N-11 ÜLKELERİNDE EKOLOJİK AYAK İZİ VE BİLEŞENLERİNDE ŞOKLARIN KALICILIĞININ İNCELENMESİ

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, N-11 ülkelerinde ekolojik ayak izi ve alt bileşenleri olan yerleşim alanları ayak izi, karbon ayak izi, tarım alanı ayak izi, balıkçılık alanları ayak izi, orman alanları ayak izi, otlak alan ayak izi serilerinin durağanlık yapıları 1971–2022 dönemine ait yıllık veriler kullanılarak araştırılmıştır. Öncelikle Harvey ve Leybourne (2007) ile Harvey, Leybourne ve Xiao (2008) testleri ile serilerin doğrusal olup olmadıkları tespit edilmiştir. Doğrusal seriler için Schmidt ve Phillips (1992) geleneksel LM testi, doğrusal olmayan seriler için ise Kapetanios, Shin ve Snell (KSS) (2003) doğrusal olmayan birim kök testi kullanılarak şokların kalıcılığı araştırılmıştır. Schmidt ve Phillips (1992) LM birim kök testi sonuçlarına göre Endonezya için balıkçılık alanları ayak izi, Nijerya için otlak alan ayak izi, Filipinler ve Güney Kore için yerleşim alanları ayak izi, Türkiye için ise ekolojik ayak izi ve balıkçılık alanları ayak izi serilerinin durağan olduğu belirlenmiştir. KSS (2003) tarafından geliştirilen doğrusal olmayan birim kök testi sonuçlarına göre ise Pakistan, Filipinler ve Endonezya’da karbon ayak izi, Meksika’da ekolojik ayak izi ve yerleşim alanları ayak izi, karbon ayak izi, tarım alanı ayak izi serisi, Nijerya’da tarım alanı ayak izi, Güney Kore’de tarım alanı ayak izi ve otlak alan ayak izi, Vietnam’da ise ekolojik ayak izi ve balıkçılık alanları ayak izi, orman alanları ayak izi, otlak alan ayak izi serilerinin durağan bir süreç sergilediği saptanmıştır. Serilerin büyük kısmının birim köklü olması, çevresel bozulmaların kendiliğinden düzelmeyeceğini ve bu süreçlerin zaman içinde ortalamaya dönme eğiliminde olmayacağını işaret etmektedir.

Keywords

• Ekolojik ayak izi
• N-11 ülkeleri
• KSS (2003) testi
• Schmidt ve Phillips (1992) LM Testi

INVESTIGATION OF THE PERSISTENCE OF SHOCKS IN ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT AND ITS COMPONENTS IN N-11 COUNTRIES

Abstract

In this study, the stationarity structures of the ecological footprint and its subcomponents, namely residential footprint, carbon footprint, agricultural footprint, fishing footprint, forest footprint and grassland footprint series in N-11 countries are investigated using annual data for the period 1971-2022. Firstly, Harvey and Leybourne (2007) and Harvey, Leybourne and Xiao (2008) tests are used to determine whether the series are linear or not. Schmidt and Phillips (1992) conventional LM test for linear series and KSS (2003) nonlinear unit root test for nonlinear series are used to investigate the persistence of shocks. According to the results of the Schmidt and Phillips (1992) LM unit root test, the fishing area footprint series for Indonesia, the grassland footprint series for Nigeria, the residential area footprint series for the Philippines and South Korea, and the ecological footprint and fishing area footprint series for Turkiye are stationary. According to the results of the non-linear unit root test developed by KSS (2003), the carbon footprint series in Pakistan, Philippines and Indonesia, the ecological footprint series in Mexico, and the residential footprint, carbon footprint and agricultural footprint series in Mexico, The series of agricultural land footprint in Nigeria, agricultural land footprint and grassland footprint in South Korea, ecological footprint and fishing land footprint, forest land footprint and grassland footprint in Vietnam were found to exhibit a stationary process. The fact that most of the series are unit-rooted indicates that environmental disturbances will not correct themselves and that these processes do not tend to revert to the mean over time.

Keywords

• Ecological footprint
• N-11 Countries
• KSS (2003) test
• Schmidt and Phillips (1992) LM Test

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