Algının Ötesi: Yetersizlikten Etkilenme Derecesini Algılama (YEDA) Ölçeği Ebeveyn Formunun Geliştirilmesi

Year 2023, , 146 - 176, 02.05.2023

Uğur Onur Günden , Veysel Aksoy

https://doi.org/10.9779/pauefd.1034819

Abstract

Araştırmalar yetersizlikten etkilenme derecesine ilişkin algının, bireylerin diğer psikolojik değişkenleriyle ilişkili olduğunu göstermektedir. Yetersizlikten etkilenme derecesi arttıkça bireylerin iyi oluş hali etkilenmektedir. Alanyazında ise algılanan yetersizlikten etkilenme derecesi için ölçme aracı gereksinimi belirtilmektedir. Görüşmeler (8), pilot uygulama (57), ana uygulama (688) ve DFA uygulaması (300) olmak üzere toplamda 1053 katılımcı ile yapılan bu ölçek geliştirme çalışmasında madde havuzu oluşturulmuş, uzman görüşü alınmış ve ardından pilot çalışma yapılmıştır. Bağımsız gruplardan toplanan veriler ile geçerlik ve güvenirlik analizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Analizler sonucunda 34 maddelik beş faktörlü YEDA Ölçeği ortaya çıkmıştır. Birinci düzey Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi (DFA) ile yapı doğrulanmıştır. Ölçeğin açıklanan varyansı %62,27, iç tutarlığı ,95 ve Beck Depresyon Envanteri (BDE) ile ölçüt korelasyonu ,50’dir. Ayrıca iki yarı güvenirliği ve test tekrar test güvenirliği ,81’dir. Hafif, orta ve ağır yetersizlik düzeyleri arasında anlamlı fark bulunmuştur. Alt faktörler arası Ortama Açıklanan Varyans (AOV) ,44 ile ,57 arasında değişmektedir. Bu bulgular ışığından YEDA Ölçeğinin geçerlik ve güvenirlik şartlarının sağladığı, ebeveynlerin gözünden YEDA ile yetersizlikten etkilenme düzeyinin izlenebileceği ve alanyazında vurgulanan yetersizlikten etkilenme düzeyine ilişkin ebeveyn algıları ile örtüştüğü söylenebilir. YEDA Ölçeği alanda çalışan uzmanların kullanabileceği ve ebeveynlerin psikolojik değişkenleri ile ilişkisine bakılabilecek bir ölçme aracıdır.

Keywords

algı, yetersizliği olan çocuklar, yetersizlikten etkilenme derecesi, ebeveynler, ölçek geliştirme

Supporting Institution

Anadolu Üniversitesi

Project Number

1801E007

Beyond Perception: Developing Parental Perception of Severity of Disability Scale

Abstract

Research reveals that the perception of the severity of disability (SoD) is associated with other psychological variables of individuals. It is indicated that as the SoD increases, the psychological well-being of individuals is affected, and therefore, certain tools are required to measure the SoD. This research is a scale development study in which 1053 parents participated in interviews (8), pilot implementations (57), main implementation (688), and CFA implementation. During this research, an item pool was created, expert opinions were obtained, and a pilot study was conducted. Validity and reliability data were reported through principal component analysis (PCA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and reliability analysis. A five-factor structure containing 34 items emerged as the result of a PCA, and a follow-up CFA confirmed this structure. The total of the Parental Perception of Severity of Disability Scale (PPSDS) variant was calculated as 62.27% and alpha .95, and a significant correlation was found at the level of .50 between the PPSDS and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Also, the result for the test-retest reliability was .81 and split-half reliability .81. The PPSDS identifies the mild, moderate, and severe groups in two categories based on the SoD. Subfactors vary between .44 and .57 of the average variance extracted (AVE). The PPSDS can be suggested as a valid and reliable tool. Parents’ perception of disability was verified in line with the relevant literature. Children’s SoD can be viewed from parents’ perspective through the PPSDS in addition to their current state. Therefore, professionals in the field can use the PPSDS, and its relationship with psychological variables can be examined.

Keywords

Perception, children with developmental disabilities, severity of disability, parents, scale development

Project Number

1801E007

References

• Akbulut, Y. (2010). Sosyal bilimlerde SPSS uygulamaları: Sık kullanılan istatistiksel analizler ve açıklamalı SPSS çözümleri. İstanbul: İdeal Kültür Yayıncılık.
• Akkök, F. (2006). Farklı özelliğe sahip çocuk aileleri ve ailelerle yapılan çalışmalar. A. Ataman (Ed.), Özel gereksinimli çocuklar ve özel eğitime giriş içinde (s. 119-139). (5. Baskı). Ankara: Gündüz Eğitim ve Yayıncılık.
• Akkök, F., Aşkar, P. ve Karancı, N. (1992). Özürlü bir çocuğa sahip anne-babalardaki stresin yordanması. Özel Eğitim Dergisi, 1 (2), 8-12.
• American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD). (2010). Intellectual disability: Definition, classification and systems of supports, (11th ed.)
• American Psychiatric Association-APA, (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders-5 (DSM-5). (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.
• Baker, B. L., Blacher, J. & Olsson, M. B. (2005). Preschool children with and without developmental delay: Behaviour problems, parents’ optimism and well-being. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 49 (8), 575–90.
• Baker, B. L., Mcintyre, L. L., Blacher, J., Crnic, K., Edelbrock, C. & Low, C. (2003). Pre-school children with and without developmental delay: Behavior problems and parenting stress over time. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 45 (4/5), 217-230.
• Bartlett, M.S. (1954). A note on the multiplying factors for various chi square approximations. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 16 (Series B), 296–8.
• Bebko, J. M., Konstantareas, M. M. & Springer, J. (1987). Parent and professionals evaluations of family stress associated with characteristics of autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 17 (4), 565-576.
• Benson, P. R. (2006). The impact of child symptom severity on depressed mood among parents of children with ASD: The mediating role of stress proliferation. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36, 685-695.
• Bilgin, H. ve Küçük, L. (2010). Raising an autistic child: Perspectives from Turkish mothers. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 23 (2), 92-99.
• Bishop, S. L., Richler, J., Cain, A. C. & Lord, C. (2007). Predictors of percieved negative impact in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder. American Journal of Mental Retardation, 112 (6), 450-461.
• Brown, T. A. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York: The Guilford Press.
• Byrne, B. M. (1989). A primer of LISREL. New York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
• Cohen, J. W. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
• Cohen, R. J. & Swerdlik, M. E. (2009). Psychological testing and assessment: An introduction to tests and measurement. (7th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill.
• Colavita, V. A., Luthra, N. & Perry, A. (2014). Strengths and challenges of children with a developmental disability: A qualitative analysis of parent perceptions. Journal on Develomental Disabilities. 20 (3), 80-87.
• Cummings, S. T. (1976). The impact of child’s deficiency on the father: A study of fathers of mentally retarded and of chronically ill children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 46 (2), 246-255.
• Davis, L. L. (1992). Instrument review: Getting the most from a panel of experts. Applied Nursing Research, 5 (4), 194-197.
• Domino, G. & Domino, M. L. (2006). Psychological testing: An introduction. (2th ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Dumas, J. E., Wolf, L. C., Fisman, S. N. & Culligan, A. (1991). Parenting stress, child behavior problems, and dysphoria in parents of children with autism, down syndrome, behavior disorders and normal development. Exceptionality, 2, 97-110.
• Field, A. (2009) Discovering Statistics Using SPSS, (3rd Ed.). London: Sage Publications
• Fornell, C. ve Larcker, D.F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
• Gay, L. R., Mills, G. E., & Airasian, P. (2012). Educational research: Competencies for Analysis and Applications. (10th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson.
• George, D., & Mallery, P. (2016). IBM SPSS statistics 23 step by step: A simple guide and reference. Routledge.
• Griffith, G. M., Hastings, R. P., Nash, S. & Hill, C. (2010). Using matched groups to explore child behavior problems and maternal well-being in children with down syndrome and autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40, 610-619.
• Guscia, R., Harries, J., Kirby, N., Nettelbeck, T. & Taplin, J. (2006) Construct and criterion validities of the Service Need Assessment Profile (SNAP): A measure of support for people with disabilities. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 31, 148-155.
• Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate data analysis (8th ed.). Boston: Cengage.
• Hastings, R. P., Kovshoff, H., Ward, N. J., Espinosa, F. D., Brown, T. & Remington, B. (2005). System analysis stress and positive perception in mother and father of pre-school children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 35 (5), 635-644.
• Henson, R. K., & Roberts, J. K. (2006). Use of Exploratory Factor Analysis in Published Research. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66(3), 393–416.
• Hisli, N. (1989). Beck depresyon envanterinin üniversite öğrencileri için geçerliği, güvenirliği. Psikoloji Dergisi, 7 (23), 3-13.
• Hock, R. & Ahmedani, B. K. (2012). Parent perception of autism severity: Exploring the social ekological context. Disability and Health Journal, 5, 298-304.
• Hu, L. T. & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cut off criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1-55.
• Huck, S. W. (2012). Reading statistics and research. (6th ed.). Boston: Pearson Educations, Inc.
• Jöreskog, K. G. & Sörbom, D. (1993). LISREL 8: Structural equation modeling with the simplis command language. Lincolnwood: Scientific Software International, Inc.
• Kaiser, H. (1970). A second generation Little Jiffy. Psychometrika, 35, 401–15.
• Kasari, C. & Sigman, M. (1997). Linking parental perceptions to interactions in young children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 27 (1), 39-57.
• Kissel, S. D. & Nelson, W. M. (2016). Parents’ perceptions of the severity of their child’s autistic behaviors and differences in parental stress, family functioning, and social support. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 31 (2), 152-160.
• Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. (4th ed.). New York: Guilford Publications, Inc.
• Konstantareas, M. & Papageorgiou, V. (2006). Effects of temperament, symptom severity and level of functioning on maternal stress in Greek children and youth with ASD. Autism, 10 (6), 593-607.
• Konstantareas, M. M. & Homatidis, S. (1989). Assessing child symptom severity and stress in parents of autistic children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 30, 459-470.
• Lickenbrock, D. M., Ekas, N. V. & Whitman, T. L. (2011). Feeling good, feeling bad: Influences of maternal perceptions of the child and marital adjustment on well-being in mothers of children with an autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorder, 41, 848-857.
• Lodico, M. G., Spaulding, D. T & Voegtle, K. H. (2006). Methods in educational research: From theory to practice. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
• Lyons, A. M., Leon, C. E., Roecker Phelps, C. E. & Dunleavy, A. M. (2010). The impact of child symptom severity on stress among parents of children with ASD: The moderating role of coping styles. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 19, 516-524.
• Maruyama, G. M. (1998). Basic of structural equation modeling. California: SAGE Punlications, Inc.
• McStay, R. L., Dissanayake, C., Scheeren, A., Koot, H. M. & Begeer, S. (2014). Parenting stress and autism: The role of age, autism severity, quality of life and problem behaviour of children and adolescents with autism. Autism, 18 (5), 502-510.
• Navarro, D.J., & Foxcroft, D. R. (2019). Learning statistics with jamovi: a tutorial for psychology students and other beginners. (Version 0.70). doi: 10.24384/hgc3-7p15 [Available from url: http://learnstatswithjamovi.com]
• Odom, S. L., Horner, R. H., Snell, M. E., & Blacher, J. (2007). The construct of developmental disabilities. In S. L. Odom, R. H. Horner, M. E. Snell, & J. Blacher (Eds.), Handbook of developmental disabilities (p. 3–14). The Guilford Press.
• Pallant, J. (2011). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS, (4th ed.). Crows Nest: Allen&Unwin.
• Perry, A., Harris, K. & Minnes, P. (2004). Family environments and family harmony: An exploration acreoss severity, age and type of DD. Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 11 (1), 17-30.
• Remler, D. K. & Ryzin, G. G. (2011). Research methods in practice: Strategies for description and causation. California: SAGE Publications, Inc.
• Şahin, M. D., & Aybek, E. C. (2019). Jamovi: an easy to use statistical software for the social scientists. International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education, 6(4), 670-692.
• Schumacker, R. E. & Lomax, R. G. (2004). A beginner’s guide to structural equation modeling. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
• Seçer, İ. (2015). Psikolojik test geliştirme ve uyarlama süreci: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları. Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık.
• Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics, (5th Ed.). Boston: Pearson Education, Inc.
• Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (Vol. 5). Boston, MA: Pearson.
• Tunçel, A. (2017). Çocuklarında otizm spektrum bozukluğu olan annelerin depresyon, tükenmişlik ve umutsuzluk düzeylerinin çocuklarının yetersizlik derecesine göre karşılaştırılması. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Gaziantep: Hasan Kalyoncu Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
• Webster Stratton, C. & Hammond, M. (1988). Maternal depression and its relationship to life stress, perceptions of child behavior problems, parenting behaviors, and child conduct problems. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 16 (3), 299-215.
• World Health Organization-WHO. (2018). 11th Revision of the International Classification of Diseases. https://icd.who.int/dev11/l-m/en#/http%3a%2f%2fid.who.int%2ficd%2fentity%2f605267007 (Erişim tarihi: 01.06.2018)
• Yurdabakan, İ. ve Çüm, S. (2017). Davranış bilimlerinde ölçek geliştirme (Açıklayıcı faktör analizine dayalı). Turkish Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 11 (2), 108-126.