Sağ Popülizmin Cinsiyetlendirilmiş İki Yolu: Femonasyonalizm ve Kurumsuzlaştırma

Abstract

Bu makale, sağ popülist aktörlerin, kurumsuzlaştırma ve femonasyonalizm kavramlarından yola çıkarak, nasıl ve neden farklılaştırılmış toplumsal cinsiyet karşıtı söylemler ve politikalar geliştirdiklerini incelemektedir. Çalışma, Kurt Weyland'ın popülizm teorik çerçevesini kullanarak söz konusu stratejik farklılıkları analiz etmektedir. Sağ popülizmin tek tip veya ideolojik olarak sabit bir cinsiyet gündemi oluşturmadığı, aksine cinsiyet politikasının belirli siyasi sistemlerin sahip olduğu fırsatlar ve kısıtlamalar tarafından şekillendirilen bağlamsal ve rasyonel bir araç olarak işlev gördüğü argümanı geliştirilmektedir. Çalışma, sağ popülist aktörlerin cinsiyet karşıtı söylemler etrafında birleşmelerine rağmen, bu söylemlerin rejim yapısına bağlı olarak farklı şekillerde harekete geçirildiğini göstermek için çok sayıda vakanın karşılaştırmalı söylem analizini yapmaktadır. İlliberal veya otoriter bağlamlarda, popülist liderler cinsiyet karşıtı kurumsuzlaştırma faaliyetlerinde bulunur, mevcut eşitlik mekanizmalarını ortadan kaldırır ve liberal-demokratik denge ve denetleme mekanizmalarını zayıflatır. Buna karşılık, liberal demokrasilerde, cinsiyet eşitliği söylemlerinin göçmen karşıtı, nativist ve yabancı düşmanı hedefleri meşrulaştırmak için araçsallaştırıldığı, femonasyonalist dışlamanın kullanıldığı gözlemlenmektedir. Makale hem kavramsal hem de teorik açıdan cinsiyet ve sağ popülizm üzerine genişleyen literatüre katkıda bulunmaktadır.

Keywords

• sağ popülizm
• toplumsal cinsiyet
• femonasyonalizm
• kurumsuzlaştıma

Two Gendered Pathways of Right-wing Populism: Femonationalism and Deinstitutionalization

Abstract

This article examines how and why right-wing populist actors develop differentiated anti-gender discourses and policies by drawing on the concepts of deinstitutionalization and femonationalism. The study employs Kurt Weyland's theoretical framework of populism to analyze the strategic variations in question. The argument is developed that right-wing populism does not engender a uniform or ideologically fixed gender agenda; instead, gender politics functions as a contextual and rational instrument shaped by the opportunities and constraints of specific political systems. The study utilizes a comparative discourse analysis of multiple cases to demonstrate that, despite the convergence of right-wing populist actors around anti-gender narratives, these narratives are mobilized in distinct ways depending on the regime structure. In illiberal or authoritarian contexts, populist leaders engage in anti-gender deinstitutionalization, dismantling existing equality mechanisms and weakening liberal-democratic checks and balances. In contrast, within liberal democracies, the deployment of femonationalist exclusion is observed, with gender equality discourses being instrumentalized for the legitimation of anti-immigrant, nativist, and xenophobic agendas. The article contributes to the expanding literature on gender and right-wing populism, both in terms of conceptual and theoretical development.

Keywords

• right-wing populism
• gender
• femonationalism
• deinstitutionalization

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