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Optimization of İzmir’s public transportation system by linear programming and sensitivity analysis

Year 2024, Volume: 30 Issue: 5, 630 - 649, 30.10.2024

Abstract

This study will focus on public transportation problems in terms of
energy consumption, excessive travel time, and fares. The study seeks
the best solutions for such concerns in the Izmir case. It aims to optimize
these subjects for the tramway and bus systems, which are comparable
in terms of origin and destination points. This study, also, draws
attention to the integration issue of the transportation modes. The
methods employed in this study are linear programming and sensitivity
analysis. For this study, nine routes, which have both tramway and bus
lines, were determined. The routes sharing the same transfer points
were taken to investigate which transportation type would be the most
convenient or useful, what their drawbacks and positive outcomes
would be, and which one would be environmentally friendly, with
especially the lowest cost. For linear programming, the Solver tool of
Microsoft Excel® software was utilized. Initially, the objective functions
were identified as minimization of energy consumption, minimization
of route length and minimization of passenger costs. The data about
energy consumptions, speeds, and passenger volumes were collected are
constraints of optimizations. Finally, sensitivity analysis was conducted
to assessthe findings. The best solutions with bus and tram options were
found for both passengers and operators. Optimal routes are Fahrettin
Altay-Alsancak, Fahrettin Altay-Halkapınar, Mavişehir-Bostanlı and
Egekent-Bostanlı. The study contributes to the literature using the time
matrix besides to the transport cost matrix. Thus, this research serves
not only for monetary aims but also for environmental and social aims.

References

  • [1] Popescu, M. “Energy efficiency in electric transportation systems”. Energies, 15(21), 1-5, 2022.
  • [2] Vuchic VR. Urban Transit: Operations, Planning and Economics. 1st ed. New York, USA, Wiley, 2005.
  • [3] Atan M, Şimşek P. “Doğrusal programlama ile araç atama probleminin çözümlenmesi”. Gazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 4(11), 339-358, 2017.
  • [4] Deri A, Kalpakcı A. “Efficient usage of transfer based system in intracity bus transit operation: sample of Izmir”. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 111, 311-319, 2014.
  • [5] Kalpakcı A, Karataş Ünverdi N. “Integration of paratransit systems with inner-city bus transport: the case of Izmir”. Public Transp, 8, 405-426, 2016.
  • [6] Adams S, Boateng E, Acheampong AO. “Transport energy consumption and environmental quality: does urbanization matter?”. Science of The Total Environment, 744, 1-31, 2020.
  • [7] Pérez-Martínez PJ, Sorba IA. “Energy consumption of passenger land transport modes”. Energy & Environment, 21(6), 577-600, 2010.
  • [8] Song M, Wu N, Wu K. “Energy consumption and energy efficiency of the transportation sector in shanghai”. Sustainability, 6(2), 702-717, 2014.
  • [9] Gulhan G, Ozuysal M. “A novel decision-making support model based on value of time for public transport planning”. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers – Transport, 173(1), 39-50, 2018.
  • [10] Doğan G, Ozuysal M. “Investigation of the factors affecting waiting time in public transportation: reliability, passenger information system and physical conditions”. İMO Technical Journal, 481, 7927-7954, 2017.
  • [11] Qi J, Cacchiani V, Yang L, Zhang C, Di Z. “An integer linear programming model for integrated train stop planning and timetabling with time-dependent passenger demand”. Computers & Operations Research, 136, 1-19, 2021.
  • [12] Zhao J, Ye M, Yang Z, Xing Z, Zhang Z. “Operation optimizing for minimizing passenger travel time cost and operating cost with time-dependent demand and skipstop patterns: nonlinear ınteger programming model with linear constraints”. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 9, 1-8, 2021.
  • [13] Murat YS, Kutluhan S, Uludag, N. Use of Fuzzy Optimization and Linear Goal Programming Approaches in Urban Bus Lines Organization. Editors: Snášel V, Krömer P, Köppen M, Schaefer G. Soft Computing in Industrial Applications. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 223, Springer, Cham, 2014.
  • [14] Murat YS, Demirkollu M. “Determination of an ideal frequency of daily bus trips with goal programming method”. First International Turkish World Engineering and Science Congress, Antalya, Turkey, 7-10 December 2017.
  • [15] Kavitha K, Pandian P. “Type II sensitivity analysis in degeneracy interval transportation problem”. Journal of Innovative Research and Solutions, 1, 67-76, 2015.
  • [16] Wang Y, Roy N, Zhang B. “Multi-objective transportation route optimization for hazardous materials based on GIS”. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 81, 1-13, 2023.
  • [17] Latunde T, Richard JO, Esan OO, Dare DD. “Sensitivity of parameters in the approach of linear programming to a transportation problem”. Journal of the Nigerian Society of Physical Sciences Original Research, 1(3), 116-121, 2019.
  • [18] Blaise Kelly | Medium. “The most energy efficient mode of Public Transport”. https://medium.com/@blaisekelly/why-trams-arecheaper-than-buses-6d929192624a (20.01.2023).
  • [19] Comparative Energy Consumption of Trams and Buses. https://bathtrams.uk/the-most-energy-efficient-modeof-public-transport/ (20.01.2023).
  • [20] Wikipedia. “Izmir Tram and Line Information”. https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0zmir_tramvay%C 4%B1 (22.12.2022).
  • [21] General Directorate of Highways. “Traffic Speed Limits”. https://www.kgm.gov.tr/Sayfalar/KGM/SiteTr/Trafik/H izSinirlari.aspx (17.02.2023).
  • [22] Schöbel A. “Line planning in public transportation: models and methods”. OR Spectrum, 34, 491-510, 2012.
  • [23] Kuneva V, Milev M, Gocheva M. “Modeling the transportation assessment with ms excel solver”. Applications of mathematics in engineering and economics (amee’20): Proceedings of the 46th International Conference, Sofia, Bulgaria, 7–13 June 2020.
  • [24] Doustdargholia S, Derakhshan Aslb A, Abasgholipourb V. “Sensitivity analysis of righthand-side parameter in transportation problem”. Applied Mathematical Sciences, 3(30), 1501-1511, 2009.
  • [25] Paratane PM, Bit AK. “Tolerance sensitivity analysis of objective functions coefficients in multiobjective transportation problem”. Malaya Journal of Matematik, 8(3), 791-796, 2020.
  • [26] Jansen B, de Jong JJ, Roos C, Terlaky T. “Sensitivity analysis in linear programming: just be careful!”. European Journal of Operational Research, 101, 15-28, 1997.
  • [27] Intrator J, Paroush J. “Sensitivity analysis of the classical transportation problem. A combinatorial approach”. Computers & Operations Research, 4(3), 213-226, 1977.
  • [28] İzmir Metropolitan Municipalities Website. “Izmir Public Transportation Map”. https://www.izmir.bel.tr/tr/Projeler/toplu-ulasimharitasi/2620/4 (20.12.2022).
  • [29] İzmir Metropolitan Municipalities Tram İzmir Website. “Izmir Tram Lines and Stations”. https://www.tramizmir.com/tr/tramvay/42/27 (18.12.2022).
  • [30] Izmir Metro News Archive. “Tram Lines Passenger Number Information”. https://www.izmirmetro.com.tr/Haberler/4789 (15.01.2023).
  • [31] Izmir Metro News Archive. “Konak Tram Line”. https://www.izmirmetro.com.tr/Haberler/4703 (15.01.2023).
  • [32] ESHOT General Directorate Website. “Bus Passenger Capacities”. https://www.eshot.gov.tr/tr/Haberler/3782/91#:~:text =Otob%C3%BCsler%2029%20adet%20oturan%20yolcu ,toplamda%20100%20yolcu%20ta%C5%9F%C4%B1ma %20kapasiteli. (16.01.2023).
  • [33] ESHOT General Directorate Website. “Bus Service Frequencies and Routes”. https://www.eshot.gov.tr (13.12.2022).
  • [34] İzmirim Card Website. “Tariffs and Charges”. https://www.izmirimkart.com.tr/tr/tarifeucretlendirme/56/129 (23.01.2023).
  • [35] Izmir Metropolitan Municipality Open Data Portal. “Metro and Tram Energy Consumption”. https://acikveri.bizizmir.com/tr/dataset/metro-vetramvay-enerji-tuketimi (20.02.2023).
  • [36] Worlddata.info Website. “Average Height For Men And Women Worldwide”. https://www.worlddata.info/average-bodyheight.php (22.02.2023).
  • [37] Karsan Vehicle Website. “Elektrikli Otobüs Özellikleri”. https://www.karsan.com/tr/genel-bakis-e-atak (23.02.2023).
  • [38] Chamber of Electrical Engineers (EMO) Izmir Branch Newsletter. June, 2017. Number: 325. https://www.emo.org.tr/ekler/0eeea44ff2c7982_ek.pdf? dergi=1104 (10.02.2023).
  • [39] Izmir Metropolitan Municipality Open Data Portal. “Public transportation General Boarding Report”. https://acikveri.bizizmir.com/tr/dataset/toplu-ulasimgenel-binis-raporu/resource/ecde7ddc-ccee-46c9-a6c1- f533c9edd3ba (12.03.2023).

İzmir’in toplu ulaşım sisteminin doğrusal programlama ve duyarlılık analizi aracılığıyla optimizasyonu

Year 2024, Volume: 30 Issue: 5, 630 - 649, 30.10.2024

Abstract

Bu çalışma, enerji tüketimi, seyahat süresi ve ulaşım ücreti
perspektiflerinden toplu ulaşım problemlerine odaklanmaktadır.
Çalışmanın amacı İzmir örneğinde görülen benzer ulaşım sorunlarına
yönelik güzergâh açısından karşılaştırılabilir olan tramvay ve otobüs
sistemleri için en iyi çözümleri sunmaktır. Ayrıca, bu çalışma farklı
ulaşım tipleri arasındaki bütünleşme konusuna dikkat çekmektedir.
Çalışmada kullanılan yöntemler doğrusal programlama ve duyarlılık
analizidir. Bu çalışma için hem tramvay hem de otobüs hattına sahip
dokuz rota belirlenmiştir. Hangi ulaşım tipinin daha uygun veya
kullanışlı olduğunu, bunların olumsuz ve olumlu sonuçlarının neler
olduğunu ve hangisinin çevre dostu ve yolcu bütçesine dost olduğunu
incelemek üzere aynı aktarma noktalarını paylaşan rotalar seçilmiştir.
Doğrusal programlama Microsoft Excel® yazılımının bir uzantısı olan
çözücü aracıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. İlk olarak, amaç fonksiyonları en
küçük enerji tüketimi, en küçük rota uzunluğu ve en küçük yolcu ücreti
olarak tanımlanmıştır. Elde edilen enerji tüketimi, hız ve yolcu hacmi
verileri optimizasyonların kısıtlarıdır. Son olarak, bulgular duyarlılık
analizi aracılığıyla değerlendirilmiştir. Hem yolcular hem ulaşım
işletmecileri için otobüs ve tramvay seçenekli en iyi sonuçlar tespit
edilmiştir. En uygun rotalar Fahrettin Altay-Alsancak, Fahrettin AltayHalkapınar, Mavişehir-Bostanlı ve Egekent-Bostanlı rotalarıdır. Bu
çalışma, ulaşım maliyet matrisinin yanı sıra seyahat süresi matrisini
kullanarak literatüre katkı sağlamaktadır. Böylece, bu araştırma
sadece mali amaçlara değil, çevresel ve sosyal amaçlara da hizmet
etmektedir.

References

  • [1] Popescu, M. “Energy efficiency in electric transportation systems”. Energies, 15(21), 1-5, 2022.
  • [2] Vuchic VR. Urban Transit: Operations, Planning and Economics. 1st ed. New York, USA, Wiley, 2005.
  • [3] Atan M, Şimşek P. “Doğrusal programlama ile araç atama probleminin çözümlenmesi”. Gazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 4(11), 339-358, 2017.
  • [4] Deri A, Kalpakcı A. “Efficient usage of transfer based system in intracity bus transit operation: sample of Izmir”. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 111, 311-319, 2014.
  • [5] Kalpakcı A, Karataş Ünverdi N. “Integration of paratransit systems with inner-city bus transport: the case of Izmir”. Public Transp, 8, 405-426, 2016.
  • [6] Adams S, Boateng E, Acheampong AO. “Transport energy consumption and environmental quality: does urbanization matter?”. Science of The Total Environment, 744, 1-31, 2020.
  • [7] Pérez-Martínez PJ, Sorba IA. “Energy consumption of passenger land transport modes”. Energy & Environment, 21(6), 577-600, 2010.
  • [8] Song M, Wu N, Wu K. “Energy consumption and energy efficiency of the transportation sector in shanghai”. Sustainability, 6(2), 702-717, 2014.
  • [9] Gulhan G, Ozuysal M. “A novel decision-making support model based on value of time for public transport planning”. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers – Transport, 173(1), 39-50, 2018.
  • [10] Doğan G, Ozuysal M. “Investigation of the factors affecting waiting time in public transportation: reliability, passenger information system and physical conditions”. İMO Technical Journal, 481, 7927-7954, 2017.
  • [11] Qi J, Cacchiani V, Yang L, Zhang C, Di Z. “An integer linear programming model for integrated train stop planning and timetabling with time-dependent passenger demand”. Computers & Operations Research, 136, 1-19, 2021.
  • [12] Zhao J, Ye M, Yang Z, Xing Z, Zhang Z. “Operation optimizing for minimizing passenger travel time cost and operating cost with time-dependent demand and skipstop patterns: nonlinear ınteger programming model with linear constraints”. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 9, 1-8, 2021.
  • [13] Murat YS, Kutluhan S, Uludag, N. Use of Fuzzy Optimization and Linear Goal Programming Approaches in Urban Bus Lines Organization. Editors: Snášel V, Krömer P, Köppen M, Schaefer G. Soft Computing in Industrial Applications. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 223, Springer, Cham, 2014.
  • [14] Murat YS, Demirkollu M. “Determination of an ideal frequency of daily bus trips with goal programming method”. First International Turkish World Engineering and Science Congress, Antalya, Turkey, 7-10 December 2017.
  • [15] Kavitha K, Pandian P. “Type II sensitivity analysis in degeneracy interval transportation problem”. Journal of Innovative Research and Solutions, 1, 67-76, 2015.
  • [16] Wang Y, Roy N, Zhang B. “Multi-objective transportation route optimization for hazardous materials based on GIS”. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 81, 1-13, 2023.
  • [17] Latunde T, Richard JO, Esan OO, Dare DD. “Sensitivity of parameters in the approach of linear programming to a transportation problem”. Journal of the Nigerian Society of Physical Sciences Original Research, 1(3), 116-121, 2019.
  • [18] Blaise Kelly | Medium. “The most energy efficient mode of Public Transport”. https://medium.com/@blaisekelly/why-trams-arecheaper-than-buses-6d929192624a (20.01.2023).
  • [19] Comparative Energy Consumption of Trams and Buses. https://bathtrams.uk/the-most-energy-efficient-modeof-public-transport/ (20.01.2023).
  • [20] Wikipedia. “Izmir Tram and Line Information”. https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0zmir_tramvay%C 4%B1 (22.12.2022).
  • [21] General Directorate of Highways. “Traffic Speed Limits”. https://www.kgm.gov.tr/Sayfalar/KGM/SiteTr/Trafik/H izSinirlari.aspx (17.02.2023).
  • [22] Schöbel A. “Line planning in public transportation: models and methods”. OR Spectrum, 34, 491-510, 2012.
  • [23] Kuneva V, Milev M, Gocheva M. “Modeling the transportation assessment with ms excel solver”. Applications of mathematics in engineering and economics (amee’20): Proceedings of the 46th International Conference, Sofia, Bulgaria, 7–13 June 2020.
  • [24] Doustdargholia S, Derakhshan Aslb A, Abasgholipourb V. “Sensitivity analysis of righthand-side parameter in transportation problem”. Applied Mathematical Sciences, 3(30), 1501-1511, 2009.
  • [25] Paratane PM, Bit AK. “Tolerance sensitivity analysis of objective functions coefficients in multiobjective transportation problem”. Malaya Journal of Matematik, 8(3), 791-796, 2020.
  • [26] Jansen B, de Jong JJ, Roos C, Terlaky T. “Sensitivity analysis in linear programming: just be careful!”. European Journal of Operational Research, 101, 15-28, 1997.
  • [27] Intrator J, Paroush J. “Sensitivity analysis of the classical transportation problem. A combinatorial approach”. Computers & Operations Research, 4(3), 213-226, 1977.
  • [28] İzmir Metropolitan Municipalities Website. “Izmir Public Transportation Map”. https://www.izmir.bel.tr/tr/Projeler/toplu-ulasimharitasi/2620/4 (20.12.2022).
  • [29] İzmir Metropolitan Municipalities Tram İzmir Website. “Izmir Tram Lines and Stations”. https://www.tramizmir.com/tr/tramvay/42/27 (18.12.2022).
  • [30] Izmir Metro News Archive. “Tram Lines Passenger Number Information”. https://www.izmirmetro.com.tr/Haberler/4789 (15.01.2023).
  • [31] Izmir Metro News Archive. “Konak Tram Line”. https://www.izmirmetro.com.tr/Haberler/4703 (15.01.2023).
  • [32] ESHOT General Directorate Website. “Bus Passenger Capacities”. https://www.eshot.gov.tr/tr/Haberler/3782/91#:~:text =Otob%C3%BCsler%2029%20adet%20oturan%20yolcu ,toplamda%20100%20yolcu%20ta%C5%9F%C4%B1ma %20kapasiteli. (16.01.2023).
  • [33] ESHOT General Directorate Website. “Bus Service Frequencies and Routes”. https://www.eshot.gov.tr (13.12.2022).
  • [34] İzmirim Card Website. “Tariffs and Charges”. https://www.izmirimkart.com.tr/tr/tarifeucretlendirme/56/129 (23.01.2023).
  • [35] Izmir Metropolitan Municipality Open Data Portal. “Metro and Tram Energy Consumption”. https://acikveri.bizizmir.com/tr/dataset/metro-vetramvay-enerji-tuketimi (20.02.2023).
  • [36] Worlddata.info Website. “Average Height For Men And Women Worldwide”. https://www.worlddata.info/average-bodyheight.php (22.02.2023).
  • [37] Karsan Vehicle Website. “Elektrikli Otobüs Özellikleri”. https://www.karsan.com/tr/genel-bakis-e-atak (23.02.2023).
  • [38] Chamber of Electrical Engineers (EMO) Izmir Branch Newsletter. June, 2017. Number: 325. https://www.emo.org.tr/ekler/0eeea44ff2c7982_ek.pdf? dergi=1104 (10.02.2023).
  • [39] Izmir Metropolitan Municipality Open Data Portal. “Public transportation General Boarding Report”. https://acikveri.bizizmir.com/tr/dataset/toplu-ulasimgenel-binis-raporu/resource/ecde7ddc-ccee-46c9-a6c1- f533c9edd3ba (12.03.2023).
There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Transportation and Traffic
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Çağla Görgülü

Lale Görgülü

Yavuz Duvarci This is me

Publication Date October 30, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 30 Issue: 5

Cite

APA Görgülü, Ç., Görgülü, L., & Duvarci, Y. (2024). Optimization of İzmir’s public transportation system by linear programming and sensitivity analysis. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 30(5), 630-649.
AMA Görgülü Ç, Görgülü L, Duvarci Y. Optimization of İzmir’s public transportation system by linear programming and sensitivity analysis. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. October 2024;30(5):630-649.
Chicago Görgülü, Çağla, Lale Görgülü, and Yavuz Duvarci. “Optimization of İzmir’s Public Transportation System by Linear Programming and Sensitivity Analysis”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 30, no. 5 (October 2024): 630-49.
EndNote Görgülü Ç, Görgülü L, Duvarci Y (October 1, 2024) Optimization of İzmir’s public transportation system by linear programming and sensitivity analysis. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 30 5 630–649.
IEEE Ç. Görgülü, L. Görgülü, and Y. Duvarci, “Optimization of İzmir’s public transportation system by linear programming and sensitivity analysis”, Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 630–649, 2024.
ISNAD Görgülü, Çağla et al. “Optimization of İzmir’s Public Transportation System by Linear Programming and Sensitivity Analysis”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 30/5 (October 2024), 630-649.
JAMA Görgülü Ç, Görgülü L, Duvarci Y. Optimization of İzmir’s public transportation system by linear programming and sensitivity analysis. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2024;30:630–649.
MLA Görgülü, Çağla et al. “Optimization of İzmir’s Public Transportation System by Linear Programming and Sensitivity Analysis”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 30, no. 5, 2024, pp. 630-49.
Vancouver Görgülü Ç, Görgülü L, Duvarci Y. Optimization of İzmir’s public transportation system by linear programming and sensitivity analysis. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2024;30(5):630-49.

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