Research Article

The Effect of Leading Macroeconomic Indicators on Energy Consumption: The Case of Turkey

Volume: 10 Number: 3 September 27, 2026
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The Effect of Leading Macroeconomic Indicators on Energy Consumption: The Case of Turkey

Abstract

Energy consumption is of significant macroeconomic importance. Studies have shown that energy consumption influences macroeconomic indicators, and conversely, macroeconomic indicators affect energy consumption. This study deviates from the general trend in the literature by examining the impact of macroeconomic indicators on energy consumption. The macroeconomic indicators chosen for analysis include Gross Domestic Product (GDP), imports, exports, and foreign direct investments. Using Türkiye's annual data between 1970 and 2022, cointegration and causality relationships were examined by establishing two separate models. The findings revealed that both models exhibited cointegration relationships, and it was observed that the country's GDP negatively influences both fossil energy and renewable energy consumption. This suggests an improvement in energy efficiency for fossil fuel consumption and a shift towards an energy-saving production structure, while also indicating that production still heavily relies on fossil fuels for renewable energy consumption. Additionally, it was discovered that renewable energy consumption has bidirectional causality relationships with GDP, exports, and foreign direct investments. Furthermore, a unidirectional causality relationship was identified between exports and energy consumption. However, bidirectional causality was observed between exports and fossil energy consumption, and a unidirectional causality was noted from fossil energy consumption to foreign direct investments.

Keywords

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Econometric and Statistical Methods, Econometrics (Other)

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

September 27, 2026

Submission Date

March 17, 2025

Acceptance Date

July 13, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 10 Number: 3

APA
Okuldaş İlikçi, T., & Başar Yılmaz, S. (2026). The Effect of Leading Macroeconomic Indicators on Energy Consumption: The Case of Turkey. Politik Ekonomik Kuram, 10(3), 950-964. https://doi.org/10.30586/pek.1657353
AMA
1.Okuldaş İlikçi T, Başar Yılmaz S. The Effect of Leading Macroeconomic Indicators on Energy Consumption: The Case of Turkey. Politik Ekonomik Kuram. 2026;10(3):950-964. doi:10.30586/pek.1657353
Chicago
Okuldaş İlikçi, Tuğçe, and Seda Başar Yılmaz. 2026. “The Effect of Leading Macroeconomic Indicators on Energy Consumption: The Case of Turkey”. Politik Ekonomik Kuram 10 (3): 950-64. https://doi.org/10.30586/pek.1657353.
EndNote
Okuldaş İlikçi T, Başar Yılmaz S (September 1, 2026) The Effect of Leading Macroeconomic Indicators on Energy Consumption: The Case of Turkey. Politik Ekonomik Kuram 10 3 950–964.
IEEE
[1]T. Okuldaş İlikçi and S. Başar Yılmaz, “The Effect of Leading Macroeconomic Indicators on Energy Consumption: The Case of Turkey”, Politik Ekonomik Kuram, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 950–964, Sept. 2026, doi: 10.30586/pek.1657353.
ISNAD
Okuldaş İlikçi, Tuğçe - Başar Yılmaz, Seda. “The Effect of Leading Macroeconomic Indicators on Energy Consumption: The Case of Turkey”. Politik Ekonomik Kuram 10/3 (September 1, 2026): 950-964. https://doi.org/10.30586/pek.1657353.
JAMA
1.Okuldaş İlikçi T, Başar Yılmaz S. The Effect of Leading Macroeconomic Indicators on Energy Consumption: The Case of Turkey. Politik Ekonomik Kuram. 2026;10:950–964.
MLA
Okuldaş İlikçi, Tuğçe, and Seda Başar Yılmaz. “The Effect of Leading Macroeconomic Indicators on Energy Consumption: The Case of Turkey”. Politik Ekonomik Kuram, vol. 10, no. 3, Sept. 2026, pp. 950-64, doi:10.30586/pek.1657353.
Vancouver
1.Tuğçe Okuldaş İlikçi, Seda Başar Yılmaz. The Effect of Leading Macroeconomic Indicators on Energy Consumption: The Case of Turkey. Politik Ekonomik Kuram. 2026 Sep. 1;10(3):950-64. doi:10.30586/pek.1657353

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