Devlet ve Vijilantizm İlişkileri Üzerine Bir Tipoloji

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 542 - 556, 20.06.2025

Bülent Tuğcu

https://doi.org/10.30586/pek.1601130

Abstract

Modern devlet düşüncesi, liberal temellerinden yola çıkarak şiddet kullanma tekelinin sadece devlete ait olabileceği ön kabulüne dayanmaktadır. Bu bakış açısı Avrupa merkezci bir yaklaşımı içerisinde barındırsa da modern devletin iddia ettiği mutlak egemenlik düşüncesi, şiddet kullanma tekelinin kesin olarak devlette olması gerekliliği üzerine kurulmuştur. Ancak devletin, güvenlik ve düzeni, her zaman ve her koşulda sadece kendisinin sağladığını ifade etmek oldukça güçtür. Devletin bu temel ihtiyaçları karşılayamaması durumunda vatandaşların güvenlik ve düzen sağlama süreçlerine aktif olarak katıldıkları görülmektedir. Vatandaşların güvenlik ve düzenin sağlanmasına yönelik bu aktif katılımları da vijilantizm (vigilantism) olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Vijilantizmin asıl amacı müesses nizamın devamlılığını sağlamaktır. Aktif vatandaşın kendisini var olan sistemin bir parçası ve temsilcisi olarak görmesi ve hatta bazı durumlarda şiddet kullanması, modern devletin temel özelliklerinden olan şiddet tekelinin de vijilantizm eylemleri aracılığıyla bozulabileceğini göstermektedir. Vijilantizm eylemleri, bazı durumlarda devletten tamamen özerk bir biçimde gerçekleşmekteyken bazı durumlarda da devletin bu eylemlere göz yumması veya bu eylemleri açıktan desteklemesi söz konusudur. Vijilantizmin bu farklı karakteristikleri de ilgili literatürde farklı yönleriyle ele alınmış ve çeşitli tipolojiler sunulmuştur. Bu kapsamdaki tipolojilerden otonom vijilantizm, devlet tolereli vjilantizm ve devlet destekli vijilantizm tipleri bu çalışmada ayrıntılı bir biçimde sorgulanmakta ve yeniden kavramsallaştırılmaktadır. Çalışmada öncelikle vijilantizm kavramı ele alınmakta, bunun sonrasında da ilgili literatürde sıkça başvurulan tipolojiler analiz edilmektedir. Çalışmanın sonunda ise devlet ve vijilanti(ler) [vigilante(s)] arasındaki ilişkileri açıklama potansiyeli olduğu düşünülen bu tipoloji geliştirilmeye çalışılmaktadır.

Keywords

Vijilantizm , Özerk Vijilantizm , Sözde Özerk Vijilantizm , Devlet Güdümlü Vijilantizm

Ethical Statement

Bu çalışma yazarın Hacettepe Üniversitesi Siyaset Bilimi Anabilim Dalında halihazırda yürütmekte olduğu doktora tez çalışmasından türetilmiştir.

A Typology on Relations of State and Vigilantism

Abstract

The modern state idea, based on its liberal foundations, assumes that the monopoly of using violence can only belong to the state. Although this perspective contains a Eurocentric approach, the idea of absolute sovereignty claimed by the modern state is based on the necessity of the monopoly of using violence being in the state. It is quite difficult to say that the state always provides security and order alone and under all circumstances. In cases where the state cannot meet these basic needs, citizens are seen to actively participate in the processes of ensuring security and order. This active participation of citizens in ensuring security and order is also called vigilantism. The main purpose of vigilantism is to ensure the continuity of the established order. The fact that the active citizen sees themselves as a part and representative of the existing system and even uses violence in some cases shows that the monopoly of violence, which is a basic characteristic of the modern state, can be disrupted through acts of vigilantism. In some cases, vigilantism acts are carried out completely autonomously from the state; in other cases, the state turns a blind eye to these acts or openly supports them. These different characteristics of vigilantism are presented as a summary typology by Can (2023); but this typology is not based on a deep analysis. The types of autonomous vigilantism, state-tolerated vigilantism and state-supported vigilantism included in this summary typology are examined in detail and within the framework of different country examples in this study. in this study firstly, the concept of vigilantism is addressed, and then the typologies frequently used in the relevant literature are analyzed. At the end of the study, this typology, which is thought to have the potential to explain the relations between the state and vigilantes, is tried to be developed.

Keywords

Vigilantism , Autonomous Vigilantism , Pseudo-Autonomous Vigilantism , State-Directed Vigilantism

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