Örtük Koşulluluk: Dijital Vatandaşlık Önkoşulu ve Sosyal Hakların Dönüşümü

Abstract

Bu makale, kamu hizmetlerinin dijitalleşmesinin sosyal haklar üzerindeki yapısal etkilerini sosyal politika teorisi çerçevesinde incelemekte ve bu süreci kavramsallaştırmak amacıyla "dijital vatandaşlık önkoşulu" kavramını önermektedir. Temel argüman şudur: kamu hizmetlerinin dijital platforma taşınması, refah devletinin evrensellik taahhüdünü hukuken değil ama fiilen aşındırmakta; meta dışılaştırılmış hizmetlerin doğrudan özelleştirilmesi anlamına gelmeden, erişim koşullarının dijital kapasiteye bağlanması yoluyla örtük bir yeniden-içselleştirme süreci üretmektedir. İnternet bağlantısı, akıllı cihaz ve dijital okuryazarlık, sosyal hakların kullanımının fiilî önkoşulları haline geldikçe, dijital kapasitesi en düşük olan kesimler—düşük gelirli, az eğitimli, yaşlı ve kırsal kesimde yaşayanlar—söz konusu hizmetlerden yapısal biçimde dışlanmaktadır. Makale, teorik çerçevesini Marshall'ın sosyal vatandaşlık teorisi, O'Connor ve Gough'un sınıf temelli refah devleti analizleri ve Esping-Andersen'in meta dışılaştırma tipolojisi ekseninde oluşturmaktadır. Kavramın analitik özgünlüğü, dijital uçurum, dijital tabakalaşma ve koşulluluk literatüründen sistematik biçimde ayrıştırılarak ortaya konmaktadır. Örtük yeniden-içselleştirmenin işlediği kurumsal mekanizmaları ele almak üzere dört operasyonel ölçüt ve kurumsal tasarım ilkeleri önerilmektedir. Türkiye refah bağlamı, dijitalleşmenin yapısal olarak sınırlı meta dışılaştırma kapasitesiyle nasıl etkileştiğini somutlaştıran bir örnek olarak sunulmaktadır.

Keywords

• Dijital vatandaşlık önkoşulu
• meta dışılaştırma
• refah devleti

Tacit Conditionality: The Digital Citizenship Prerequisite and the Transformation of Social Rights

Abstract

This article examines the structural effects of the digitalization of public services on social rights within the framework of social policy theory, proposing the concept of "digital citizenship prerequisite" to conceptualize this process. The central argument is that the transfer of public services to digital platforms silently erodes the universality claim of the welfare state (not through legal means but in practice), producing a tacit re-commodification process by conditioning access on digital capacity, without directly privatizing decommodified services. As internet connectivity, smart devices, and digital literacy become de facto prerequisites for exercising social rights, the groups least equipped with digital capacity (those with low incomes, limited education, older age, or rural residence) face structural exclusion from services designed to protect them from market dependence. The article constructs its theoretical framework around Marshall's theory of social citizenship, O'Connor and Gough's class-based welfare state analyses, and Esping-Andersen's decommodification typology. The analytical originality of the concept is demonstrated through systematic differentiation from the digital divide, digital stratification, and conditionality literatures. Four operational criteria are proposed for empirical identification of the prerequisite, alongside institutional design principles to address the mechanisms through which tacit re-commodification operates. The Turkish welfare context illustrates how digitalization interacts with a structurally limited decommodification capacity.

Keywords

• Digital citizenship prerequisite
• decommodification
• welfare state

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