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World Order with Chinese Characteristics: the Tribute System Past to Today

Year 2022, , 229 - 240, 01.01.2022
https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.961258

Abstract

The rise or fall of China has always been the determining factor in the East Asian regional order. The re-emergence of China as a great power in the 21st century accelerates the discussions on how the regional and global order will be shaped. China's economic and military power leads an asymmetrical dependency relationship with many actors in favor of China. It is a matter of curiosity whether the economic and military inequality between China and other countries will lead to a hierarchical order as in the tribute system. In this study, what kind of order the rising China will seek is analyzed based on historical experiences. The study aims to answer the question of how an economically and militarily strong China will conduct its foreign affairs. It is argued that the economic and military asymmetry between China and other countries will allow China's relations with some countries to be carried out on an unequal basis, as in the tribute system.

References

  • Acharya, A. (2008). “Theoretical Perspectives on International Relations in Asia”, International Relations of Asia, (Ed: D. Shambaugh ve M. Yahuda), Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, New York.
  • Alperen, Ü. (2019). “Geleneksel Çin Merkezli (Sino-centric) Bölgesel Düzenden Çin Karakteristiğiyle Küresel Düzene”, Çin Bilmecesi: Çin’in Ekonomik Yükselişi, Uluslararası İlişkilerde Dönüşüm ve Türkiye, (Der. M. Yağcı ve C. Bakır), Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Arrighi, G. (2009). Adam Smith Pekin’de 21. Yüzyılın Soykütüğü, (Çev: İ. Yıldız), Yordam Kitap Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Bayram, M. Ve Emiroğlu, H. (2020). “Çin Tarzı Uluslararası İlişkilerin Analitik Çerçevesi: Yeni-Haraççılık”, Asya Araştırmaları Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 1/4, 29-44, DOI: 10.34189/asyam.4.1.003.
  • Benedict, R. (2010). Krizantem ve Kılıç Japon Kültürü Üzerine Bir İnceleme, (Çev: T. Turgut), Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Braudel, F. (2006). Uygarlıkların Grameri, (Çev: M. A. Kılıçbay), İmge Kitabevi. İstanbul.
  • Chun, H. (1968). “Sino-Korean Tributary Relations in the Ch’ıng Period”, The Chinese Traditional World Order China’s Foreign Relations, (Ed: J. K. Fairbank), Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
  • Eberhard, W. (1995). Çin Tarihi, Türk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara.
  • Fairbank, J. K. (1968), The Chinese Traditional World Order China’s Foreign Relations, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
  • Fairbank, J. K. (1969). Çağdaş Çin’in Temelleri 1840-1950, (Çev: Ü. Oksay), Doğan Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Fletcher, J. F. (1968).” China and Central Asia, 1368-1884”, The Chinese Traditional World Order China’s Foreign Relations, Harvard University Press, (Ed. J. K. Fairbank), Cambridge, Massachusetts.
  • Frank, A. G. (2010). Yeniden Doğu Asya Çağında Küresel Ekonomi, (Çev: K. Kurtul), İmge Kitabevi, Ankara.
  • Friedberg, A. L. (1993-1994). “Ripe for Rivalry: Prospects for Peace in a Multipolar Asia”, International Security, 18/3, 5-33.
  • Jacques, M. (2016). Çin Hükmettiğinde Dünyayı Neler Bekliyor?, (Çev: S. Oğuz), Akılçelen Kitaplar, Ankara.
  • Johnson, S. (2019a). The Great Haul of China, Illustrated, Finacial Times, 19.11.2019, https://www.ft.com/content/4975eb8a-0ab6-11ea-bb52-34c8d9dc6d84, (22.11.2019).
  • Johnson, S. (2019b), China’s Trade Dominance Dealt a Blow After US Gains, Finacial Times, 20.11.2019, https://www.ft.com/content/c9665df6-0ab7-11ea-b2d6-9bf4d1957a67, (22.11.2019).
  • Kang, D. C. (2003). “Getting Asia Wrong: The Need for New Analytical Frameworks”, International Security, 27/4, 57-85. Kang, D. C. (2010). East Asia Before the West, Columbia University Press, New York.
  • Kennedy, P. (2002). Büyük Güçlerin Yükseliş ve Çöküşleri, (Çev: B. Karanakçı), İş Bankası Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Kim, S. S. (2008). “The Evolving Asian System: Three Transformations”, International Relations of Asia, (Ed: D. Shambaugh ve M. Yahuda), Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, New York.
  • Kissinger, H. (2014). Dünya Düzeni, (Çev: S. S. Gül), Boyner Yayınları. İstanbul.
  • Kissinger, H. (2015). Çin Dünden Bugüne Yeni Çin, (Çev. N. I. Çeper), Kanüs Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Lam, T. B. (1968). “Intervention Versus Tribute in Sino-Vietnamese Relations, 1788-1790”, The Chinese Traditional World Order China’s Foreign Relations, (Ed: J. K. Fairbank), Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
  • Lowy Institute. (2020). Asia Power Index. https://power.lowyinstitute.org/data/military-capability/defence-spending/military-expenditure-market-exchange-rates/, (16.06.2021).
  • Mancall, M. (1968). “The Ch’ing Tribute System: An Interpretive Essay”, The Chinese Traditional World Order China’s Foreign Relations, (Ed: J. K. Fairbank), Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
  • Mearsheimer, J. C. (2001). The Tragedy of Great Power Politics, W. W. Norton, New York.
  • Mearsheimer, J. C. (2010). “The Gathering Storm: China’s Challenge to US Power in Asia”, The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 3, 381-396.
  • Rajah, R. (2019). Chart of the week: Global trade through a US-China lens. Lowy Institute, 18.12.2019. https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/chart-week-global-trade-through-us-china-lens, (16.06.2021).
  • Ren, X. (2011). “East Asian Order and China’s Role: A Historical Perspective”, アジア研究, 57/ 1, 3-12.
  • Richter, F. (2021). China is the World’s Manufacturing Superpower. Statista, 04.05.2021 https://www.statista.com/chart/20858/top-10-countries-by-share-of-global-manufacturing-output/, (13.06.2021).
  • Sakai, R. K. (1968). “The Ryukyu (Liu-Ch’ıu) Islands as a Fief of Satsuma”, The Chinese Traditional World Order China’s Foreign Relations, (Ed: J. K. Fairbank), Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
  • Saunders, P. C. (2008). “China’s Role in Asia”, International Relations of Asia, (Ed: D. Shambaugh ve M. Yahuda), Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, New York.
  • Scott, D. (2008). China and the International System, 1840-1949 Power, Presence, and Perception in a Century of Humiliation, State University of New York Press, New York.
  • Shambaugh, D. (2008). “International Relations in Asia: The Two-Level Game”, International Relations of Asia, (Ed: D. Shambaugh ve M. Yahuda), Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, New York.
  • SIPRI. 2021. SIPRI Yearbook 2021 Armaments, Disarmament and International Security Summary. Oxford University Press, https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2021-06/sipri_yb21_summary_en_v2_0.pdf, (16.06.2021).
  • Spence, J. D. (1990). The Search for Modern China, W.W. Norton & Company, New York.
  • Steil, B. ve Rocca, B. B. (2019). Belt and Road Tracker. Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 08.05.2019, https://www.cfr.org/article/belt-and-road-tracker, (14.06.2021).
  • Suisheng, Z.: “Rethinking the Chinese World Order: The Imperial Cycle and the Rise of China”, Journal of Contemporary China, 24/95, 961-982, DOI: 10.1080/10670564.2015.1030913
  • Suzuki, C. (1968). “China’s Relations with Inner Asia: The Hsiung-Nu, Tibet”, The Chinese Traditional World Order China’s Foreign Relations, (Ed: J. K. Fairbank), Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
  • Wang, G. (1968). “Early Ming Relations with Southeast Asia: A Background Essay”, The Chinese Traditional World Order China’s Foreign Relations, (Ed: J. K. Fairbank), Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
  • Wang, G. (2019), China Reconnets Joining a Deep-rooted Past to a New World Order, World Scientific Publishing, Singapore.
  • Wang, H. (2021). “The Belt and Road Initaitive Agreements: Characteristics, Rationale, and Challenges”, World Trade Review 20, 282-305. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1474745620000452.
  • Westad, O. A. (2013). Restless Empire China and the World Since 1750, Vintage Books, London.
  • Wills, J. E. Jr. (1968). “Ch’ing Relations with the Dutch, 1662-1690”, The Chinese Traditional World Order China’s Foreign Relations, (Ed: John King Fairbank), Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
  • Yahuda, M. (2008). “Looking Ahead A New Asian Order?”, International Relations of Asia,(Ed: D. Shambaugh ve M. Yahuda), Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, New York.
  • Yang, L.-S. (1968). “Historical Notes on the Chinese World Order”, The Chinese Traditional World Order China’s Foreign Relations, (Ed: J. K. Fairbank), Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
  • Zhao, T. (2006): “Rethinking Empire from a Chinese Concept ‘All-underHeaven’ (Tian-Xia, 天下)”, Social Identities, 12/1, 29-41.

ÇİN KARAKTERİSTİĞİYLE DÜNYA DÜZENİ: GEÇMİŞTEN GÜNÜMÜZE HARAÇÇI SİSTEM

Year 2022, , 229 - 240, 01.01.2022
https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.961258

Abstract

Çin’in yükselişi veya düşüşü Doğu Asya bölgesel düzenin hemen her zaman belirleyici faktörü olmuştur. 21. Yüzyılda Çin’in yeniden büyük bir güç olarak tarih sahnesine çıkması, bölgesel ve küresel düzenin nasıl şekilleneceğine yönelik tartışmaları hızlandırmaktadır. Çin’in ekonomik ve askeri gücü, birçok aktörle Çin lehine olan asimetrik bir bağımlılık ilişkisine yol açmaktadır. Çin ile diğer ülkeler arasındaki ekonomik ve askeri eşitsizliğin haraççı sistemde olduğu gibi hiyerarşik bir düzene yol açıp açmayacağı merak konusudur. Bu çalışmada, yükselmekte olan Çin’in nasıl bir düzen arayışında olacağı, tarihsel deneyimlerden yola çıkarak analiz edilmiştir. Çalışma, ekonomik ve askeri olarak güçlü bir Çin’in dış işlerini nasıl bir çerçevede yürüteceği sorusuna yanıt vermeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çin ve diğer ülkeler arasındaki ekonomik ve askeri asimetrinin haraççı sistemde olduğu gibi, Çin’in bazı ülkelerle olan ilişkilerinin eşitsiz bir temelde yürütülmesine olanak sağlayacağı savunulmaktadır.

References

  • Acharya, A. (2008). “Theoretical Perspectives on International Relations in Asia”, International Relations of Asia, (Ed: D. Shambaugh ve M. Yahuda), Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, New York.
  • Alperen, Ü. (2019). “Geleneksel Çin Merkezli (Sino-centric) Bölgesel Düzenden Çin Karakteristiğiyle Küresel Düzene”, Çin Bilmecesi: Çin’in Ekonomik Yükselişi, Uluslararası İlişkilerde Dönüşüm ve Türkiye, (Der. M. Yağcı ve C. Bakır), Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Arrighi, G. (2009). Adam Smith Pekin’de 21. Yüzyılın Soykütüğü, (Çev: İ. Yıldız), Yordam Kitap Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Bayram, M. Ve Emiroğlu, H. (2020). “Çin Tarzı Uluslararası İlişkilerin Analitik Çerçevesi: Yeni-Haraççılık”, Asya Araştırmaları Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 1/4, 29-44, DOI: 10.34189/asyam.4.1.003.
  • Benedict, R. (2010). Krizantem ve Kılıç Japon Kültürü Üzerine Bir İnceleme, (Çev: T. Turgut), Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Braudel, F. (2006). Uygarlıkların Grameri, (Çev: M. A. Kılıçbay), İmge Kitabevi. İstanbul.
  • Chun, H. (1968). “Sino-Korean Tributary Relations in the Ch’ıng Period”, The Chinese Traditional World Order China’s Foreign Relations, (Ed: J. K. Fairbank), Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
  • Eberhard, W. (1995). Çin Tarihi, Türk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara.
  • Fairbank, J. K. (1968), The Chinese Traditional World Order China’s Foreign Relations, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
  • Fairbank, J. K. (1969). Çağdaş Çin’in Temelleri 1840-1950, (Çev: Ü. Oksay), Doğan Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Fletcher, J. F. (1968).” China and Central Asia, 1368-1884”, The Chinese Traditional World Order China’s Foreign Relations, Harvard University Press, (Ed. J. K. Fairbank), Cambridge, Massachusetts.
  • Frank, A. G. (2010). Yeniden Doğu Asya Çağında Küresel Ekonomi, (Çev: K. Kurtul), İmge Kitabevi, Ankara.
  • Friedberg, A. L. (1993-1994). “Ripe for Rivalry: Prospects for Peace in a Multipolar Asia”, International Security, 18/3, 5-33.
  • Jacques, M. (2016). Çin Hükmettiğinde Dünyayı Neler Bekliyor?, (Çev: S. Oğuz), Akılçelen Kitaplar, Ankara.
  • Johnson, S. (2019a). The Great Haul of China, Illustrated, Finacial Times, 19.11.2019, https://www.ft.com/content/4975eb8a-0ab6-11ea-bb52-34c8d9dc6d84, (22.11.2019).
  • Johnson, S. (2019b), China’s Trade Dominance Dealt a Blow After US Gains, Finacial Times, 20.11.2019, https://www.ft.com/content/c9665df6-0ab7-11ea-b2d6-9bf4d1957a67, (22.11.2019).
  • Kang, D. C. (2003). “Getting Asia Wrong: The Need for New Analytical Frameworks”, International Security, 27/4, 57-85. Kang, D. C. (2010). East Asia Before the West, Columbia University Press, New York.
  • Kennedy, P. (2002). Büyük Güçlerin Yükseliş ve Çöküşleri, (Çev: B. Karanakçı), İş Bankası Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Kim, S. S. (2008). “The Evolving Asian System: Three Transformations”, International Relations of Asia, (Ed: D. Shambaugh ve M. Yahuda), Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, New York.
  • Kissinger, H. (2014). Dünya Düzeni, (Çev: S. S. Gül), Boyner Yayınları. İstanbul.
  • Kissinger, H. (2015). Çin Dünden Bugüne Yeni Çin, (Çev. N. I. Çeper), Kanüs Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Lam, T. B. (1968). “Intervention Versus Tribute in Sino-Vietnamese Relations, 1788-1790”, The Chinese Traditional World Order China’s Foreign Relations, (Ed: J. K. Fairbank), Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
  • Lowy Institute. (2020). Asia Power Index. https://power.lowyinstitute.org/data/military-capability/defence-spending/military-expenditure-market-exchange-rates/, (16.06.2021).
  • Mancall, M. (1968). “The Ch’ing Tribute System: An Interpretive Essay”, The Chinese Traditional World Order China’s Foreign Relations, (Ed: J. K. Fairbank), Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
  • Mearsheimer, J. C. (2001). The Tragedy of Great Power Politics, W. W. Norton, New York.
  • Mearsheimer, J. C. (2010). “The Gathering Storm: China’s Challenge to US Power in Asia”, The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 3, 381-396.
  • Rajah, R. (2019). Chart of the week: Global trade through a US-China lens. Lowy Institute, 18.12.2019. https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/chart-week-global-trade-through-us-china-lens, (16.06.2021).
  • Ren, X. (2011). “East Asian Order and China’s Role: A Historical Perspective”, アジア研究, 57/ 1, 3-12.
  • Richter, F. (2021). China is the World’s Manufacturing Superpower. Statista, 04.05.2021 https://www.statista.com/chart/20858/top-10-countries-by-share-of-global-manufacturing-output/, (13.06.2021).
  • Sakai, R. K. (1968). “The Ryukyu (Liu-Ch’ıu) Islands as a Fief of Satsuma”, The Chinese Traditional World Order China’s Foreign Relations, (Ed: J. K. Fairbank), Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
  • Saunders, P. C. (2008). “China’s Role in Asia”, International Relations of Asia, (Ed: D. Shambaugh ve M. Yahuda), Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, New York.
  • Scott, D. (2008). China and the International System, 1840-1949 Power, Presence, and Perception in a Century of Humiliation, State University of New York Press, New York.
  • Shambaugh, D. (2008). “International Relations in Asia: The Two-Level Game”, International Relations of Asia, (Ed: D. Shambaugh ve M. Yahuda), Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, New York.
  • SIPRI. 2021. SIPRI Yearbook 2021 Armaments, Disarmament and International Security Summary. Oxford University Press, https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2021-06/sipri_yb21_summary_en_v2_0.pdf, (16.06.2021).
  • Spence, J. D. (1990). The Search for Modern China, W.W. Norton & Company, New York.
  • Steil, B. ve Rocca, B. B. (2019). Belt and Road Tracker. Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 08.05.2019, https://www.cfr.org/article/belt-and-road-tracker, (14.06.2021).
  • Suisheng, Z.: “Rethinking the Chinese World Order: The Imperial Cycle and the Rise of China”, Journal of Contemporary China, 24/95, 961-982, DOI: 10.1080/10670564.2015.1030913
  • Suzuki, C. (1968). “China’s Relations with Inner Asia: The Hsiung-Nu, Tibet”, The Chinese Traditional World Order China’s Foreign Relations, (Ed: J. K. Fairbank), Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
  • Wang, G. (1968). “Early Ming Relations with Southeast Asia: A Background Essay”, The Chinese Traditional World Order China’s Foreign Relations, (Ed: J. K. Fairbank), Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
  • Wang, G. (2019), China Reconnets Joining a Deep-rooted Past to a New World Order, World Scientific Publishing, Singapore.
  • Wang, H. (2021). “The Belt and Road Initaitive Agreements: Characteristics, Rationale, and Challenges”, World Trade Review 20, 282-305. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1474745620000452.
  • Westad, O. A. (2013). Restless Empire China and the World Since 1750, Vintage Books, London.
  • Wills, J. E. Jr. (1968). “Ch’ing Relations with the Dutch, 1662-1690”, The Chinese Traditional World Order China’s Foreign Relations, (Ed: John King Fairbank), Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
  • Yahuda, M. (2008). “Looking Ahead A New Asian Order?”, International Relations of Asia,(Ed: D. Shambaugh ve M. Yahuda), Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, New York.
  • Yang, L.-S. (1968). “Historical Notes on the Chinese World Order”, The Chinese Traditional World Order China’s Foreign Relations, (Ed: J. K. Fairbank), Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
  • Zhao, T. (2006): “Rethinking Empire from a Chinese Concept ‘All-underHeaven’ (Tian-Xia, 天下)”, Social Identities, 12/1, 29-41.
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects International Relations
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Zekeriyya Akdağ 0000-0002-0866-603X

Publication Date January 1, 2022
Acceptance Date July 30, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2022

Cite

APA Akdağ, Z. (2022). ÇİN KARAKTERİSTİĞİYLE DÜNYA DÜZENİ: GEÇMİŞTEN GÜNÜMÜZE HARAÇÇI SİSTEM. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi(48), 229-240. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.961258
AMA Akdağ Z. ÇİN KARAKTERİSTİĞİYLE DÜNYA DÜZENİ: GEÇMİŞTEN GÜNÜMÜZE HARAÇÇI SİSTEM. PAUSBED. January 2022;(48):229-240. doi:10.30794/pausbed.961258
Chicago Akdağ, Zekeriyya. “ÇİN KARAKTERİSTİĞİYLE DÜNYA DÜZENİ: GEÇMİŞTEN GÜNÜMÜZE HARAÇÇI SİSTEM”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, no. 48 (January 2022): 229-40. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.961258.
EndNote Akdağ Z (January 1, 2022) ÇİN KARAKTERİSTİĞİYLE DÜNYA DÜZENİ: GEÇMİŞTEN GÜNÜMÜZE HARAÇÇI SİSTEM. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 48 229–240.
IEEE Z. Akdağ, “ÇİN KARAKTERİSTİĞİYLE DÜNYA DÜZENİ: GEÇMİŞTEN GÜNÜMÜZE HARAÇÇI SİSTEM”, PAUSBED, no. 48, pp. 229–240, January 2022, doi: 10.30794/pausbed.961258.
ISNAD Akdağ, Zekeriyya. “ÇİN KARAKTERİSTİĞİYLE DÜNYA DÜZENİ: GEÇMİŞTEN GÜNÜMÜZE HARAÇÇI SİSTEM”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 48 (January 2022), 229-240. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.961258.
JAMA Akdağ Z. ÇİN KARAKTERİSTİĞİYLE DÜNYA DÜZENİ: GEÇMİŞTEN GÜNÜMÜZE HARAÇÇI SİSTEM. PAUSBED. 2022;:229–240.
MLA Akdağ, Zekeriyya. “ÇİN KARAKTERİSTİĞİYLE DÜNYA DÜZENİ: GEÇMİŞTEN GÜNÜMÜZE HARAÇÇI SİSTEM”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, no. 48, 2022, pp. 229-40, doi:10.30794/pausbed.961258.
Vancouver Akdağ Z. ÇİN KARAKTERİSTİĞİYLE DÜNYA DÜZENİ: GEÇMİŞTEN GÜNÜMÜZE HARAÇÇI SİSTEM. PAUSBED. 2022(48):229-40.