biofilms and potential precursors”. Water Research, 35(7), 1730-8, 2001.
28. Zhang N, Xu B, Qi F, Kumirska J. “The occurrence of haloanisoles as an emerging odorant in municipal tap water of typical cities in China”. Water Research, 98(1), 242–249, 2016.
29. Zacheus OM. “Soft deposits, the key site for microbial growth in drinking water distribution networks”. Water Research, 35(7), 1757-1765, 2001.
30. Weyland H. Actinomycetales in North Sea and Atlantic Ocean sediments. London, England, Nature, 1969.
31. Zaitlin B, Watson, SB. “Actinomycetes in relation to taste and odour in drinking water: myths, tenets and truths”. Water Research, 40(9), 1741-1753, 2006.
32. Applied Biochemists. “How to Identify and Control Water Weeds and Algae”. Advantis Technologies, Inc, Germantown, USA, 1998.
33. Sabater S. “Ecological implications of mass growth of benthic cyanobacteria in rivers”. Aquatic Microbial Ecology, 32(2), 175-184, 2003.
34. Watson SB, “Aquatic Taste and Odor: A Primary Signal of Drinking-Water Integrity”. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, 67(20-22), 1779-1795, 2004.
35. Downing JA, Watson SB, McCauley E. “Predicting Cyanobacteria dominance in lakes”. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 58(10), 1905-1908, 2001.
36. Newcombe G. “International Guidance Manual for the Management of Toxic Cyanobacteria”. London, England, 2012.
37. Chorus I. “Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water: A guide to Their Public Health Consequences, Monitoring and Management. E & FN Spon, on behalf of UNESCO, WHO and UNEP”. London, England, 1999.
38. Canada Health. “Cyanobacterial toxins-Microcystin-LR. Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality”. Federal-Provincial-Territorial Committee on Drinking Water, Ottawa, Kanada, Supporting Documentation, 2002.
39. Newcombe G, House J, Ho L, Baker P, Burch M. “Management strategies for cyanobacteria (blue-green algae): A guide for water utilities”. Water Quality Research Australia, Adelaide, Australia, Research Report 74, 2010.
40. Dzialowski AR. “Development of predictive models for geosmin-related taste and odor in Kansas, USA, drinking water reservoirs”. Water Research, 43(11), 2829-2840, 2009.
41. Cook D, Newcombe G, Sztajnbok P. “The application of powdered activated carbon for mib and geosmin removal: predicting PAC doses in four raw waters”. Water Research, 35(5), 1325-1333, 2001.
42. Ferguson DW, McGuire MJ, Koch B, Wolfe RL, Aieta E M. “Comparing PEROXONE and ozone for controlling taste and odor compounds, disinfection by-products, and microorganisms”. Journal AWWA, 82(4), 181-191, 1990.
43. Hsieh ST, Lin TF, Wang GS. “Biodegradation of MIB and geosmin with slow sand filters”. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, 45(8), 951-957, 2010.
44. Wang D. “UV/chlorine control of drinking water taste and odour at pilot and full-scale”. Chemosphere, 136, 239-44, 2015.
45. Ho L. “Optimising water treatment practices for the removal of Anabaena circinalis and its associated metabolites, geosmin and saxitoxins”. Journal of Water and Health, 7(4), 544-556, 2009.
46. Srinivasan R, Sorial GA. “Treatment of taste and odor causing compounds 2-methyl isoborneol and geosmin in drinking water: A critical review”. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 23(1), 1-13, 2011.
47. Schmidt W. “Production of drinking water from raw water containing cyanobacteria-pilot plant studies for assessing the risk of microcystin breakthrough”. Environmental Toxicology, 17(4), 375-85, 2002.
48. Schmidt W. “Use of cyanopigment determination as an indicator of cyanotoxins in drinking water”. Water Science and Technology, 59(8), 1531-1540, 2009.
49. Fang J. Yang X. Ma J. Shang C. Zhao Q. “Characterizaton of algal organic matter and formation of DBPs from chlor(am)nation”. Water Research, 44(20), 5897-5906, 2010.
50. Leloup M. Nicolau R. Pallier V. Feuillade-Cathalifaud G. “Eutrophication impacts on characteristics of natural organic matter: a laboratory approach based on Euglena gracilis and Microcystis aeruginosa cultivation”. Water Resources Management, 171(7), 187-198, 2013.
51. Langlais B, Recklow DA, Brick DR. Ozone in Water Treatment: Application and Engineering. Chelsea, England, Lewis Publishers Inc, 1991.
52. Bruce D, Westerhoff P, Brawley-Chesworth A. “Removal of 2-methylisoborneol and geosmin in surface water treatment plants in Arizona”. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua, 51(4), 183-198, 2002.
53. Liang C. “Kinetics Analysis on the Ozonation of MIB and Geosmin”. Ozone: Science & Engineering, 29(3), 185-189, 2007.
54. Westerhoff P, Nalinakumari B, Pei P. “Kinetics of MIB and geosmin oxidation during ozonation”. Ozone: Science & Engineering, 28(5), 277-286, 2006.
55. Yuan B. “Removal efficiency and possible pathway of odor compounds (2-methylisoborneol and geosmin) by ozonation”. Separation and Purification Technology, 117, 53-58, 2013.
56. Qi F. “Efficiency and products investigations on the ozonation of 2-methylisoborneol in drinking water”. Water Environment Research, 81(12), 2411-9, 2009.
57. Ho L, Newcombe G, Croue JP. “Influence of the character of NOM on the ozonation of MIB and geosmin”. Water Research, 36(3), 511-8, 2002.
58. Huang WJ. “Ozonation of algae and odor causing substances in eutrophic waters”. Journal of Environmental Science Health, 41(8), 1587-1605, 2006.
59. Zaviska F, Drogui P, Mercier G, Blais JF, “Proc´ed´es d’oxydation avanc´ee dans le traitement des eaux et des effluents industriels: Application `a la d´egradation des polluants r´efractaires”. Revue des sciences de l'eau, 22(4), 535-564, 2009.
60. Oturan MA, Aaron JJ. “advanced oxidation processes in water/wastewater treatment: principles and applications. a review”. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 44(23), 2577-2641, 2014.
61. Knol AH. “Conversion of organic micropollutants with limited bromate formation during the Peroxone process in drinking water treatment”. Drinking Water Engineering and Science, 8(2), 25-34, 2015.
62. Knol AH. “Peroxone process in drinking water treatment”. Drinking Water Engineering and Science, 8, 25-34, 2012.
63. Rakness KL. “Ozone in Drinking Water Treatment: Process Design, Operation and Optimization”. American Water Works Association, Colorado, USA, 2005.
64. Mizuno T. “O3/H2O2 process for both removal of odorous algal-derived compounds and control of bromate ıon formation”. Ozone: Science & Engineering, 33(2), 121-135, 2011.
65. Irabelli A, Jasim S, Biswas N. “Pilot-Scale evaluation of ozone vs. peroxone for trihalomethane formation”. Ozone: Science & Engineering, 30(5), 356-366, 2008.
66. Wang Y. “Addition of hydrogen peroxide for the simultaneous control of bromate and odor during advanced drinking water treatment using ozone”. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 26(3), 550-554, 2014.
67. Peter A, Von Gunten U. “Oxidation kinetics of selected taste and odor compounds during ozonation of drinking water”. Environmental Science and Technology, 41(2), 626-631, 2007.
68. Kato M. “The further development in ozone application technology in potable water: ultraviolet or ultra-sonic assisted ozonation”. Water Supply, 6(349), 1983.
69. Collivignarelli C, Sorlini S. “AOPs with ozone and UV radiation in drinking water: contaminants removal and effects on disinfection byproducts formation”. Water Science and Technology, 49(4), 51-56, 2004.
70. von Sonntag C, von Gunten U. Chemistry of Ozone in Water and Wastewater Treatment. London, England, IWA Publishing, 2012.
71. Katsoyiannis IA, Canonica S, von Gunten U. “Efficiency and energy requirements for the transformation of organic micropollutants by ozone, O3/H2O2 and UV/H2O2”. Water Research, 45(13), 3811-3822, 2011.
72. American Water Works Association. Water Treatment Plant Design. New York, USA, McGraw-Hill, 2012.
73. Matsui Y. “Geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol adsorption on super-powdered activated carbon in the presence of natural organic matter”. Water Science and Technology, 62(11), 2664-2668, 2010.
74. Sam V. The Occurrence And Removal of Cyanobacterıal Metabolites Microycstın-Lr And Geosmin From Source Waters with Powdered Activated Carbon. MSc Thesis, Colorado State University, Colorado, USA, 2012.
75. Kim C. “Removal of geosmin and 2-methylisoboneol (2-MIB) by membrane system combined with powdered activated carbon (PAC) for drinking water treatment”. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 4(1), 91-98, 2014.
76. Kim TK. “Removal of geosmin with inter-chlorination using powdered activated carbon in full-scale WTP”. Desalination and Water Treatment, 53(10), 2850-2855, 2014.
77. Matsui Y. “Adsorptive removal of geosmin by ceramic membrane filtration with super-powdered activated carbon”. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-AQUA, 56(6-7), 411-418, 2007.
78. Park SM. “Application of air stripping to powdered activated carbon adsorption of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol”. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-AQUA, 59(8), 492-500, 2010.
79. Matsushita T. “Simultaneous removal of cyanobacteria and an earthy odor compound by a combination of activated carbon adsorption, coagulation, and ceramic microfiltration”. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-AQUA, 57(7), 481-487, 2008.
80. Kim YI, Bae BU. “Design and evaluation of hydraulic baffled-channel PAC contactor for taste and odor removal from drinking water supplies”. Water Research, 41(10), 2256-2264, 2007.
81. Yu J. “Effects of surface characteristics of activated carbon on the adsorption of 2-methylisobornel (MIB) and geosmin from natural water”. Separation and Purification Technology, 56(3), 363-370, 2007.
82. Gillogly TET, Snoeyink VL, Vogel JC, Wilson CM, Royal RP. “Determining GAC bedlife”. Journal (American Water Works Association), 91(8), 98-110, 1999.
83. Silvey JKG, Roach AW. “Studies on microbiotic cycles in surface waters”. Journal (American Water Works Association), 56(1), 60-72, 1964.
84. Namkung E, Rittmann BE. “Removal of taste- and odor-causing compounds by biofilms grown on humic substances”. Journal of American Water Works Association, 79(7), 107-112, 1987.
85. Meyer KJS, Westerhoff P, Metz D H. “Biofiltration for geosmin and MIB removal”. AWWA Annual Conference, San Francisco, USA, 12-16 June 2005.
86. Chae S, Kim S M, Ahn H, Summers RS. “Biofiltration of MIB and geosmin under varying influent conditions”. American Water Works Association Water Quality Technology Conference, Denver, USA, 5-9 November 2006.
87. Summers RS, Chae S, Kim SM, Ahn HW. Biodegredation of MIB and Geosmin in Biological Sand and BAC filters: Acclimation, Steady-State and Varying İnfluent Conditions. Editors: Gimbel NGR, Collins MR. Recent Progress in Slow Sand and Alternative Biofiltration Processes, 352-360, London, England, IWA Publishing, 2006.
88. American Water Works Association. Water Quality and Treatment. New York, USA, McGraw-Hill, 2011.
89. Nerenberg R, Rittmann BE, Soucie WJ. “Ozone/biofiltration for removing MIB and geosmin”. Journal (American Water Works Association), 92(12), 85-95, 2000.
90. Xue Q. “Geosmin degradation by seasonal biofilm from a biological treatment facility”. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 19(3), 700-707, 2012.
91. Yagi M, Nakashima S, Muramoto S. “Biological degradation of musty odor compounds, 2-methylisoborneol and geosmin, in a bio-activated carbon filter”. Water Science and Technology, 20(8-9), 255-260, 1988.
92. Lundgren BV, Grimvall A, Savenhed R. “Formation and removal of off-flavour compounds during ozonation and filtration through biological active sand filters”. Water Science and Technology, 20(8-9), 245-253, 1988.
93. Hattori K. “Water treatment systems and technology for the removal of odor compounds”. Water Science and Technology, 20(8-9), 237-244, 1988.
94. Ashitani K, Hishida Y, Fujiwara F. “Behavior of musty odorous compounds during the process of water treatment”. Water Science and Technology, 20(8-9), 261-267, 1988.
95. Terauchi N, Ohtani T, Yamanaka K, Tsuji T. “Studies on a biological filter for musty odor removal in drinking water treatment processes”. 4th International Symposium on off-flavours in the Aquatic Environment, Adelaide, Australia, 2-7 October 1994.
96. Lawton LA. “The destruction of 2-methylisoborneol and geosmin using titanium dioxide photocatalysis”. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 44(1), 9-13. 2003.
97. Li M. “Removal of geosmin (trans-1,10-dimethyl-trans-9-decalol) from aqueous solution using an indirect electrochemical method”. Electrochimica Acta, 55(23), 6979-6982, 2010.
98. Asghar A. “Comparison of adsorption capability of activated carbon and metal doped TiO2for geosmin and 2-MIB removal from water”. Journal of Nanomaterials, 2015, 1-11, 2015.
99. Schneider O. “Biofiltration Benefits”. https://www.wwdmag.com/water-treatment/biofiltration-benefits (04.05.2015).
100. Camel V, Bermond A. “The use of ozone and associated oxidation processes in drinking water treatment”. Water Research, 32(11), 3208-3222, 1998.
101. Glaze WH, Kang JW, Chapin DH. “The chemistry of water treatment processes ınvolving ozone, hydrogen peroxide and ultraviolet radiation”. Ozone: Science & Engineering, 9(4), 335-335, 1987.
102. Rand JL. “A field study evaluation for mitigating biofouling with chlorine dioxide or chlorine integrated with UV disinfection”. Water Research, 41(9), 1939-1948, 2007.
103. Morgenthau A. “Assessment of the working range and effect of sodium dichloroisocyanurate on Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms and planktonic cells”. Biofouling, 28(1), 111-20, 2012.
104. Galloway WR. “Quorum sensing in gram-negative bacteria: small-molecule modulation of AHL and AI-2 quorum sensing pathways”. Chemical Reviews, 111(1), 28-67, 2011.
105. Feng L, Wu Z, Yu X. “Quorum sensing in water and wastewater treatment biofilms”. Journal of Environmental Biology, 34(2), 437-444, 2013.
106. Van der Kooij D, Van der Wielen PW. Organisms involved in taste and odour. Editors: Van der Kooij D, Van der Wielen PW. Microbial growth in drinking water supplies, 430-431, London, England, IWA Publishing, 2013.
107. Peter A, von Gunten U. “Taste and odour problems generated in distribution systems: a case study on the formation of 2,4,6 trichloroanisole”. Water Supply Research, 58(6), 386-394, 2009.
108. Lehtola MJ. “Removal of soft deposits from the distribution system improves the drinking water quality”. Water Research, 38(3), 601-610, 2004.