Parenting Styles as a Predictor of the Preschool Children’s Social Behaviours

Year 2018, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 18 - 37, 01.12.2018

Neslihan Durmuşoğlu Saltalı Hatice Merve İmir

https://doi.org/10.17275/per.18.10.5.2

Cited By: 9

Abstract

The
aim of this study is to investigate relationship between children’s social
behaviors and parenting styles. Specifically, the study examines children’s
aggressive, prosocial and socially inhibited behaviors in association with
parenting dimensions namely warmth, inductive-reasoning, obedience-demanding
and punitive. In addition to this, children’s social behaviors and parenting
styles are examined in relation to children’s gender. The research was
conducted on 60-72 month-old 276 children attending preschools in Konya,
Turkey. In order to assess parenting styles, the Child Rearing Questionnaire
developed by Sanson et al. and adapted by Altan was used. This questionnaire
has four subscales, namely inductive reasoning, punishment, obedience demanding
behavior and warmth. The questionnaire was completed by mothers. In order to
assess child social behaviors, the Teacher Assessment of Social Behavior Scale
developed by Cassidy and Asher and adapted by Seven was applied. This scale was
completed by the teachers. According to the study results, children’s social
behavior (aggressive, prosocial and shy/withdrawn) can be predicted
significantly by parents inductive reasoning, warmth and punitive styles toward
children. In addition to this, boys’ aggression scores are found to be
significantly higher than girls and girls shyness scores are found to be
significantly higher than boys. 

Keywords

Parenting styles, preschooler, children’s social behavior

References

• Alizadeh, S., Abu Talib, M. B., Abdullah, R., & Mansor, M. (2011). Relationship between parenting style and children's behavior problems. Asian Social Science, 7(12), 195-200. http://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v7n12p195
• Altan, Ö. (2006). The Effects of Maternal Socialization and Temperament on Children’s Emotion Regulation. Master Thesis. Koç University Graduate School of Social Sciences, İstanbul.
• Arsivalla, D. D. (2009). The interplay of positive parenting and positive social information processing in the prediction of children's social and behavioral adjustment (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Graduate Faculty of Auburn University, Alabama.
• Anderson, C.A., & Huesmann, L. R. (2003). Human aggression: A social-cognitive view. In M.A. Hogg & J. Cooper (Eds.), Handbook of Social Psychology (pp. 296-323). London: Sage Publications.
• Aunola, K., Stattin, H., & Nurmi, J.E., (2000). Parenting styles and adolescents' achievement strategies. Journal of Adolescents, 23, 205-222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jado.2000.0308
• Balda, S. & Duhan, K. (2010). Social inhibition in preschool children: Causes and coping strategies. Journal of Psychology, 1 (2), 79-83.
• Bandura, A. (1977). Social Learning Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
• Baumrind, D. (1966) Effects of authoritative control on child behavior. Child Development, 37(4), 887-907.

• Baumrind, D. (1967). Child care practices anteceding three patterns of preschool behavior. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 75, 43-88.

• Bonica, C., Arnold, D. H., Fisher, P. H., Zeljo, A., & Yershova, K. (2003). Relational aggression, relational victimization and language development in preschoolers. Social Development, 12(4), 551–562. Boratav, A. B. (2003). The role of child temperament, sociocognitive abilities, parenting and social context in the development of prosocial behaviour. (Doctoral dissertation), University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
• Bornstein, L., & Bornstein, M. H. (2007). Parenting styles and child social development. Encyclopedia on early childhood development, 1-4. Available at: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.528.635&rep=rep1&type=pdf Accessed [21.5.2016].
• Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and Loss, vol. 2, Separation, anxiety and anger. New York: Basic Books.
• Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Parent-child attachment and healthy human development. New York: Basic Books
• Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The Ecology of Human Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
• Bronfenbrenner, U. (1994). Ecological models of human development. In M. Gauvain & M. Cole (Eds.), International Encyclopedia of Education, Vol: 3 (2nd ed., pp: 37- 43). Oxford: Elsevier
• Carlo, G., & Randall, B. A. (2002). The development of a measure of prosocial behaviors for late adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 31(1), 31–44.
• Casas, J. F., Weigel, S. M., Crick, N. R., Ostrov, J. M., Woods, K. E., Yeh, E. A., & Huddleston-Casas, C. A. (2006). Early parenting and children's relational and physical aggression in the preschool and home contexts. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 27(3), 209-227. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2006.02.003
• Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., Morgan, J., Rutter, M., Taylor, A., Arseneault, L. & Polo-Tomas, M. (2004). Maternal expressed emotion predicts children's antisocial behavior problems: Using monozygotic-twin differences to identify environmental effects on behavioral development. Developmental Psychology, 40, 149–161. http://doi.org/10.1037/0012–1649.40.2.149
• Cassidy, J. & Asher, S. R. (1992). Loneliness and peer relations in young children. Child Development, 63(2), 350-365
• Chamberlain, P. & Patterson, G. R. (1995). Discipline and child compliance in parenting. In M. H. Bornstein, Marc H. (Eds.), Handbook of parenting: Vol. 4. Social conditions and applied parenting (2nd ed., pp. 205-225). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
• Christensen, J. (2010). Proposed enhancement of Bronfenbrenner’s development ecology model. Education Inquiry, 1(2). doi:10.3402/edui.v1i2.21936
• Chen, X., Wang, L., Chen, H., & Liu, M. (2002). Noncompliance and child-rearing attitudes as predictors of aggressive behaviour: A longitudinal study in Chinese children. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 26(3), 225-233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650250143000012
• Clark, K. E., & Ladd, G. W. (2000). Connectedness and autonomy support in parent- child relationships: Links to children's socioemotional orientation and peer relationships. Developmental Psychology, 36, 485-498.
• Conrade, G., & Ho, R. (2001). Differential parenting styles for fathers and mothers: Differential treatment for sons and daughters. Australian Journal of Psychology, 53(1), 29-35.
• Cornell, A. H., & Frick, P. J. (2007). The moderating effects of parenting styles in the association between behavioral inhibition and parent-reported guilt and empathy in preschool children. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 36, 305–318. DOI: 10.1080/15374410701444181
• Dadds, M. R., & Rhodes, T. (2008). Aggression in young children with concurrent callous–unemotional traits: can the neurosciences inform progress and innovation in treatment approaches?. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 363(1503), 2567-2576. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0029
• Davenport, B. R., & Bourgeois, N. M. (2008). Play, aggression, the preschool child, and the family: A review of literature to guide empirically informed play therapy with aggressive preschool children. International Journal of Play Therapy, 17(1), 2. http://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/1555-6824.17.1.2
• Deater-Deckard, K., Pike, A., Petrill, S. A., Cutting, A. L., Hughes, C., & O'Connor, T. G. (2001). Nonshared environmental processes in social-emotional development: An observational study of identical twin differences in the preschool period. Developmental Science, 4, F1-F6.
• Diaz, Y. (2005). Associations between parenting and child behavior problems among Latino mothers and children (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (Document ID 1431540).
• Dong, Y. (2010). Parenting practices mediate parenting stress and child inhibited, shy behavior (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). The College of Human Resources and Education, West Virginia University
• Eagly, A. H., & Steffen, V. J. (1986). Gender and aggressive behavior: A meta-analytic review of the social psychological literature. Psychological Bulletin, 100(3), 309- 330.
• Early, D. M., Rimm-Kauffman, S. E., Cox, M. J., Saluja, G., Pianta, R. C., Bradley, R. H., et al. (2002). Maternal sensitivity and child wariness in the transition to kindergarten. Parenting: Science and Practice, 2, 355-377.
• Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., & Spinrad, T. L. (2006). Prosocial development. In W. Damon & R. M. Lerner (Series Ed.) & N. Eisenberg (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of Child Psychology: Vol. 3. Social, Emotional, and Personality Development (6th ed., pp. 646-718). New York: Wiley.
• Eisenberg, N., Zhou, Q., Spinrad, T. L., Valiente, C., Fabes, R. A., & Liew, J. (2005). Relations among positive parenting, children's effortful control, and externalizing problems: A three-wave longitudinal study. Child Development, 76(5), 1055-1071. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00897.x
• Elgendy, S. H. (2010). A Transactional Model of Parenting Practices and Children’s Aggressive Behavior in Neighborhood Context (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (Document ID 3452810).
• Engle, J. M., McElwain, N. L., & Lasky, N. (2011). Presence and quality of kindergarten children's friendships: concurrent and longitudinal associations with child adjustment in the early school years. Infant and Child Development, 20(4), 365-386. DOI: 10.1002/icd.706
• Fabes, R., & Eisenberg, N. (1998). Meta-analyses of age and sex differences in children’s and adolescents’ prosocial behavior. Manuscript partially published in N. Eisenberg and R. A. Fabes, Prosocial Development. In W. Damon (Ed.), Handbook of Child Development. Retrieved on June 25, 2016 from http://www.public.asu.edu/~rafabes/meta.pdf
• Gadeyne, E., Ghesquiere, P., & Onghena, P. (2004). Longitudinal relations between parenting and child adjustment in young children. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33: 347–358. DOI:10.1207/s15374424jccp3302_16
• Gámez-Guadix, M. & Almendros, C. (2015). Parental discipline in Spain and in the United States: differences by country, parent-child gender and education level. Infancia y Aprendizaje: Journal for the Study of Education and Development, 38(3), 569-599. DOI: 10.1080/02103702.2015.1054665
• Garland, B. H. (2007). Parenting techniques and parent characteristics associated with child externalizing behavior problems (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University
• Gershoff, E. T. (2002). Parental corporal punishment and associated child behaviors and experiences: A meta-analytic and theoretical review. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 539–579.
• Glick, G. C., & Rose, A. J. (2011). Prospective associations between friendship adjustment and social strategies: friendship as a context for building social skills. Developmental Psychology, 47(4): 1117-32. http://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0023277
• Goldstein, S. E., Tisak, M. S., & Boxer, P. (2002). Preschoolers’ normative and prescriptive judgments about relational and overt aggression. Early Education and Development, 13, 23-39.
• Grusec, J. E. & Davidov, M. (2007). Socialization in the family: The roles of parents. In J. E. Grusec & P. D. Hastings (Eds.), Handbook of Socialization. New York: Guilford Press.
• Gülay-Ogelman, H. (2013). Aggression levels of 5- to 6-year-old Turkish children in terms of gender, age, and peer relations variables. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 27(1), 1-16. DOI: 10.1080/02568543.2012.739987
• Halpenny, A. M., Nixon, E., & Watson, D. (2010). Parents' perspectives on parenting styles and disciplining children. Dublin: Office of the Minister for Children and Youth Affairs. Dublin: The Stationery Office. Retrieved on May 22, 2016 from https://www.tcd.ie/childrensresearchcentre/assets/pdf/Publications/Parents'_Perspectives_on_parenting_styles.pdf
• Hane, A. A., Cheah, C., Rubin, K. H., & Fox, N. A. (2008). The role of maternal behavior in the relation between shyness and social reticence in early childhood and social withdrawal in middle childhood. Social Development, 17(4), 798-811.
• Hart, C. H., Nelson, D. A., Robinson, C. C., Olsen, S. F., & McNeilly-Choque, M. K. (1998). Overt and relational aggression in Russian nursery-school-age children: Parenting style and marital linkages. Developmental Psychology, 34, 687–697
• Harvey, E., Stoessel, B., & Herbert, S. (2011). Psychopathology and parenting practices of parents of preschool children with behavior problems. Parenting, 11(4), 239- 263. doi:10.1080/15295192.2011.613722
• Higbee, K. L. (1979). Factors affecting obedience in preschool children. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 134(2), 241-253. doi:10.1080/00221325.1979.10534059
• Hoeve, M., Dubas, J. S., Eichelsheim, V. I., Van Der Laan, P. H., Smeenk, W., & Gerris, J. R. M. (2009). The relationship between parenting and delinquency: A meta- analysis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37, 749–775. doi:10.1007/S10802-009-9310-8
• Holden, G. W., Thompson, E. E., Zambarano, R. J., & Marshall, L. A. (1997). Child effects as a source of change in maternal attitudes toward corporal punishment. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 14(4), 481-490. doi:10.1177/0265407597144004
• Huesmann, L. R. (1997). No simple relation. Psychological Inquiry, 8(3), 200-204. doi:10.1207/s15327965pli0803_7
• Huesmann, L. R. (2010). How to grow a terrorist without really trying: The psychological development of terrorists from childhood to adulthood. In D. Antonius, A. D. Brown, T. K. Walters, J. M. Ramirez & S. J. Sinclair (Eds.), Interdisciplinary Analysis of Terrorism and Aggression (pp. 1-21). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Scholars Press.
• Huesmann, L. R., Dubow, E. F., & Boxer, P. (2009). Continuity of aggression from childhood to early adulthood as a predictor of life outcomes: Implications for the adolescent-limited and life-course-persistent models. Aggressive Behavior, 35(2), 136-149. doi:10.1002/ab.20300

• Huesmann, L.R., Eron, L.D., &Yarmel, P.W. (1987). Intellectual functioning and aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 232-240.

• Juliano, M., Werner, R. S., & Cassidy, K. W. (2006). Early correlates of preschool aggressive behavior according to type of aggression and measurement. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 27, 395–410. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2006.06.008
• Karasar, N. (2010). Scientific research methods. Ankara: Nobel Publishing.
• Kim, H., Arnold, D. H., Fisher, P. H., & Zeljo, A. (2005). Parenting and preschoolers' symptoms as a function of child gender and SES. Child & Family Behavior Therapy, 27(2), 23-41. doi:10.1300/j019v27n02_03
• Knafo, A., & Plomin, R. (2006). Parental discipline and affection and children’s prosocial behavior: Genetic and environmental links. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(1), 147–164.

• Kochanska, G. (1991). Patterns of inhibition to the unfamiliar in children of normal and affectively ill mothers. Child Development, 62, 250–263.
• Konya Valiliği. (2018). Eğitim: Genel Bilgiler [Education: General Information] Retrieved July 10, 2018, from http://www.konya.gov.tr/genel-bilgiler-egitim
• Krevans, J., & Gibbs, J. C. (1996). Parents’ use of inductive discipline: Relations to children’s empathy and prosocial behavior. Child Development, 67, 3263-3277. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01913.x
• Kuperschmidt, J. B., Bryant, D., & Willoughby, M. (2000). Prevalence of aggressive behaviors among preschoolers in Head Start and community child care programs. Behavioral Disorders, 26, 42-52.
• Kwon, Y. H. (2012). Children’s social withdrawal in relation to mothers’ reactions to children’s negative emotion and mothers’ emotional expressivity. Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association, 50(5), 13-24. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.6115/khea.2012.50.5.013
• Mahoney, A. J. (2010). Aggression in preschool and predictions of peer reactions how do children expect their peers to feel in response to their behaviors? (Unpublished master thesis). Department of Psychology, George Mason University.
• Matestic, P. A. (2009) Trajectories of observed maternal and paternal sensitivity in early and middle childhood: Predicting children's social competence from sensitive parenting. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation) University of Pittsburgh.
• Mcevoy, M. A., Estrem, T. L., Rodriguez, M. C., & Olson, M. L. (2003). Assessing relational and physical aggression among preschool children: Intermethod agreement. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 23(2), 51-61. doi:10.1177/02711214030230020101
• McGinley, M. (2008). Temperament, parenting, and prosocial behaviors: Applying a new interactive theory of prosocial development (Unpublished doctorate dissertation). The Graduate College at the University of Nebraska. Retrieved on October 8, 2013 from http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/psychdiss/6
• Mckee, L., Roland, E., Coffelt, N., Olson, A. L., Forehand, R., Massari, C., . . . Zens, M. S. (2007). Harsh discipline and child problem behaviors: The roles of positive parenting and gender. Journal of Family Violence, 22(4), 187-196. doi:10.1007/s10896-007-9070-6
• McLeod, B. D., Weisz, J. R., & Wood, J. J. (2007). Examining the association between parenting and childhood depression: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 27, 986–1003. doi:10.1016/J.Cpr.2007.03.001
• Meteyer, K. B. & Jenkins, M. (2009). Dyadic parenting and children's externalizing symptoms. Family Relations, 58, 289-302. DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-3729.2009.00553.x
• Mills, R. S. L. & Rubin, K. (1990). Parental beliefs about problematic social behaviors in early childhood. Child Development, 61, 38–151. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1990.tb02767.x
• Mills, R. S. L. & Rubin, K. H. (1992). A longitudinal study of maternal beliefs about children's social behaviors. Merrill-palmer Quarterly, 38(4), 494–512. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/23087324
• Mize, J. & Pettit, G.S. (1997). Mothers’ social coaching, mother-child relationship style, and children’s peer competence: Is the medium message? Child Developmnet, 68, 312-332.
• Moon, M. & Hoffman, C. D. (2008). Mothers' and Fathers' differential expectancies and behaviors: Parent X child gender effects. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 169(3), 261-280, DOI: 10.3200/GNTP.169.3.261-280
• Ostrov, J. M., & Keating, C. F. (2004). Gender differences in preschool aggression during free play and structured ınteractions: An observational study. Social Development, 13(2), 255-277. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2004.000266.x
• Padilla-Walker, L. M., Nielson, M. G., & Day, R. D. (2016). The role of parental warmth and hostility on adolescents' prosocial behavior toward multiple targets. Journal of Family Psychology, 30(3):331-40. http://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000157
• Patterson, G. R. & Yoerger, K. L. (1993). Developmental models for delinquent behavior. In S. Hodgins, Mental disorder and crime (pp. 140-172). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
• Peisner-Feinberg, E. S., Burchinal, M. R., Clifford, R. M., Culkin, M. L., Howes, C., Kagan, S. L. & Yazejian, N. (2001). The relation of preschool child-care quality to children's cognitive and social developmental trajectories through second grade. Child Development, 72, 1534–1553. http://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00364
• Perren, S., Stadelmann, S., Wyl, A. V., & Klitzing, K. V. (2006). Pathways of behavioural and emotional symptoms in kindergarten children: What is the role of pro-social behaviour? European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 16(4), 209-214. doi:10.1007/s00787-006-0588-6
• Punamaki, R. L., Qouta, S., & Sarraj, E. E. (1997). Relationships between Traumatic events, children's gender, and political activity, and perceptions of parenting styles. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 21(1), 91-110. DOI: 10.1080/016502597385009
• Purple, M. A. (2005). Correlates of social competence at age two: The roles of temperament and maternal style (Unpublished master thesis). Department of Education and Human Development, Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland
• Querido, J. G., Warner, T. D., & Eyberg, S. M. (2002). Parenting styles and child behavior in African American families of preschool children. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 31, 272–277. doi: 10.1207/S15374424JCCP3102_12
• Raosoft. (2017). Sample size calculator. Retrieved April 10, 2017, from http://www.raosoft.com/samplesize.html
• Reebye, P. (2005). Aggression during early years-infancy and preschool. The Canadian Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Review, 14(1), 16–20. Retrieved from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2538723/
• Rinaldi, C. M. & Howe, N. (2012). Mothers’ and fathers’ parenting styles and associations with toddlers’ externalizing, internalizing, and adaptive behaviors. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 27(2), 266-273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2011.08.001
• Robinson, C. C., Mandleco, B., Olsen, F., & Hart, C. H. (1995). Authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive parenting practices: Development of a new measure. Psychological Reports, 77, 819-830.
• Romano, E., Tremblay, R. E., Boulerice, B., & Swisher, R. (2005). Multilevel correlates of childhood physical aggression and prosocial behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 33, 565-578.
• Rork, K. E. (2004). Influence of parenting factors on childhood social anxiety: Direct observation of parental warmth and control (Unpublished master thesis). Eberly College of Arts and Sciences, West Virginia University.
• Rubin, K. H. & Burgess, K. B. (2002). Parents of aggressive and withdrawn children. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting: Vol. 1. Children and parenting (2nd ed, pp. 383-418). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
• Rubin, K. H., Coplan, R. J., & Bowker, J. C. (2009). Social withdrawal in childhood. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 141–171. http://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163642
• Rubin, K. H., Root, A. K., & Bowker, J. (2010). Parents, peers, and social withdrawal in childhood: A relationship perspective. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 127, 79–94. http://doi.org/10.1002/cd.264
• Russell, A. (1996) Positive parenting and boys' and girls' misbehaviour during a home observation. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 19(2), 291-308, DOI: 10.1080/016502596385794
• Russell, A., Aloa, V., Feder, T., Glover, A., Miller, H. & Palmer, G. (1998). Sex-based differences in parenting styles in a sample with preschool children. Australian Journal of Psychology, 50(2), 89-99. DOI: 10.1080/00049539808257539
• Sameroff, A. J. (1983). Developmental systems: context and evolution. In Handbook of Child Psychology: History, Theory, and Methods Vol. 1. (4th ed., pp. 237-294). New York: Wiley
• Sameroff, A. J. & Fiese, B. H. (2000). Transactional regulation: The developmental ecology of early intervention. In J. P. Shonkoff & S. J. Meisels (Eds.), Handbook of Early Childhood Intervention, (2nd ed., pp.135-159). Cambridge: Cambridge University
• Sandhu, G.K. & Sharma, V. (2015). Social withdrawal and social anxiety in relation to stylistic parenting dimensions in the Indian cultural context. Research in Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, 3(3): 51-59. http://pubs.sciepub.com/rpbs/3/3/2
• Sanson, A. (1994). Parenting questionnaire for 3-7 year olds. Unpublished Manuscript. Melbourne: University of Melbourne.
• Scaramella, L. V. & Leve, L. D. (2004). Clarifying parent–child reciprocities during early childhood: The early childhood coercion model. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 7, 89–107.
• Scaramella, L., Sohr-Preston, S., Mirabile, S., Robison, S., & Callahan, K. (2008). Parenting and children's distress reactivity during toddlerhood: An examination of direction of effects. Social Development, 17(3), 578-595.
• Sclafani, J. D. (2004). The educated parent: Recent trends in raising children. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.
• Seven, S. (2010). Adaptation of Teacher Assessment of Social Behavior Scale to Turkish culture. Selcuk University The Journal of Institute of Social Sciences, 23, 193-200. Retrieved from http://dergisosyalbil.selcuk.edu.tr/susbed/article/view/257
• Skinner, E., Johnson, S., & Snyder, T. (2005). Six dimensions of parenting: A motivational model. Parenting, 5(2), 175-235. doi:10.1207/s15327922par0502_3
• Smith, K. E., Landry, S. H., & Swank, P. R. (2000). The influence of early patterns of positive parenting on children's preschool outcomes. Early Education & Development, 11, 147–169. http://doi.org/10.1207/s15566935eed1102_2
• Sroufe, L. A. (2005). Attachment and development: A prospective, longitudinal study from birth to adulthood. Attachment & Human Development, 7, 349-367. Stormshak, E. A., Bierman, K. L., McMahon, R. J., & Lengua, L. J. (2000). Parenting practices and child disruptive behavior problems in early elementary school. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 29(1), 17–29. DOI:10.1207/S15374424jccp2901_3
• Strayer, J. & Roberts, W. (2004), Children's anger, emotional expressiveness, and empathy: relations with parents’ empathy, emotional expressiveness, and parenting practices. Social Development, 13, 229–254. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2004.000265.x
• Swick, K. J. & Williams, R. D. (2006). An analysis of Bronfenbrenner’s bio-ecological perspective for early childhood educators: Implications for working with families experiencing stress. Journal of Early Childhood Education, 33(5), 371-378. doi:10.1007/s10643-006-0078-y
• Terzian, M. A. (2007). Preventing aggressive behavior by promoting social information-processing skills: A theory-based evaluation of the making choices program (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (Document ID 3262618).
• Thijs, J. T., Koomen, H. M., Jong, P. F., Leij, A. V., & Leeuwen, M. G. (2004). Internalizing behaviors among kindergarten children: measuring dimensions of social withdrawal with a checklist. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 33(4), 802-812. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3304_15
• Thompson, A., Hollis, C., & Richards, D. (2003). Authoritarian parenting attitudes as a risk for conduct problems: Results from a British national cohort study. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 12, 84–91. doi:10.1007/s00787-003-0324-4.
• Underwood, M. K., Beron, K. J., Gentsch, J. K., Galperin, M. B., & Risser, S. D. (2008). Family correlates of children’s social and physical aggression with peers: Negative interparental conflict strategies and parenting styles. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 32(6), 549-562. DOİ: 10.1177/0165025408097134
• Votruba-Drzal, E., Coley, R. L., & Chase-Lansdale, P. L. (2004). Child care and low-income children’s development: Direct and moderated effects. Child Development, 75, 296–312. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00670.x
• Wals, A. E., Hoeven, N. V., & Blanken, H. (2009). The acoustics of social learning: Designing learning processes that contribute to a more sustainable world. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic.
• Watamura, S. E., Phillips, D. A., Morrissey, T. W., Mccartney, K., & Bub, K. (2011). Double jeopardy: Poorer social-emotional outcomes for children in the NICHD SECCYD experiencing home and child-care environments that confer risk. Child Development, 82(1), 48-65. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01540.x
• Weingold, R. (2010). Family dynamics: A systematic investigation of parenting styles, parent and peer attachment, locus of control and social behaviors (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). College of Education and Human Services, Seton-Hall University

• Westerberg, D. (2011). Links between maternal parenting characteristics and development of preschool peer play competence. (Master Thesis). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (Document ID 1505089)
• Williams, L. R., Degnan, K. A., Perez-Edgar, K. E., Henderson, H. A., Rubin, K. H., Pine, D. S., . . . Fox, N. A. (2009). Impact of behavioral inhibition and parenting style on internalizing and externalizing problems from early childhood through adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37(8), 1063-1075. doi:10.1007/s10802-009-9331-3
• Woodward, L. J., & Fergusson, D. M. (2002). Parent, child, and contextual predictors of childhood physical punishment. Infant and Child Development, 11(3), 213-235. doi:10.1002/icd.252
• Yoleri, S., & Seven, S. (2014). Analyzing effect of age and sex differences on prosocial behavior of preschool children. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, 29, 261-270. Doi: /10.9761/JASSS2425
• Zern, D. S. (1991). The Nature and extent of obedience in elementary school classrooms. The Journal of Genetic, 152(3), 311-325. Doi: 10.1080/00221325.1991.9914689