Türkiye’de tarım kaynaklı pestisit kirliliğinin durumu ve alternatif kontrol tedbirlerinin incelenmesi

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 6, 734 - 747, 25.11.2019

Fatma Nihan Doğan , Mahmut Ekrem Karpuzcu

Öz

Pestisitler,
yeterli miktarda ve kalitede tarımsal üretim gerçekleştirmek için modern
tarımının vazgeçilmezi olmuşlardır. Kontrolsüz ve aşırı pestisit kullanımı,
doğal kaynaklar, insanlar ve diğer canlılar için tehlike oluşturmaktadır.
Özellikle su kaynaklarındaki pestisit kirliliğinin kontrolü için, pestisit
kullanım ve satışına dair verilerin sağlıklı tutulması, pestisit uygulaması
birlikte pestisitlerin taşınım ve dönüşüm mekanizmalarının bilinmesi, izleme
çalışmaları ile pestisit varlığının tespit edilmesi gerekmektedir. Matematiksel
modeller vasıtası ile de  pestisit
kirliğinin yönetiminde zaman ve ekonomik açıdan tasarruf sağlanabilecektir.
Ayrıca En İyi Yönetim Uygulamaları (EİYU) gibi doğal arıtım yöntemlerinin ve
alternatif kontrol tedbirlerinin havzada uygulanabilirliği
araştıralabilecektir. Bazı çalışmalarda EİYU kapsamında uygulanan
bitkilendirilmiş filtre şeritler ile su kaynaklarında %40 üzerinde pestisit
giderimi sağlandığı görülmüştür. EİYU’ların verimliliğini araştırmak için karar
destek sistemleri (KDS) önemli bir araç olup, 
pestisit türlerine ve havza yapısına göre giderim oranları
değişmektedir. Bir metre uzunluğundaki bir bitkilendirilmiş şerit uygulamasının
etkinliğini KDS ile ölçen bir çalışmada Kaliforniya’daki domates tarlalarında
%40-60 oranında pestisit giderimi sağlanırken aynı uygulama Oregon’daki buğday
tarlalarında %15-20 oranında giderim sağlamaktadır. Bu tarz çalışmaların ulusal
düzeyde artması ile yoğun pestisit kullanımı olan tarımsal havzalarda pestisit
kirliliğinin kontrolü kolaylaşacak, alınabilecek tedbirler kolayca
belirlenebilecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Pestisitler, EİYU, Su kaynakları, Modelleme, Kirlilik yönetimi, Tarım havzaları

Current status of agricultural pesticide pollution in Turkey and evaluation of alternative control methods

Öz

Pesticide
use is essential for sufficient quality and quantity production in modern
agriculture. Uncontrolled and excessive pesticide use poses serious danger for
human health, other living things and natural resources. It is necessary to
keep track of pesticide sale and consumption data, to determine pesticide fate
and transport mechanisms in the environment after application and monitoring
pesticides in water sources for sustain efficient pesticide pollution control.
Mathematical models are useful for the pesticide pollution control by time and
money saving. It will also possible to investigate the applicability of natural
treatment and alternative control methods in the basins such as Best Management
Practices (BMP). As mentioned in this study, vegetated filter strip application
as BMP reduces pesticide load over 40% in water sources. Decision Support
Systems (DSS) are promising tool for assess the efficiency of BMPs. DSS are
able to predict pesticide concentrations in the watershed that depends on
pesticide types and watershed properties. In a DSS study, 1 meter vegetated
filter strip application in tomato fields removes 40-60% pesticide
concentration in receiving water bodies while reduces 15-20% pesticide
pollution in the wheat fields in Oregon. With the increase of such studies at
the national level, the control of pesticide pollution in agricultural basins
with intensive pesticide use will be easier.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Pesticides, BMP, Water sources, Modelling, Pollution control, Agricultural watersheds

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