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MEHTER DEMOKRATİKLEŞME ÖRNEKLERİ OLARAK POLONYA VE MACARİSTAN’IN İNCELENMESİ

Year 2023, , 187 - 202, 03.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1088519

Abstract

Soğuk Savaş'ın sona ermesiyle, yeni devletler için uluslararası sistemde var olma çabası sadece demokratikleşme sürecini hızlandırma ve aynı hızla tamamlamaya bağlı olarak değil, Batılı sistemleri içselleştiren yeni siyasi yapıları da elzem hale getirmiştir. Toplumlarda demokrasi ve modernleşmenin oluşumu, siyasal kültürlerin farklı gerçekliklerine aittir. Bu durum her devletin demokrasisini doğrusal olarak ilerleteceği anlamını taşımaz. Zira konjonktürel değişimler ve zamanın getirileri, o ülkedeki siyasi kültür kodları önemli hale gelmektedir. Çalışmada, bu olgu Soğuk Savaş sonrası Polonya ve Macaristan'da gelişmeler ve demokratikleşmeyle bağlantılı atılan adımlar ekseninde ele almaktadır. Bu ülkelerin tarihsel süreçte yaşadıkları değişim, Soğuk Savaş sonrası demokratikleşme bağlamında “mehter demokratikleşme” kavramsallaştırması olarak tanımlanacaktır. Çalışmanın varsayımı demokrasinin benimsenmesi ve demokrasi olarak adlandırılan ilerlemenin tek tipleştirmeye uygun olmadığı, aksine farklılıklarla örülü bir yapı kurduğudur. Bu açıdan farklı bir kavramsallaştırma olarak “mehter demokratikleşme” seçilmiştir.

References

  • Acemoğlu, D., & Robinson, J. A. (2013). Ulusların Düşüşü: Güç, Zenginlik ve Yoksulluğun Kökenleri. (F. R. Velioğlu, Çev.) İstanbul: Doğan Egmont Yayıncılık.
  • Adamska, J. (2021, 01 28). Polish Constitutional Tribunal justifies near-total abortion ban ruling. Thousands protest. https://brignews.com/2021/01/28/polish-constitutional-tribunal-justifies-near-total-abortion-ban-ruling-thousands-protest/ adresinden alındı
  • Almond, G., & Verba, S. (1963). The Civic Culture: Political Attitues and Democracy in Five Nations. Sage Publishing.
  • Amin, S. (1992). Üçüncü Dünya Demokrasi Ve Sosyalizm. (F. B. Yiğit Bener, Çev.) Ankara: Mülkiye Yayınları.
  • BBC. (2017, 12 20). AB, Polonya'nın oy hakkını elinden alabilecek Madde 7'yi işleme koydu. BBC news: https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-42426773 adresinden alındı
  • Bruszt, L. (1991). Remaking the Political Field in Hungary: From the Politics of Confrontation to the Politics of Competition . Journal of International Affairs, 45(1).
  • Bunce, V. (1995). Should Transitologists Be Grounded? Slavic Review, 54(1), 111-127.
  • Cordellier, S. (1998). Üçüncü Dünyanın Sonu mu? (A. İnsel, & B. Gürbüz, Çev.) İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları. Dahl, R. (1998). On Democracy. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Denes, I. Z. (1983). The Political Role of Hungary's Nineteenth-Century Conservatives and How They Saw Themselves. The Historical Journal, 26(4), 845-865.
  • Dunai, M., & Komuves, A. (2020, 12 23). “Hungary amends constitution to redefine family, limits gay adoption”. Reuter: https://www.reuters.com/article/hungary-lgbt/hungary-amends-constitution-to-redefine-family-limits-gay-adoption-idUKKBN28P1N8 adresinden alındı
  • Euronews. (2017, 12 20). AB tarihinde ilk: Üyeye yaptırım öngören 7. madde süreci başlatıldı . https://tr.euronews.com/2017/12/20/avrupa-komisyonu-polonya-ya-yaptirim-surecini-baslatmak-icin-gorusuyor adresinden alındı
  • Frentzel-Zagorska, J. (1990). Civil society in Poland and Hungary. Soviet Studies, 4(4).
  • Friedman, G. (2016, 03 17). Hungary, Poland and Illiberal Democracy. https://geopoliticalfutures.com/hungary-poland-and-illiberal-democracy/ adresinden alındı
  • Fukuyama, F. (2018). Siyasi Düzen Ve Çürüme: Sanayi Devriminden. (M. Özeren, Çev.) İstanbul: Profil Yayınları
  • Gozıev, R., & Özcan, M. S. (2020). Aşırı Sağın Yükselişi Ve Almanya İçin Alternatif Partisi (Afd. Akademi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(21). Https://Dergipark.Org.Tr/Tr/Pub/Asbider/İssue/56888/798787 adresinden alındı
  • Gözler, K. (2008). Anayasa Hukukuna Giriş Genel Esaslar ve Türk Anayasa Hukuku. Bursa: Ekin Basım Dağıtım.
  • Gülener, S. (2011). Anayasa Yapımında Yeni Bir Paradigma: Kapsayıcı, Katılımcı Uzlaşmacı Anayasa Yapım Süreçleri ve Çeşitli Örnekler. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 15.
  • Habermas, J. (1996). Between facts and norms: Contributions to a discourse theory of law and democracy . Cambridge : Polity Press.
  • Heywood, A. (2013). Siyaset. İstanbul: Adres Yayınları.
  • Holesch, A., & Kyriazi, A. (2021, 02 05). Democratic backsliding as a collaborative project: Understanding the links between Fidesz and Law and Justice. Retrieved from EUROPP: https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2021/02/05/democratic-backsliding-as-a-collaborative-project-understanding-the-links-between-fidesz-and-law-and-justice/
  • Huntington, S. (1993). The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century . Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. International Republican Institution. (2017). Public opinion in Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic and Slovakia. http://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/four_country_full_presentation_may_24_2017.pdf adresinden alındı
  • İnalcık, H. (2003). Osmanlı imparatorluğu Klâsik Çağ (1300-1600). (R. Sezer, Çev.) İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık. Janjevic, D. (2018, 10 05). Viktor Orban: Era of 'liberal democracy' is over. DW: https://www.dw.com/en/viktor-orban-era-of-liberal-democracy-is-over/a-43732540 adresinden alındı
  • Kelemen, D. (2017, 12 22). Europe's Authoritarian Equilibrium. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/hungary/2017-12-22/europes-authoritarian-equilibrium adresinden alındı
  • Kelemen, R. D. (2016, 08 25). Poland's Constitutional Crisis: How the Law and Justice Party is Threatening Democracy. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/poland/2016-08- 25/polands-constitutional-crisis adresinden alındı
  • Klein, N. (2010). Şok Doktrini - Felaket Kapitalizminin Yükselişi. İstanbul: Agora Kitaplığı.
  • Koryś, P. (2018). Poland From Partitions to EU Accession: A Modern Economic History, 1772–2004. Poland: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Kubas, S. (2020). The trajectory of the process of democratization in Poland in the light of theory, political praxis and external evaluation: 1989–2019. Studia Politologiczne, 57, 9-29. doi:DOI: 10.33896/SPolit.2020.57.1
  • Leslıe, R. F. (1983). The History Of Poland Since 1863. Cambridge: Cambridge Unıversıty Press.
  • Ludwikowski, R. (1993). Constitution Making in the Countries of Former: Soviet Dominance: Current Development. Georgia Journal Of International And Comparative Law, 23(2). https://scholarship.law.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi? article=1479&context=scholar adresinden alındı
  • Møller, J., & Skaaning, S.-E. (2013). Regime Types and Democratic Sequencing. Journal of Democracy, 24(1), 142-155. Özcan, N. (2013). Mehter. TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi 28. Cilt (s. 545-549). içinde https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/mehter adresinden alındı
  • Pridham, G. (2000). The Dynamics of Democratization:A Comparative Approach. New York: Continuum Press. Resis, A. (1944). The Churchill-Stalin Secret "Percentages" Agreement on the Balkans. The American Historical Review, 83(2), 368-387. doi: doi:10.2307/1862322
  • Schmitter, P. C., & Santiso, J. (1998). Three Temporal Dimensions to the Consolidation of Democracy. International Political Science Review, 69-92.
  • Storey, J. (2018, 03 27). Marx and culture. Culture Matters: https://www.culturematters.org.uk/index.php/culture/theory/item/2767-marx-and-culture adresinden alındı
  • Taylor, P. (2015, 06 09). Confronting 'Illiberal Democracy,' in Central Europe’. 08 22, 2019) tarihinde https://www.nytimes.com: https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/09/business/international/central-europeconfronts-illiberal-democracy.html adresinden alındı
  • Vıncze, A., & Varju, M. (2012). Hungary: The Fundamental Law. European Public Law,, 18(3).
  • Wallersteın, I. (2011). Dünya Sistemleri Analizi. (E. Abadoğlu, Çev.) İstanbul: BGST Yayınevi.
  • Zamęckı, Ł., & Gledid, V. (2020). Artıcle 7 Process And Democratıc Backslıdıng Of Hungary And Poland. Democracy And The Rule Of Law. Onlıne Journal Modellıng The New Europe, 34.

AN ANALYSIS OF POLAND AND HUNGARY AS EXAMPLES OF MEHTER DEMOCRATIZATION

Year 2023, , 187 - 202, 03.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1088519

Abstract

With the end of the Cold War, the effort to exist in the international system has revealed the need to accelerate the democratization process and create new political structures by internalizing Western systems. The formation of democracy and modernization in societies belongs to different realities of political cultures. This does not mean that every state will advance the democratization process linearly because of the cyclical changes, and the political culture codes and Cultural structures of that country. This study examines the post-Cold War Poland and Hungary, while focusing developments and constitutional steps in the democratization process. The change in the historical process experienced by the two countries will be examined in the post-Cold War era and will be explained through the mehter democratization conceptualization. The study assumes that the adoption of democracy and the progress called democracy is not suitable for uniformization. On the contrary, it establishes a structure knitted with differences. In this respect, as a different conceptualization, Mehter democratization was chosen.

References

  • Acemoğlu, D., & Robinson, J. A. (2013). Ulusların Düşüşü: Güç, Zenginlik ve Yoksulluğun Kökenleri. (F. R. Velioğlu, Çev.) İstanbul: Doğan Egmont Yayıncılık.
  • Adamska, J. (2021, 01 28). Polish Constitutional Tribunal justifies near-total abortion ban ruling. Thousands protest. https://brignews.com/2021/01/28/polish-constitutional-tribunal-justifies-near-total-abortion-ban-ruling-thousands-protest/ adresinden alındı
  • Almond, G., & Verba, S. (1963). The Civic Culture: Political Attitues and Democracy in Five Nations. Sage Publishing.
  • Amin, S. (1992). Üçüncü Dünya Demokrasi Ve Sosyalizm. (F. B. Yiğit Bener, Çev.) Ankara: Mülkiye Yayınları.
  • BBC. (2017, 12 20). AB, Polonya'nın oy hakkını elinden alabilecek Madde 7'yi işleme koydu. BBC news: https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-42426773 adresinden alındı
  • Bruszt, L. (1991). Remaking the Political Field in Hungary: From the Politics of Confrontation to the Politics of Competition . Journal of International Affairs, 45(1).
  • Bunce, V. (1995). Should Transitologists Be Grounded? Slavic Review, 54(1), 111-127.
  • Cordellier, S. (1998). Üçüncü Dünyanın Sonu mu? (A. İnsel, & B. Gürbüz, Çev.) İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları. Dahl, R. (1998). On Democracy. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Denes, I. Z. (1983). The Political Role of Hungary's Nineteenth-Century Conservatives and How They Saw Themselves. The Historical Journal, 26(4), 845-865.
  • Dunai, M., & Komuves, A. (2020, 12 23). “Hungary amends constitution to redefine family, limits gay adoption”. Reuter: https://www.reuters.com/article/hungary-lgbt/hungary-amends-constitution-to-redefine-family-limits-gay-adoption-idUKKBN28P1N8 adresinden alındı
  • Euronews. (2017, 12 20). AB tarihinde ilk: Üyeye yaptırım öngören 7. madde süreci başlatıldı . https://tr.euronews.com/2017/12/20/avrupa-komisyonu-polonya-ya-yaptirim-surecini-baslatmak-icin-gorusuyor adresinden alındı
  • Frentzel-Zagorska, J. (1990). Civil society in Poland and Hungary. Soviet Studies, 4(4).
  • Friedman, G. (2016, 03 17). Hungary, Poland and Illiberal Democracy. https://geopoliticalfutures.com/hungary-poland-and-illiberal-democracy/ adresinden alındı
  • Fukuyama, F. (2018). Siyasi Düzen Ve Çürüme: Sanayi Devriminden. (M. Özeren, Çev.) İstanbul: Profil Yayınları
  • Gozıev, R., & Özcan, M. S. (2020). Aşırı Sağın Yükselişi Ve Almanya İçin Alternatif Partisi (Afd. Akademi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(21). Https://Dergipark.Org.Tr/Tr/Pub/Asbider/İssue/56888/798787 adresinden alındı
  • Gözler, K. (2008). Anayasa Hukukuna Giriş Genel Esaslar ve Türk Anayasa Hukuku. Bursa: Ekin Basım Dağıtım.
  • Gülener, S. (2011). Anayasa Yapımında Yeni Bir Paradigma: Kapsayıcı, Katılımcı Uzlaşmacı Anayasa Yapım Süreçleri ve Çeşitli Örnekler. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 15.
  • Habermas, J. (1996). Between facts and norms: Contributions to a discourse theory of law and democracy . Cambridge : Polity Press.
  • Heywood, A. (2013). Siyaset. İstanbul: Adres Yayınları.
  • Holesch, A., & Kyriazi, A. (2021, 02 05). Democratic backsliding as a collaborative project: Understanding the links between Fidesz and Law and Justice. Retrieved from EUROPP: https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2021/02/05/democratic-backsliding-as-a-collaborative-project-understanding-the-links-between-fidesz-and-law-and-justice/
  • Huntington, S. (1993). The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century . Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. International Republican Institution. (2017). Public opinion in Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic and Slovakia. http://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/four_country_full_presentation_may_24_2017.pdf adresinden alındı
  • İnalcık, H. (2003). Osmanlı imparatorluğu Klâsik Çağ (1300-1600). (R. Sezer, Çev.) İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık. Janjevic, D. (2018, 10 05). Viktor Orban: Era of 'liberal democracy' is over. DW: https://www.dw.com/en/viktor-orban-era-of-liberal-democracy-is-over/a-43732540 adresinden alındı
  • Kelemen, D. (2017, 12 22). Europe's Authoritarian Equilibrium. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/hungary/2017-12-22/europes-authoritarian-equilibrium adresinden alındı
  • Kelemen, R. D. (2016, 08 25). Poland's Constitutional Crisis: How the Law and Justice Party is Threatening Democracy. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/poland/2016-08- 25/polands-constitutional-crisis adresinden alındı
  • Klein, N. (2010). Şok Doktrini - Felaket Kapitalizminin Yükselişi. İstanbul: Agora Kitaplığı.
  • Koryś, P. (2018). Poland From Partitions to EU Accession: A Modern Economic History, 1772–2004. Poland: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Kubas, S. (2020). The trajectory of the process of democratization in Poland in the light of theory, political praxis and external evaluation: 1989–2019. Studia Politologiczne, 57, 9-29. doi:DOI: 10.33896/SPolit.2020.57.1
  • Leslıe, R. F. (1983). The History Of Poland Since 1863. Cambridge: Cambridge Unıversıty Press.
  • Ludwikowski, R. (1993). Constitution Making in the Countries of Former: Soviet Dominance: Current Development. Georgia Journal Of International And Comparative Law, 23(2). https://scholarship.law.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi? article=1479&context=scholar adresinden alındı
  • Møller, J., & Skaaning, S.-E. (2013). Regime Types and Democratic Sequencing. Journal of Democracy, 24(1), 142-155. Özcan, N. (2013). Mehter. TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi 28. Cilt (s. 545-549). içinde https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/mehter adresinden alındı
  • Pridham, G. (2000). The Dynamics of Democratization:A Comparative Approach. New York: Continuum Press. Resis, A. (1944). The Churchill-Stalin Secret "Percentages" Agreement on the Balkans. The American Historical Review, 83(2), 368-387. doi: doi:10.2307/1862322
  • Schmitter, P. C., & Santiso, J. (1998). Three Temporal Dimensions to the Consolidation of Democracy. International Political Science Review, 69-92.
  • Storey, J. (2018, 03 27). Marx and culture. Culture Matters: https://www.culturematters.org.uk/index.php/culture/theory/item/2767-marx-and-culture adresinden alındı
  • Taylor, P. (2015, 06 09). Confronting 'Illiberal Democracy,' in Central Europe’. 08 22, 2019) tarihinde https://www.nytimes.com: https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/09/business/international/central-europeconfronts-illiberal-democracy.html adresinden alındı
  • Vıncze, A., & Varju, M. (2012). Hungary: The Fundamental Law. European Public Law,, 18(3).
  • Wallersteın, I. (2011). Dünya Sistemleri Analizi. (E. Abadoğlu, Çev.) İstanbul: BGST Yayınevi.
  • Zamęckı, Ł., & Gledid, V. (2020). Artıcle 7 Process And Democratıc Backslıdıng Of Hungary And Poland. Democracy And The Rule Of Law. Onlıne Journal Modellıng The New Europe, 34.
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Political Science
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Merve Suna Özel Özcan 0000-0001-9027-3990

Publication Date March 3, 2023
Acceptance Date September 1, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2023

Cite

APA Özel Özcan, M. S. (2023). AN ANALYSIS OF POLAND AND HUNGARY AS EXAMPLES OF MEHTER DEMOCRATIZATION. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi(55), 187-202. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1088519
AMA Özel Özcan MS. AN ANALYSIS OF POLAND AND HUNGARY AS EXAMPLES OF MEHTER DEMOCRATIZATION. PAUSBED. March 2023;(55):187-202. doi:10.30794/pausbed.1088519
Chicago Özel Özcan, Merve Suna. “AN ANALYSIS OF POLAND AND HUNGARY AS EXAMPLES OF MEHTER DEMOCRATIZATION”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, no. 55 (March 2023): 187-202. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1088519.
EndNote Özel Özcan MS (March 1, 2023) AN ANALYSIS OF POLAND AND HUNGARY AS EXAMPLES OF MEHTER DEMOCRATIZATION. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 55 187–202.
IEEE M. S. Özel Özcan, “AN ANALYSIS OF POLAND AND HUNGARY AS EXAMPLES OF MEHTER DEMOCRATIZATION”, PAUSBED, no. 55, pp. 187–202, March 2023, doi: 10.30794/pausbed.1088519.
ISNAD Özel Özcan, Merve Suna. “AN ANALYSIS OF POLAND AND HUNGARY AS EXAMPLES OF MEHTER DEMOCRATIZATION”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 55 (March 2023), 187-202. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1088519.
JAMA Özel Özcan MS. AN ANALYSIS OF POLAND AND HUNGARY AS EXAMPLES OF MEHTER DEMOCRATIZATION. PAUSBED. 2023;:187–202.
MLA Özel Özcan, Merve Suna. “AN ANALYSIS OF POLAND AND HUNGARY AS EXAMPLES OF MEHTER DEMOCRATIZATION”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, no. 55, 2023, pp. 187-02, doi:10.30794/pausbed.1088519.
Vancouver Özel Özcan MS. AN ANALYSIS OF POLAND AND HUNGARY AS EXAMPLES OF MEHTER DEMOCRATIZATION. PAUSBED. 2023(55):187-202.