A GUIDE FOR QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES

Year 2022, , 319 - 345, 09.08.2022

Arzu Toker

https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1112493

Cited By: 8

Abstract

Ontological assumptions that social reality is standardized and predictable, or that it is constantly reconstructed through human interactions, affect the research topics choice of the researchers, how they formulate questions, and how they conduct research. The researcher's ontological perspective is reflected in these epistemological inquiries, which indicate how to obtain information about the nature of reality. These philosophical approaches serve as instruments for framing how the research process should progress, from the type of research questions to how data will be acquired and analyzed to data interpretation and provide a viewpoint on the social world. This research focuses on qualitative data analysis, which is one of the most difficult processes in qualitative research methodologies that aim to comprehend and interpret the social world in its natural setting and is critical to the research's success. It aims to develop a guide that will assist novice researchers who desire to conduct qualitative data analysis. To achieve this aim, the steps of qualitative data analysis are explained. Content analysis and thematic analysis which are the basic qualitative data analysis methodologies are described within the context of the disciplines on which they are founded. Qualitative data analysis methodologies, which are most used in the field of social sciences, are clarified by stressing the distinctions between the fundamental ideas.

Keywords

Qualitative Data Analysis, Qualitative Content Analysis, Thematic Analysis, Narrative Analysis, İnterpretative Phenomenological Analysis, Conversation Analysis, Discourse Analysis, Semiotic Analysis, Grounded Theory

SOSYAL BİLİMLERDE NİTEL VERİ ANALİZİ İÇİN BİR KILAVUZ

Abstract

Sosyal gerçekliğin kalıplaşmış ve tahmin edilebilir olduğu veya insan etkileşimleri ile sürekli olarak yeniden inşa edildiğine yönelik ontolojik varsayımlar, bir araştırmacının araştırma konusunun seçimini, soruları nasıl biçimlendireceğini, araştırmayı nasıl yürüteceğini etkiler. Gerçekliğin doğasına ilişkin bilgilere ulaşmanın yollarını gösteren bu epistemolojik sorular, araştırmacının ontolojik duruşunun yansımasıdır. Bu felsefi anlayışlar, yanıtlanacak araştırma sorularının türüne, verilerin nasıl toplanacağı ve hangi yöntemlerle analiz edileceğine, verilerinin yorumlanmasına kadar araştırma sürecinin nasıl ilerlemesi gerektiğini çerçevelemeye hizmet eden ve sosyal dünyaya bir bakış açısı sağlayan araçlardır. Bu çalışma; sosyal dünyayı doğal ortamında anlamaya ve yorumlamaya çalışan nitel araştırma yöntemleriyle yürütülen araştırmalardaki en zorlu ve araştırmaların başarısında önemli rol oynayan adımlardan biri olan nitel veri analizleri ile ilgilidir. Çalışmanın amacı, nitel veri analizi yapmak isteyen özellikle genç araştırmacılara yol gösterecek bir kılavuz oluşturmaktır. Bu amacı gerçekleştirmek için nitel veri analizinin aşamaları açıklanmış; temel nitel veri analiz yöntemleri olan içerik analizi ve tematik analiz dayandıkları disiplinler çerçevesinde detaylandırılmıştır. Temel kavramların arasındaki farklılıklar vurgulanarak sosyal bilimler alanında en yaygın uygulama alanı bulan nitel veri analiz yaklaşımları özetlenmiştir.

Keywords

Nitel Veri Analizi, Nitel İçerik Analizi, Tematik Analiz, Anlatı Analizi, Yorumlayıcı Fenomenolojik Analiz, Konuşma Analizi, Söylem Analizi, Göstergebilim Analizi, Temellendirilmiş Kuram

References

• Aronson, J. (1995). A pragmatic view of thematic analysis. The qualitative report, 2(1), 1-3.
• Arslan, E. (2021). Turistik Tüketimin Kimlik İnşasındaki Rolü (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Anadolu Üniversitesi.
• Bazeley, P. (2013). Qualitative data analysis: Practical strategies. Sage.
• Boyatzis, R. E. (1998). Transforming qualitative information: Thematic analysis and code development. Sage.
• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology, 3(2), 77-101.
• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2012). Thematic analysis. İçinde APA handbook of research methods in psychology, Vol 2: Research designs: Quantitative, qualitative, neuropsychological, and biological (ss. 57-71). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/13620-004
• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2013). Successful qualitative research: A practical guide for beginners. Sage.
• Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis. Sage.
• Charmaz, K. (2014). Constructing grounded theory. Sage.
• Clayman, S. E., & Gill, V. T. (2013). Conversation analysis. İçinde The Routledge Handbook of Discourse Analysis (ss. 146-160). Routledge.
• Coffey, A., & Atkinson, P. (1996). Making sense of qualitative data: Complementary research strategies. Sage.
• Crabtree, B. F., & Miller, W. L. (1992). Doing Qualitative Research. Sage.
• Creswell, J. W., & Báez, J. C. (2020). 30 essential skills for the qualitative researcher. Sage.
• Creswell, J. W., & Clark, V. L. P. (2017). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Sage.
• Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2016). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Sage.
• Çelik, H., & Ekşi, H. (2008). Söylem analizi. Marmara Üniversitesi Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 27(27), 99-117.
• Denzin, N. K. (2000). The practices and politics of interpretation. Handbook of qualitative research, 2, 897-922.
• Denzin, N. K. (2017). The research act: A theoretical introduction to sociological methods. Routledge.
• Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2008). Introduction: The discipline and practice of qualitative research. Sage
• Deutscher Soziologentag (1st: 1910: Frankfurt am Main, G., Simmel, G., Tönnies, F., Weber, M., Sombart, W., Ploetz, A. J., Troeltsch, E., Gothein, E., Voigt, A., Kantorowicz, H., & Deutsche Gesellschaft für Soziologie. (1911). Verhandlungen des ersten Deutschen Soziologentages: Vom 19.-22. Oktober 1910 in Frankfurt a.M. Tübingen : Mohr (Paul Siebeck).
• Downe-Wamboldt, B. (1992). Content analysis: Method, applications, and issues. Health care for women international, 13(3), 313-321.
• Dwyer, L., Gill, A., & Seetaram, N. (2012). Handbook of research methods in tourism: Quantitative and qualitative approaches. Edward Elgar Publishing.
• Elliott, J. (2005). Using narrative in social research: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Sage.
• Elliott, R. (1996). Discourse analysis: Exploring action, function and conflict in social texts. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 14(6), 65-68. https://doi.org/10.1108/02634509610131171.
• Flick, U. (2013). The SAGE handbook of qualitative data analysis. Sage.
• Gee, J. P. (2004). An introduction to discourse analysis: Theory and method. Routledge.
• Gibbs, G. R. (2018). Analyzing qualitative data (C. 6). Sage.
• Gibson, W., & Brown, A. (2009). Working with qualitative data. Sage.
• Gillham, B. (2010). Case Study Research Methods. Bloomsbury Publishing.
• Given, L. M. (2008). The Sage encyclopedia of qualitative research methods. Sage.
• Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1965). Discovery of substantive theory: A basic strategy underlying qualitative research. American behavioral scientist, 8(6), 5-12.
• Gökçe, O. (2019). Klasik ve nitel içerik analizi; Felsefe, yöntem, uygulama. Konya: Çizgi Kitabevi.
• Guest, G., MacQueen, K. M., & Namey, E. E. (2011). Applied thematic analysis. Sage.
• Hailemichael, A. (1995). A thematic analysis of the afar camel folk literature: an ethnography-of-communication approach. Journal of Ethiopian Studies, 28(1), 1-22.
• Hardy, M., & Bryman, A. (2004). Handbook of Data Analysis. Sage.
• Hesse-Biber, S. N., & Leavy, P. (2010). The practice of qualitative research. Sage.
• Joffe, H. (2012). Thematic analysis. Qualitative research methods in mental health and psychotherapy: A guide for students and practitioners, 1, 210-223.
• Jovanović, G. (2011). Toward a social history of qualitative research. History of the Human Sciences, 24(2), 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1177/0952695111399334.
• Kalof, L., & Dan, A. (2008). Essentials of Social Research. McGraw-Hill.
• Kiger, M. E., & Varpio, L. (2020). Thematic analysis of qualitative data: AMEE Guide No. 131. Medical teacher, 42(8), 846-854.
• Kracauer, S. (1952). The challenge of qualitative content analysis. Public Opinion Quarterly, 16, 631-642. https://doi.org/10.1086/266427.
• Kuckartz, U. (2014). Qualitative text analysis: A guide to methods, practice and using software. Sage.
• Kvale, S. (1996). The 1,000-page question. Qualitative inquiry, 2(3), 275-284.
• Liamputtong, P. (2019). Qualitative Research Methods. Oxford University Press.
• Marshall, C., & Rossman, G. B. (2014). Designing qualitative research. Sage.
• Maxwell, J. A., & Miller, B. A. (2008). Categorizing and connecting strategies in qualitative data analysis. Handbook of emergent methods. Washington: The Guilford Press.
• Mayring, P. (1994). Qualitative inhaltsanalyse (C. 14). UVK Univ.-Verl. Konstanz.
• Mayring, P. (2001). Combination and integration of qualitative and quantitative analysis. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung/Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 2(1).
• Mayring, P. (2004). Qualitative content analysis. A companion to qualitative research, 1(2), 159-176.
• Mayring, P. (2007). On generalization in qualitatively oriented research. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung/Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 8(3).
• Mayring, P. (2014). Qualitative content analysis: Theoretical foundation, basic procedures and software solution.
• Mayring, P. (2015). Qualitative content analysis: Theoretical background and procedures. İçinde Approaches to qualitative research in mathematics education (ss. 365-380). Springer.
• Mayring, P. (2021). Qualitative content analysis: A step-by-step guide. Sage.
• Neuendorf, K. A. (2017). The content analysis guidebook. Sage.
• Onwuegbuzie, A. J., Leech, N. L., & Collins, K. M. (2012). Qualitative analysis techniques for the review of the literature. Qualitative Report, 17, 56.
• Polkinghorne, D. E. (1995). Narrative configuration in qualitative analysis. International journal of qualitative studies in education, 8(1), 5-23.
• Provan, D. J., Rae, A. J., & Dekker, S. W. A. (2019). An ethnography of the safety professional’s dilemma: Safety work or the safety of work? Safety Science, 117, 276-289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2019.04.024
• Saldana, J. (2019). Nitel araştırmacılar için kodlama el kitabı. A. Tüfekci Akcan ve SN Şad, Çev. Ed). Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık.
• Salkind, N. J. (2010). Encyclopedia of research design (C. 1). Sage.
• Sandelowski, M. (2000). Focus on research methods: What ever happened to qualitative research. Research in Nursing and Health, 23, 334-340.
• Sandelowski, M. (2010). What’s in a name? Qualitative description revisited. Research in Nursing & Health, 33(1), 77-84. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.20362
• Sharp, N. L., Bye, R. A., & Cusick, A. (2019). Narrative analysis. In P. Liamputtong (Ed.), Handbook of research methods in health social sciences (pp. 1-21). Singapore: Springer.Sidnell, J. (2010). Conversation analysis. Sociolinguistics and language education, 492.
• Sidnell, J., & Stivers, T. (2012). The handbook of conversation analysis (C. 121). John Wiley & Sons.
• Silverman, D. (2015). Interpreting qualitative data. Sage.
• Smith, J. A. (2011). Evaluating the contribution of interpretative phenomenological analysis. Health psychology review, 5(1), 9-27.
• Smith, J. A., & Shinebourne, P. (2012). Interpretative phenomenological analysis. American Psychological Association. Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1990). Basics of qualitative research. Sage.
• Sundler, A. J., Lindberg, E., Nilsson, C., & Palmér, L. (2019). Qualitative thematic analysis based on descriptive phenomenology. Nursing Open, 6(3), 733-739. https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.275
• Tesch, R. (1990). Qualitative research: Analysis types and software tools. Falmer Press.
• Toker, A. (2018). İkinci Hayatların Kenti “Didim”. İçinde Dünden Bugüne Türkiye’de Turizm Kurumlar Kuruluşlar Turizm Bölgeleri Meslekler (ss. 119-134). Yıkılmazlar.
• Toker, A. (2019). Tarihsel Süreçte Didim’de Yaşanan Göçlerin Turizm Ekseninde İncelenmesi (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Anadolu Üniversitesi.
• Toker, A. (2022). Kent Kimliği İnşasında Festivallerin Rolü. Bingöl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 23, 121-140. https://doi.org/10.29029/busbed.1038648
• Tracy, S. J. (2010). Qualitative quality: Eight “big-tent” criteria for excellent qualitative research. Qualitative inquiry, 16(10), 837-851.
• Turan, A., Kaya, A., & Yetgin, D. (2018). Bin Yıllık Uykusundan Uyanan Kent: Side. İçinde Dünden Bugüne Türkiye’de Turizm Kurumlar Kuruluşlar Turizm Bölgeleri Meslekler (ss. 237-262). Yıkılmazlar.
• Uzuner, Y. (2015). A Critical Examination of My Qualitative Research Efforts in Turkey. Eğitimde Nitel Araştırmalar Dergisi, 3(3), 44-54.
• Vaismoradi, M., & Snelgrove, S. (2019). Theme in qualitative content analysis and thematic analysis. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung/Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 20(3).
• Vaismoradi, M., Turunen, H., & Bondas, T. (2013). Content analysis and thematic analysis: Implications for conducting a qualitative descriptive study. Nursing & health sciences, 15(3), 398-405.
• White, S. J. (2019). Conversation analysis: an introduction to methodology, data collection, and analysis P. Liamputtong (Ed.), Handbook of research methods in health social sciences, Springer, Singapore (2018), pp. 1-20.
• Willig, C. (2014). Interpretation and analysis. In U. Flick (Ed.), The SAGE handbook of qualitative analysis (pp. 136–149). Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
• Wolcott, H. F. (1994). Transforming Qualitative Data: Description, Analysis, and Interpretation. https://doi.org/10.2307/329455.
• Yılmaz, A., Yetgin, D., & Kozak, N. (2018). A hotel in Anatolia in the last period of the Ottoman Empire: Hotel Tadia (1892–1922). Tourism management perspectives, 26, 118-125.
• Yin, R. K. (2015). Qualitative research from start to finish. Guilford publications.