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Adaptation of Objectified Body Consciousness Scale for Youth to Turkish and to Investigate the Mediator Role of Self Objectification In the Relationship Between Social Media Usage and Desire to be Liked

Year 2020, Issue: 50, 23 - 49, 01.09.2020
https://doi.org/10.9779/pauefd.544809

Abstract



Self-objectification refers to the process of self-imposing internalized cultural standards regarding a person’s worth comes from his/her physical attractiveness and beauty. In today's popular culture, a growing number of adolescents have problems such as objectification and related problems such as depression and anxiety disorders. This study has two components. The first part of the study aims to adapt the Objectified Body Consciousness-Youth scale developed by Lindberg, Hyde, and McKinley (2006) to Turkish for preadolescent youth. The second part of this study aims to test the assumption that the use of social media full of objectification cues will be related to self-objectification, and self-objectification, in turn, will be related to the desire to be liked further since self-objectification requires the approval of others to feel confident. The sample of the study consists of 718 secondary school students in total. The participators of the first part of the study, which is the adaptation phase, were 551 middle school students. The second part was conducted with 164 middle school students. The analyses of the data support the 3-factor structure explaining 59% of the total variance, which was similar to the original scale structure. The internal consistency coefficients of the scale for body surveillance, control belief, and body shame subscales were .82, .72 and .81, respectively. Its’ relationships with Rosenberg Self-Esteem and Social Appearance Anxiety Scale are meaningful and in the expected direction. Finally, the analysis run in the second part of the study confirmed the mediator role of body surveillance and body shame subscales of self-objectification in the relationship of social media usage frequency and desire to be liked.




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Nesneleştirilmiş Beden Bilinci Ölçeği-Genç Formunun Türkçeye Uyarlanarak Kendini Nesneleştirmenin Sosyal Medya Kullanımı ve Beğenilme Arzusu Arasındaki İlişkide Aracı Rolünün İncelenmesi

Year 2020, Issue: 50, 23 - 49, 01.09.2020
https://doi.org/10.9779/pauefd.544809

Abstract

Kendini
nesneleştirme, bireyin değerinin fiziksel çekicilik ve güzelliğe bağlı olduğuna
ilişkin kültürde yer alan ipuçlarının birey tarafından içselleştirilerek bu
standartları kendi kendine dayatma sürecini ifade eder. Günümüzün popüler
kültüründe gittikçe artan sayıda ergende kendini nesneleştirme ve bunun sonucu
gelişen depresyon ve kaygı bozuklukları gibi sorunlar görülmektedir. Bu çalışma
iki alt bölümden oluşmaktadır. Çalışmanın ilk bölümünün amacı erken ergenlerde
kendini nesneleştirme düzeyini ölçmeye yönelik olarak Lindberg, Hyde ve
McKinley (2006) tarafından geliştirilen nesneleştirilmiş beden bilinci
ölçeği-genç formunun Türkçe uyarlamasını yapmaktır. Bu çalışmanın ikinci bölümü
kişileri kendini nesneleştirmeye yönelten sosyal ipuçlarının çokça var olduğu
sosyal medyayı yüksek düzeyde kullanmanın, beğenilme arzusundaki artışla ilişkili
olacağı ve bu ilişkide kendini nesneleştirmenin aracı rolü olduğu varsayımını
test etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Araştırmanın örneklemini ölçek geliştirme çalışma
kapsamında 551, sosyal medya ve beğenilme arzusu ile ilişkilerini test etmek
amacıyla 164 olmak üzere, toplamda 715 ortaokul öğrencisi oluşturmaktadır. Ölçeğin
uyarlama çalışmaları kapsamında gerçekleştirilen veri analizleri orijinal ölçek
yapısına uygun olarak toplam varyansın %59’unu açıklayan 3 faktörlü yapıyı
destekler niteliktedir. Ölçeğin beden izleme, kontrol inancı ve beden utancı
alt ölçeklerine ait iç tutarlılık katsayıları sırasıyla .82, .72 ve .81’dir. Ölçeğin
ölçüt geçerliliği kapsamında Rosenberg Benlik Saygısı ve Görünüm Kaygısı Ölçeği
ile ilişkileri beklendik yönde ve anlamlıdır. Araştırmanın ikinci amacına yönelik
regresyon analiz sonuçları, kendini nesneleştirmenin beden izleme ve beden
utancı alt boyutlarının sosyal medya ile beğenilme arzusu arasındaki ilişkide
aracı rolünü destekler niteliktedir.

References

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  • Barker, V. (2012). A Generational Comparison of Social Networking Site Use: The Influence of Age and Social Identity. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 74(2), 163–187. https://doi.org/10.2190/AG.74.2.d
  • Bernard, P., Legrand, S., & Klein, O. (2018). From bodies to blame: Exposure to sexually objectifying media increases tolerance toward sexual harassment. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 7(2), 99-112.http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000114
  • Breines, J. & Crocker, J. & Garcia, J. (2008). Self-objectification and well-being in women's daily lives. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 583-98. 10.1177/0146167207313727.
  • Calogero, R. M. (2012). Objectification theory, self-objectification, and body image. In T. F. Cash (Ed.), Encyclopedia of body image and human appearance (Vol. 2, pp. 574-580). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
  • Calogero, R. (2013). Objects don’t object: evidence that self-objectification disrupts women's social activism. Psychological Science, 24, 10.1177/0956797612452574.
  • Calogero, R. & Pina, A., Park, L. & Rahemtulla, Z. (2010). Objectification theory predicts college women’s attitudes toward cosmetic surgery. Sex Roles, 63, 32-41. 10.1007/s11199-010-9759-5.
  • Canpolat B. I, Orsel S, Akdemir A, Ozbay M. H. (2005). The relationship between dieting and body image, body ideal, self-perception, and body mass index in Turkish adolescents. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 37(2):150-5.
  • Cohen, R., Newton-John, T., & Slater, A. (2017). The relationship between Facebook and Instagram appearance-focused activities and body image concerns in young women. Body Image, 23, 183-187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2017.10.002
  • Chou, C.-P., & Bentler, P. M. (1995). Estimation and tests in structural equation modeling. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications (pp. 37–55). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Costanzo, P. R. (1970). Conformity development as a function of self-blame. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 14, 366- 374. doi:10.1037/h0028983
  • Crow, L. D., & Crow., A. V. (1956). Adolescent Development and Adjustment. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co.
  • Çuhadaroğlu, F. (1986). Adolesanlarda Benlik Saygısı, Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Davis, K. (2013. Young people’s digital lives: The impact of interpersonal relationships and digital media use on adolescents’ sense of identity. Computers in Human Behavior, 29, (6), 2281-2293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.05.022
  • Doğan, T. (2010). Sosyal görünüş kaygısı ölçeği’nin (sgkö) türkçe uyarlaması: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 39, 151-159.
  • Donner, A. & Eliasziw, M. (1987). Sample size requirements for reliability studies. Statistics in Medicine, 6, 441–448.
  • Demir, R, N.K. ( 2006). The reflection of cultural changes to male and female role-models at advertisements. Fırat University Journal of Social Science, 16(1), 285-304.
  • Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and Society. W W Norton & Co.
  • Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7, 117-140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001872675400700202
  • Fitzsimmons-Craft, E. E., & Bardone-Cone, A. M. (2012). Examining prospective mediation models of body surveillance, trait anxiety, and body dissatisfaction in African American and Caucasian college women. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 67(3-4), 187-200.http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11199-012-0151-5
  • Fredrickson, B. L. & Roberts, T. A. (1997). Objectification theory: Towards women’s lived experiences and mental health risks. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 173-206. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.x
  • Gapinski, K. D., Brownell, K. D., & LaFrance, M. (2003). Body objectification and "fat talk": Effects on emotion, motivation, and cognitive performance. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 48(9-10), 377-388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1023516209973
  • Harrison, K., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2003). Women’s sports media, self-objectification, and mental health in black and white adolescent females. Journal of Communication, 53, 216–232.
  • Hart, T. A., Flora, D. B., Palyo, S. A., Fresco, D. M., Holle, C., & Heimberg, R. C. (2008). Development and Examination of the Social Appearance Anxiety Scale. Assessment, 15, 48-59.
  • Harter, S. (1990). Identity and self development. In S. Feldman and G. Elliott (Eds.), At The Threshold: The Developing Adolescent (pp. 352-387). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Hirschman, C., Impett, E. A., & Schooler, D. (2006). What late-adolescent girls can teach us about objectification and sexuality. Sexuality Research & Social Policy, 3 (4), 8-20.
  • Holland, G., & Tiggemann, M. (2016). A systematic review of the impact of the use of social networking sites on body image and disordered eating outcomes. Body Image, 17, 100–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.02.008
  • Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. R. (2008). Structural equation modelling: guidelines for determining model fit. The Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6, 53-60.
  • Hu, L. & Bentler, P. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indices in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55.
  • Impett, E. A., Henson, J. M., Breines, J. G., Schooler, D., & Tolman, D. L. (2011). Embodiment feels better: girls’ body objectification and well-being across adolescence. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 35(1), 46–58. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684310391641
  • Insko, C. A., Drenan, S., Solomon, M. R., Smith, R., & Wade, T. J. (1983). Conformity as a function of the consistency of positive self-evaluation with being liked and being right. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 19(4), 341–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(83)90027-6
  • Jaffe, M. L. (1998). Adolescence . New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN: 0-471-57190-3.
  • Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (2001). Lisrel 8: User’s reference guide. Chicago: Scientific Software International.
  • Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39. 31–36
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There are 68 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Sevgi Ozgungor 0000-0003-4807-1572

Ahu Arıcıoğlu This is me 0000-0002-1068-1175

Publication Date September 1, 2020
Submission Date March 27, 2019
Acceptance Date January 18, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Issue: 50

Cite

APA Ozgungor, S., & Arıcıoğlu, A. (2020). Nesneleştirilmiş Beden Bilinci Ölçeği-Genç Formunun Türkçeye Uyarlanarak Kendini Nesneleştirmenin Sosyal Medya Kullanımı ve Beğenilme Arzusu Arasındaki İlişkide Aracı Rolünün İncelenmesi. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi(50), 23-49. https://doi.org/10.9779/pauefd.544809