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Gelişimsel Açıdan Eleştirel Düşünme ve Çocuklarda Eleştirel Düşünmenin Desteklenmesi

Year 2020, Volume: 48, 454 - 479, 07.01.2020
https://doi.org/10.9779/pauefd.536546

Abstract



Üst düzey düşünme
becerilerinden biri olan eleştirel düşünme bebeklikten yetişkinliğe uzanan bir
süreç içerisinde gelişmektedir. Ancak bunun için eleştirel düşünme becerisinin
gelişimini destekleyecek bir çevreye ihtiyaç vardır. Çocukların, hızla ulaşılan bilginin hangisinin
güvenilir olup olmadığını ayırt etmeleri için bilgiyi eleştirel bir yolla
değerlendirme becerisine sahip olmaları gerekmektedir.
Bu makalede
eleştirel düşünme gelişimsel bakış açısıyla incelenmiş, konu ile bağlantılı
araştırmalardan yola çıkılarak eleştirel düşünmenin gelişimsel seyri
anlaşılmaya çalışılmıştır. Ayrıca çocuklarda eleştirel düşünme becerisinin
desteklenmesi için önerilere yer verilmiştir.

References

  • Altıntaş, M. (2014). Çocuklar için zihin kuramı test bataryası’nın 4-5 yaş Türk çocuklarına uyarlanması, geçerlik güvenirlik çalışması. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Haliç Üniveristesi.
  • Amsterlaw, J. (2006). Children's beliefs about everyday reasoning. Child Development, 77(2), 443-464.
  • Astington, J. W., Pelletier, J., & Homer, B. (2002). Theory of mind and epistemological development: The relation between children's second-order false-belief understanding and their ability to reason about evidence. New Ideas in Psychology, 20(2-3), 131-144.
  • Avcı, N. (2007). Gelişimde 0-3 yaş. “Yaşama merhaba” İstanbul: Morpa.
  • Bee, H., & Boyd, D. (2009). Çocuk gelişim psikolojisi. (Çev. Orhan Gündüz). İstanbul: Kaknüs Yayınları.
  • Berk, L. E. (2013). Çocuk gelişimi (B. Onur. ve A. Dönmez, Çev.). Ankara: İmge.
  • Blakemore, S. J., & Choudhury, S. (2006). Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47(3‐4), 296-312.
  • Bonnie, P. (1994). Srtategies for teaching critical thinking. Washington DC: Clearinghouse on Assessment and Evaluation.
  • Bredekamp, S. (2015). Erken çocukluk eğitiminde etkili uygulamalar. Z. İnan & T. İnan (Ed.), Kültürel ve dilsel farklılıkları benimseme (Z. Öztürk, Çev.) içinde (s. 170-203). Ankara: Nobel.Bruning, R., Schraw, G., & Ronning, G. G. (1995). Cognitive psychology and instruction. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc.
  • Carlson, S. M., Mandell, D. J., & Williams, L. (2004). Executive function and theory of mind: stability and prediction from ages 2 to 3. Developmental Psychology, 40(6), 1105-1022.
  • Chandra, J. S. (2008). A Vygotskykian perspective on promoting critical thinking in young children through mother-child interaction. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Murdoch Üniversitesi, Perth.
  • Chapman, S. B., Gamino, J. F., & Mudar, R. A. (2012). Higher order strategic gist reasoning in adolescence. The adolescent brain: Learning, reasoning, and decision making , (pp. 123-151). Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association.
  • Dağlıoğlu, H. E., & Çakır, F. (2010). Erken çocukluk döneminde düşünme becerilerinden planlama ve derin düşünmenin geliştirilmesi. Eğitim ve Bilim, 32(144), 28-35.
  • Davis-Seaver, J., Smith, T. & Leflore, D. (2003). Constructivism: A path to critical thinking in early childhood. International Journal of Scholarly Academic Intellectual Diversity, 7(1), 1-7.Florea, N. M., & Hurjui, E. (2015). Critical thinking in elementary school children. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 180, 565-572.
  • Dean, D., & Kuhn, D. (2003). Metacognition and critical thinking. EDRS Price MFO1 /PCO1 Plus Postage.
  • DeLoache, J. S. & Pickard, M. B. (2008). “Transfer Between Picture Books and the Real World,” Cognition and Development, 9(1), 46—66.
  • Dewey, J. (1933). How we think: A restatement of the relation of reflective thinking to the educative process. Boston: MA: Heath.
  • Dumontheil, I., Apperly, I. A., & Blakemore, S. J. (2010). Online usage of theory of mind continues to develop in late adolescence. Developmental Science, 13(2), 331-338.
  • Eisbach, A. O. D. (2004). Children's developing awareness of diversity in people's trains of thought. Child Development, 75(6), 1694-1707.
  • Epstein, A. S. (2013). Helping Preschoolers Build Their Thinking Skills. Teaching Young Children, 7(1), 20-23.
  • Estes, D., Wellman, H., & Woolley, J. (1989). Children's understanding of mental phenomena. In H. Reese (Ed.), Advances in child development and behavior (pp. 41-87). New York: Academic Press.
  • Flavell, J. H. (1999). Cognitive development: Children's knowledge about the mind. Annual Review of Psychology, 50(1), 21-45.
  • Flavell, J. H., & Miller, P. H. (1998). Social cognition. In W. Damon (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 2. Cognition, perception, and language (pp. 851-898). Hoboken, NJ, US: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
  • Flavell, J. H., Green, F. L., Flavell, E. R., Harris, P. L., & Astington, J. W. (1995). Young children's knowledge about thinking. Monographs of The Society for Researchi in Child Development, 60(1), 1-113.
  • Florea, N. M., & Hurjui, E. (2015). Critical thinking in elementary school children. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 180, 565-572.
  • Galinsky, E. (2010). Gelişen zihin: Her çocuğun ihtiyaç duyduğu yedi temel yaşam becerisi. (Çev. Kevser T. Yaralı ve Elifcan Cesur) Ankara: Nobel.
  • Gander, M. J. & Gardiner, H. W. (2010). Çocuk ve ergen gelişimi. (Yay. Haz. Bekir Onur). Ankara: İmge.
  • Gee, C. L., & Heyman, G. D. (2007). Children's evaluation of other people's self‐descriptions. Social Development, 16(4), 800-818.
  • Hamlin, J. K., Wynn, K., & Bloom, P. (2007). Social evaluation by preverbal infants. Nature, 450, 557-560.
  • Heyman, G. D. (2008). Children's critical thinking when learning from others. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17(5), 344-347.
  • Heyman, G.D., Fu, G.,&Lee, K. (2007). Evaluating claims people make about themselves: The development of skepticism. Child Development, 78, 367–375.
  • Huitt, W. (1998). Critical thinking: An overwiew. Educational Psychology Interactive, 3, http://www. edpsycinteractive.org/topics/cognition/critthnk. Retrieved on October 11.2018.
  • Inhelder, B., & Piaget, J. (1958). An essay on the construction of formal operational structures. The growth of logical thinking: From childhood to adolescence (A. Parsons & S. Milgram, Trans.). New York, NY, US.
  • Jones, J. O., & Safrit, R. D. (1992). Critical Thinking: Enhancing Adolescent Decision Making. Journal of Home Economics, 84(3), 4.
  • Jones, J. O., & Safrit, R. D. (1992). Critical Thinking: Enhancing Adolescent Decision Making. Journal of Home Economics, 84(3), 4-7.Kuhn, D. (1999). A developmental model of critical thinking. Educational Researcher, 28(2), 16-26.
  • Kuhn, D. (2000). Theory of mind, metacognition, and reasoning: A life-span perspective. Children’s reasoning and the mind, In P. Mitchell & K. J. Riggs (Eds.), 301-326. U.K.: Psychology Press.
  • Kurnaz, A. (2013). Eleştirel düşünme öğretimi etkinlikleri planlama-uygulama ve değerlendirme. İstanbul: Eğitim Kitabevi.
  • Lee, K., & Cameron, C.A. (2000). Extracting truthful information from lies: Emergence of the expression representation distinction. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 46, 1–20.
  • León, J. M. (2015). A baseline study of strategies to promote critical thinking in the preschool classroom (Un Estudio de Base sobre Estrategias para la Promoción de Pensamiento Critico en las Aulas de Preescolar). GIST Education And Learning Research Journal, (10), 113-127.
  • Lewis, A., & Smith, D. (1993). Defining higher order thinking. Theory into practice, 32(3), 131- 137.Zelazo, P., & Frye, D. (1998). Cognitive complexity and control: II. The development of executive function in childhood. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 7, 121–125.
  • Lone, J. M. (2017). Filozof çocuk. İstanbul: Solo Unitas.
  • Louca, E. P. (2008). Metacognition and Theory of Mind. by Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
  • Lutz, D.J., & Keil, F.C. (2002). Early understanding of the division of cognitive labor. Child Development, 73, 1073–1084.
  • Madi, B. (2014). Öğrenme beyinde nasıl oluşur? Ankara: Efil Yayınevi.
  • McClelland, M. M., & Tominey, S. L. (2014). The Development of Self-Regulation and Executive Function in Young Children. Zero to Three, 1-9.
  • Miller, P. H. (2017). Gelişim psikolojisi kuramları. (Yay. Haz. B. Onur). Ankara: İmge.
  • Miller, S. A., Hardin, C. A., & Montgomery, D. E. (2003). Young children's understanding of the conditions for knowledge acquisition. Journal of Cognition and Development, 4(3), 325-356.
  • Mills, C.M., & Keil, F.C. (2005). The development of cynicism. Psychological Science, 16, 385–390.
  • Moses, L.J., & Baldwin, D.A. (2005). What can the study of cognitive development reveal about children’s ability to appreciate and cope with advertising? Journal of Public Policy and Marketing, 24, 186–201.
  • Moshman, D. (1998). Cognitive development beyond childhood: Constraints on cognitive development and learning. In W. Damon (Series Ed.), D. Kuhn, & R. Siegler (Vol. Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 2. Cognition, language, and perception (5th ed., pp. 947-978). New York: Wiley.
  • Murphy, P. K., Rowe, M. L., Ramani, G., & Silverman, R. (2014). Promoting critical-analytic thinking in children and adolescents at home and in school. Educational Psychology Review, 26(4), 561-578.
  • Olson, D., & Astington, J. (1993). Thinking about thinking: Learning how to take statements and hold beliefs. Educational Psychologist. 28(1), 7-23. Özsoy, G. (2008). Üstbiliş. Türk Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(4), 713-740.
  • Paul, R. (1990). Critical thinking. Rohnert Park, CA: Center for Critical Thinking and Moral Critique Sonoma State University.
  • Piaget, J. (1952). The origins of intelligence in children. New York: International Universities Press.
  • Pithers, R. T., & Soden, R. (2000). Critical thinking in education: A review. Educational Research, 42(3), 237-249.
  • Quinn, V. (1997). Critical thinking in young minds. London: David Fulton.
  • Rogers, E. M. (2003). Diffusion of innovation (5th ed.). New York: Free Press.
  • Salmon, A. K. (2010). Tools to enhances young children’sthinking. Young Children. 2(3) 26-32.
  • Santrock, J. W. (2012). Yaşam boyu gelişim. (Çev Ed. Galip Yüksel) Ankara: Nobel.
  • Santrock, J. W. (2014). Ergenlik. (Çev. Ed. Diğdem M. Siyez). Ankara: Nobel.
  • Saxe, R. R., Whitfield‐Gabrieli, S., Scholz, J., & Pelphrey, K. A. (2009). Brain regions for perceiving and reasoning about other people in school‐aged children. Child Development, 80(4), 1197-1209.
  • Carlson, S. M., Davis, A. C. & Leach, J. G. (2005). “Less Is More: Executive Function and Symbolic Representation in Preschool Children,” Psychological Science, 16(8), 609—616.
  • Sternberg, R. J. (1985). Teaching critical thinking. Part 2: Possible solutions. Phi Delta Kappan, 67(4) 277-280.
  • Szalavirtz, M. & Perrry, B. D. (2017). Sevmek için doğarız. İstanbul: Kuraldışı.
  • Trawick-Smith, J. (2018). Erken çocukluk döneminde gelişim (Çok kültürlü bir bakış açısı). (Çev Ed. Berrin Akman). Ankara: Nobel.
  • Wadsworth, B. J. (2015). Piaget’in duyuşsal ve bilişsel gelişim kuramı. (Çev Ed. Ziya Selçuk). Ankara:Pegem Akademi
  • Walsh, G. Murphy, P., & Dunbar, C. (2007). Thinking skills in the early years: A guide for practitioners.Written in collaboration with the early years enriched curriculum evaluation Project team. Retrieved on October 25, 2018.
  • Wellman, H., & Gelman, S. (1998). Knowledge acquisition in foundational domains. In W. Damon (Series Ed.), D. Kuhn, & R. Siegler (Vol. Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 2. Cognition, language, and perception (5th ed., pp. 523-574). New York:Wiley.
  • Whitebread, D., Anderson, H., Coltman, P., Page, C. PinoPasternak, D., & Metha, S. (2004). Metacognition in 3-5 year olds.: Evidence form a naturalistic study in British early years educational settings. Paper Presented at First Meeting of TheEarly Metacognition Special Interst Group, Amsterdam.
  • Williams Howe, C. (2016). How to raise critical thinkers in a world that desperately needs them. http://www.parent.com. Retrieved on October 25, 2018.
  • Wood, D. (2003). Çocuklarda düşünme ve öğrenme. İstanbul: Doruk.

Developmentally Critical Thinking and Supporting Critical Thinking in Children

Year 2020, Volume: 48, 454 - 479, 07.01.2020
https://doi.org/10.9779/pauefd.536546

Abstract

Being among higher-order thinking skills; critical thinking develops in a process extending from infancy to adulthood. However, this requires an environment to support the development of critical thinking skills. In order for children to discern which rapidly-reached information is reliable, they need to have a skill of assessing the information in a critical way. In this paper, critical thinking was examined from a developmental point of view and it was tried to understand the developmental course of critical thinking on the basis of relevant studies. In addition, suggestions were made to support critical thinking skill in children

References

  • Altıntaş, M. (2014). Çocuklar için zihin kuramı test bataryası’nın 4-5 yaş Türk çocuklarına uyarlanması, geçerlik güvenirlik çalışması. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Haliç Üniveristesi.
  • Amsterlaw, J. (2006). Children's beliefs about everyday reasoning. Child Development, 77(2), 443-464.
  • Astington, J. W., Pelletier, J., & Homer, B. (2002). Theory of mind and epistemological development: The relation between children's second-order false-belief understanding and their ability to reason about evidence. New Ideas in Psychology, 20(2-3), 131-144.
  • Avcı, N. (2007). Gelişimde 0-3 yaş. “Yaşama merhaba” İstanbul: Morpa.
  • Bee, H., & Boyd, D. (2009). Çocuk gelişim psikolojisi. (Çev. Orhan Gündüz). İstanbul: Kaknüs Yayınları.
  • Berk, L. E. (2013). Çocuk gelişimi (B. Onur. ve A. Dönmez, Çev.). Ankara: İmge.
  • Blakemore, S. J., & Choudhury, S. (2006). Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47(3‐4), 296-312.
  • Bonnie, P. (1994). Srtategies for teaching critical thinking. Washington DC: Clearinghouse on Assessment and Evaluation.
  • Bredekamp, S. (2015). Erken çocukluk eğitiminde etkili uygulamalar. Z. İnan & T. İnan (Ed.), Kültürel ve dilsel farklılıkları benimseme (Z. Öztürk, Çev.) içinde (s. 170-203). Ankara: Nobel.Bruning, R., Schraw, G., & Ronning, G. G. (1995). Cognitive psychology and instruction. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc.
  • Carlson, S. M., Mandell, D. J., & Williams, L. (2004). Executive function and theory of mind: stability and prediction from ages 2 to 3. Developmental Psychology, 40(6), 1105-1022.
  • Chandra, J. S. (2008). A Vygotskykian perspective on promoting critical thinking in young children through mother-child interaction. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Murdoch Üniversitesi, Perth.
  • Chapman, S. B., Gamino, J. F., & Mudar, R. A. (2012). Higher order strategic gist reasoning in adolescence. The adolescent brain: Learning, reasoning, and decision making , (pp. 123-151). Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association.
  • Dağlıoğlu, H. E., & Çakır, F. (2010). Erken çocukluk döneminde düşünme becerilerinden planlama ve derin düşünmenin geliştirilmesi. Eğitim ve Bilim, 32(144), 28-35.
  • Davis-Seaver, J., Smith, T. & Leflore, D. (2003). Constructivism: A path to critical thinking in early childhood. International Journal of Scholarly Academic Intellectual Diversity, 7(1), 1-7.Florea, N. M., & Hurjui, E. (2015). Critical thinking in elementary school children. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 180, 565-572.
  • Dean, D., & Kuhn, D. (2003). Metacognition and critical thinking. EDRS Price MFO1 /PCO1 Plus Postage.
  • DeLoache, J. S. & Pickard, M. B. (2008). “Transfer Between Picture Books and the Real World,” Cognition and Development, 9(1), 46—66.
  • Dewey, J. (1933). How we think: A restatement of the relation of reflective thinking to the educative process. Boston: MA: Heath.
  • Dumontheil, I., Apperly, I. A., & Blakemore, S. J. (2010). Online usage of theory of mind continues to develop in late adolescence. Developmental Science, 13(2), 331-338.
  • Eisbach, A. O. D. (2004). Children's developing awareness of diversity in people's trains of thought. Child Development, 75(6), 1694-1707.
  • Epstein, A. S. (2013). Helping Preschoolers Build Their Thinking Skills. Teaching Young Children, 7(1), 20-23.
  • Estes, D., Wellman, H., & Woolley, J. (1989). Children's understanding of mental phenomena. In H. Reese (Ed.), Advances in child development and behavior (pp. 41-87). New York: Academic Press.
  • Flavell, J. H. (1999). Cognitive development: Children's knowledge about the mind. Annual Review of Psychology, 50(1), 21-45.
  • Flavell, J. H., & Miller, P. H. (1998). Social cognition. In W. Damon (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 2. Cognition, perception, and language (pp. 851-898). Hoboken, NJ, US: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
  • Flavell, J. H., Green, F. L., Flavell, E. R., Harris, P. L., & Astington, J. W. (1995). Young children's knowledge about thinking. Monographs of The Society for Researchi in Child Development, 60(1), 1-113.
  • Florea, N. M., & Hurjui, E. (2015). Critical thinking in elementary school children. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 180, 565-572.
  • Galinsky, E. (2010). Gelişen zihin: Her çocuğun ihtiyaç duyduğu yedi temel yaşam becerisi. (Çev. Kevser T. Yaralı ve Elifcan Cesur) Ankara: Nobel.
  • Gander, M. J. & Gardiner, H. W. (2010). Çocuk ve ergen gelişimi. (Yay. Haz. Bekir Onur). Ankara: İmge.
  • Gee, C. L., & Heyman, G. D. (2007). Children's evaluation of other people's self‐descriptions. Social Development, 16(4), 800-818.
  • Hamlin, J. K., Wynn, K., & Bloom, P. (2007). Social evaluation by preverbal infants. Nature, 450, 557-560.
  • Heyman, G. D. (2008). Children's critical thinking when learning from others. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17(5), 344-347.
  • Heyman, G.D., Fu, G.,&Lee, K. (2007). Evaluating claims people make about themselves: The development of skepticism. Child Development, 78, 367–375.
  • Huitt, W. (1998). Critical thinking: An overwiew. Educational Psychology Interactive, 3, http://www. edpsycinteractive.org/topics/cognition/critthnk. Retrieved on October 11.2018.
  • Inhelder, B., & Piaget, J. (1958). An essay on the construction of formal operational structures. The growth of logical thinking: From childhood to adolescence (A. Parsons & S. Milgram, Trans.). New York, NY, US.
  • Jones, J. O., & Safrit, R. D. (1992). Critical Thinking: Enhancing Adolescent Decision Making. Journal of Home Economics, 84(3), 4.
  • Jones, J. O., & Safrit, R. D. (1992). Critical Thinking: Enhancing Adolescent Decision Making. Journal of Home Economics, 84(3), 4-7.Kuhn, D. (1999). A developmental model of critical thinking. Educational Researcher, 28(2), 16-26.
  • Kuhn, D. (2000). Theory of mind, metacognition, and reasoning: A life-span perspective. Children’s reasoning and the mind, In P. Mitchell & K. J. Riggs (Eds.), 301-326. U.K.: Psychology Press.
  • Kurnaz, A. (2013). Eleştirel düşünme öğretimi etkinlikleri planlama-uygulama ve değerlendirme. İstanbul: Eğitim Kitabevi.
  • Lee, K., & Cameron, C.A. (2000). Extracting truthful information from lies: Emergence of the expression representation distinction. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 46, 1–20.
  • León, J. M. (2015). A baseline study of strategies to promote critical thinking in the preschool classroom (Un Estudio de Base sobre Estrategias para la Promoción de Pensamiento Critico en las Aulas de Preescolar). GIST Education And Learning Research Journal, (10), 113-127.
  • Lewis, A., & Smith, D. (1993). Defining higher order thinking. Theory into practice, 32(3), 131- 137.Zelazo, P., & Frye, D. (1998). Cognitive complexity and control: II. The development of executive function in childhood. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 7, 121–125.
  • Lone, J. M. (2017). Filozof çocuk. İstanbul: Solo Unitas.
  • Louca, E. P. (2008). Metacognition and Theory of Mind. by Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
  • Lutz, D.J., & Keil, F.C. (2002). Early understanding of the division of cognitive labor. Child Development, 73, 1073–1084.
  • Madi, B. (2014). Öğrenme beyinde nasıl oluşur? Ankara: Efil Yayınevi.
  • McClelland, M. M., & Tominey, S. L. (2014). The Development of Self-Regulation and Executive Function in Young Children. Zero to Three, 1-9.
  • Miller, P. H. (2017). Gelişim psikolojisi kuramları. (Yay. Haz. B. Onur). Ankara: İmge.
  • Miller, S. A., Hardin, C. A., & Montgomery, D. E. (2003). Young children's understanding of the conditions for knowledge acquisition. Journal of Cognition and Development, 4(3), 325-356.
  • Mills, C.M., & Keil, F.C. (2005). The development of cynicism. Psychological Science, 16, 385–390.
  • Moses, L.J., & Baldwin, D.A. (2005). What can the study of cognitive development reveal about children’s ability to appreciate and cope with advertising? Journal of Public Policy and Marketing, 24, 186–201.
  • Moshman, D. (1998). Cognitive development beyond childhood: Constraints on cognitive development and learning. In W. Damon (Series Ed.), D. Kuhn, & R. Siegler (Vol. Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 2. Cognition, language, and perception (5th ed., pp. 947-978). New York: Wiley.
  • Murphy, P. K., Rowe, M. L., Ramani, G., & Silverman, R. (2014). Promoting critical-analytic thinking in children and adolescents at home and in school. Educational Psychology Review, 26(4), 561-578.
  • Olson, D., & Astington, J. (1993). Thinking about thinking: Learning how to take statements and hold beliefs. Educational Psychologist. 28(1), 7-23. Özsoy, G. (2008). Üstbiliş. Türk Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(4), 713-740.
  • Paul, R. (1990). Critical thinking. Rohnert Park, CA: Center for Critical Thinking and Moral Critique Sonoma State University.
  • Piaget, J. (1952). The origins of intelligence in children. New York: International Universities Press.
  • Pithers, R. T., & Soden, R. (2000). Critical thinking in education: A review. Educational Research, 42(3), 237-249.
  • Quinn, V. (1997). Critical thinking in young minds. London: David Fulton.
  • Rogers, E. M. (2003). Diffusion of innovation (5th ed.). New York: Free Press.
  • Salmon, A. K. (2010). Tools to enhances young children’sthinking. Young Children. 2(3) 26-32.
  • Santrock, J. W. (2012). Yaşam boyu gelişim. (Çev Ed. Galip Yüksel) Ankara: Nobel.
  • Santrock, J. W. (2014). Ergenlik. (Çev. Ed. Diğdem M. Siyez). Ankara: Nobel.
  • Saxe, R. R., Whitfield‐Gabrieli, S., Scholz, J., & Pelphrey, K. A. (2009). Brain regions for perceiving and reasoning about other people in school‐aged children. Child Development, 80(4), 1197-1209.
  • Carlson, S. M., Davis, A. C. & Leach, J. G. (2005). “Less Is More: Executive Function and Symbolic Representation in Preschool Children,” Psychological Science, 16(8), 609—616.
  • Sternberg, R. J. (1985). Teaching critical thinking. Part 2: Possible solutions. Phi Delta Kappan, 67(4) 277-280.
  • Szalavirtz, M. & Perrry, B. D. (2017). Sevmek için doğarız. İstanbul: Kuraldışı.
  • Trawick-Smith, J. (2018). Erken çocukluk döneminde gelişim (Çok kültürlü bir bakış açısı). (Çev Ed. Berrin Akman). Ankara: Nobel.
  • Wadsworth, B. J. (2015). Piaget’in duyuşsal ve bilişsel gelişim kuramı. (Çev Ed. Ziya Selçuk). Ankara:Pegem Akademi
  • Walsh, G. Murphy, P., & Dunbar, C. (2007). Thinking skills in the early years: A guide for practitioners.Written in collaboration with the early years enriched curriculum evaluation Project team. Retrieved on October 25, 2018.
  • Wellman, H., & Gelman, S. (1998). Knowledge acquisition in foundational domains. In W. Damon (Series Ed.), D. Kuhn, & R. Siegler (Vol. Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 2. Cognition, language, and perception (5th ed., pp. 523-574). New York:Wiley.
  • Whitebread, D., Anderson, H., Coltman, P., Page, C. PinoPasternak, D., & Metha, S. (2004). Metacognition in 3-5 year olds.: Evidence form a naturalistic study in British early years educational settings. Paper Presented at First Meeting of TheEarly Metacognition Special Interst Group, Amsterdam.
  • Williams Howe, C. (2016). How to raise critical thinkers in a world that desperately needs them. http://www.parent.com. Retrieved on October 25, 2018.
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There are 71 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Kevser Tozduman Yaralı 0000-0002-7765-0461

Publication Date January 7, 2020
Submission Date March 6, 2019
Acceptance Date August 4, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 48

Cite

APA Tozduman Yaralı, K. (2020). Gelişimsel Açıdan Eleştirel Düşünme ve Çocuklarda Eleştirel Düşünmenin Desteklenmesi. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 48, 454-479. https://doi.org/10.9779/pauefd.536546

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