Romantik İlişki Eğitimi: Bir Gözden Geçirme Çalışması ve Türkiye için Öneriler

Year 2022, , 555 - 569, 27.12.2022

Esra İsmen Gazioglu , Çare Sertelin Mercan , İlkay Demir

https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1069117

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Yakın ilişkiler her zaman insanlar için evrensel bir özlem olmuştur. Romantik ilişki eğitimi, insanların bağlamlarına, değerlerine ve ilişki hedeflerine uygun stratejiler ve çözümler bulmalarına yardımcı olan bir yol haritası olarak tanımlanabilir. Kanıta dayalı beceri eğitimini kullanarak, insanlar tipik ilişki zorluklarını aşmak ve duyguları güvenli bir şekilde ifade etmek için teknikleri öğrenebilirler. Karşılıklı olarak tatmin edici bir bağlılık ilişkisi içinde olmanın, yaşam doyumu, fiziksel iyi oluş, ciddi hastalıklarla daha iyi başa çıkma, daha uzun yaşam beklentisi ve kariyer başarısı gibi birçok olumlu sonuçla ilişkili olduğu kanıtlanmıştır. İlişki eğitimi programları, batı ülkelerindeki psikologlar tarafından, ilişkiler kriz aşamasına gelmeden önce çiftler, ergenler ve gelişmekte olan yetişkinler için önleyici bir müdahale olarak geliştirilmiştir. Ancak, Türkiye'nin kültürel bağlamında ilişki eğitiminin etkililiğini inceleyen ampirik çalışmalar yetersizdir. Bu alanyazın inceleme çalışmasında, yurt içi ve yurt dışında çiftler, ergen ve beliren yetişkinler için geliştirilmiş ilişki eğitimi programlarının gözden geçirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada ilk olarak ilişki eğitimi kavramı, kapsamı ve kuramsal temelleri tartışılmış, çiftler, ergen ve beliren yetişkinlerde ilişki eğitimi programlarının yapısı ve etkililik çalışmaları ele alınmıştır. Son olarak da Türkiye’de geliştirilecek ilişki eğitimi programları için kültürel, kuramsal ve uygulamaya yönelik öneriler sunulmuştur.

Keywords

ilişki eğitimi, romantik ilişkiler, beliren yetişkinlik, ergenlik

Supporting Institution

TÜBİTAK-ARDEB 1001 programı

Project Number

120K134

Romantic Relationship Education: A Literature Review with Recommendations for Turkiye

Abstract

Intimate relationships are the focal aspiration for human beings. Romantic relationship education is described as a road map for helping people to find strategies and solutions that fit their context, values and relationship goals. By using evidence-based skills training, people can learn techniques to navigate typical relationship challenges and safely express emotions. Being in a mutually satisfying committed relationship has proven to be associated with many positive outcomes including life satisfaction, physical well-being, better coping with major illness, as well as longer life expectancy and career achievement. Relationship education programs are developed by psychologists in Western countries as a preventive intervention for couples, adolescents and emerging adults before relationships reach crisis stage. There is, however, a lack of empirical studies to examine the effectiveness of relationship education within the Turkish cultural context. The overarching aim of this study is to review the relationship education programs within Turkish and international literature. This study provides an overview of the relationship education, and its scope, and theoretical foundations and also effectiveness of relationship education programs for couples, adolescents and emerging adults. The study further provides cultural, theoretical and practical recommendations for future directions in Turkish relationship education programs.

Keywords

Relationship education, romantic relations, emerging adulthood, adolescence

Project Number

120K134

References

• Adler‐Baeder F, Kerpelman JL, Schramm DG, Higginbotham B, Paulk A (2007) The impact of relationship education on adolescents of diverse backgrounds. Family Relations, 56:291-303.
• Akar T, Aksakal FN, Demirel B, Durukan E, Özkan S (2010) The prevalence of domestic violence against women among a group woman. Journal of Family Violence, 25:449–460.
• Akça-Koca D (2013) Bir aile eğitim programının evli annelerin evlilik doyumu evlilikte sorun çözme becerisi ve psikolojik iyi oluşuna etkisi (Yüksek lisans tezi). İstanbul, Marmara Üniversitesi.
• Altinay AG, Arat Y (2009). Violence against women in Turkey, a nationwide survey. Istanbul, Punto Publishing Solutions.
• Antle BF, Karam E, Christensen DN, Barbee AP, Sar BK (2011) An evaluation of healthy relationship education to reduce intimate partner violence. Journal of Family Social Work, 14:387–406.
• Arıcı Şahin F (2017) Feminist yaklaşıma dayalı ilişki geliştirme programının güç paylaşımı, benlik yönelimleri ve çift uyumuna etkisi (Doktora tezi). Ankara, Hacettepe Üniversitesi. Arnett JJ (2000) Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55:469–480.
• Arnett JJ (2014) Emerging adulthood: The winding road from the late teens through the twenties (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
• Asher SR, Weeks MS (2014) Loneliness and belongingness in the college years. The handbook of solitude. (Eds RJ Coplan, JC Bowker): 283–301. Chichester, UK: Wiley Blackwell.
• Aslan D, Vefikuluçay D, Zeyneloğlu S, Erdost T, Temel F (2008) Ankara’da iki hemşirelik yüksekokulu’nun birinci ve dördüncü sınıflarında okuyan öğrencilerin flört şiddetine maruz kalma, flört ilişkilerinde şiddet uygulama durumlarının ve bu konudaki görüşlerinin saptanması araştırması. Ankara, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Kadın Sorunları Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi.
• Atak H, Çok F (2010) İnsan yaşamında yeni bir dönem: beliren yetişkinlik. Çocuk ve Gençlik Ruh Sağlığı Dergisi, 17:39-50.
• Ball B, Tharp AT, Noonan RK, Valle LA, Hamburger ME, Rosenbluth B (2012) Expect respect support groups: preliminary evaluation of a dating violence prevention program for at-risk youth. Violence Against Women, 18:746-762.
• Barden SM, Taylor DD, Silverio N, Carlson RG, Whitbeck M, Carroll N et al. (2021) Motivations to enroll and engage in relationship education programs: a qualitative investigation of key process factors. Journal of Couple & Relationship Therapy, 20:365-383.
• Bener Ö, Sahin H, Kilinc VS (2010) Views of women about domestic violence against women: Turkish sample. Studies on Home and Community Science, 4:33–38.
• Bengtson VL, Allen KR (1993) The life course perspective applied to families over time. (Eds P Boss, W Doherty, R LaRossa, W Schumm, S Steinmetz), Sourcebook of family theories and methods: A contextual approach: 469–498. New York, Plenum Press.
• Berger A, Wildsmith E, Manlove J, Steward-Streng N (2012) Relationship violence among young adult couples. Child Trends: Research Brief.
• Blanchard VL, Hawkins AJ, Baldwin SA, Fawcett EB (2009) Investigating the effects of marriage and relationship education on couples’ communication skills: a meta-analytic study. Journal of Family Psychology. 23:203–214.
• Bouchey HA, Furman W (2003) Dating and romantic experiences in adolescence. (Eds Adams GR, Berzonsky MD), Blackwell handbook of adolescence. Oxford, Blackwell.
• Braithwaite SR, Fincham FD (2007) ePREP: Computer based prevention of relationship dysfunction, depression and anxiety. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 26:609-622.
• Braithwaite SR, Fincham FD (2009) A randomized clinical trial of a computer based preventive intervention: Replication and extension of ePREP. Journal of Family Psychology, 23:32.
• Braithwaite SR, Fincham FD (2014) Computer-based prevention of intimate partner violence in marriage. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 54:12-21.
• Braithwaite SR, Lambert NM, Fincham FD, Pasley K (2010) Does college-based relationship education decrease extradyadic involvement in relationships?. Journal of Family Psychology, 24:740.
• Brent DA, Perper JA, Moritz G, et al. (1993) Psychiatric risk factors for adolescent suicide: a case-control study, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 32:521-529.
• Bronfenbrenner U (1979) The ecology of human development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
• Bugra A, Keyder Ç (2006) The Turkish welfare regime in transformation. Journal of European Social Policy, 16:211–28.
• Canel AN (2007) Ailede problem çözme, evlilik doyumu ve örnek bir grup çalışmasının sınanması (Doktora tezi). İstanbul, Marmara Üniversitesi.
• Carlson RG, Barden SM, Daire AP, Greene J (2014) Influence of relationship education on relationship satisfaction for low‐income couples. Journal of Counseling & Development, 92:418-427.
• Carlson RG, Rappleyea DL, Daire AP, Harris SM, Liu X (2017) The effectiveness of couple and individual relationship education: Distress as a moderator. Family process, 56:91-104.
• Carlson RG, Wheeler NJ, Adams JJ (2018) The influence of individual‐oriented relationship education on equality and conflict‐related behaviors. Journal of Counseling & Development, 96:144-154.
• Carroll JS, Doherty WJ (2003) Evaluating the effectiveness of premarital prevention programs: A meta‐analytic review of outcome research. Family relations, 52:105-118.
• Chandra A, Mosher WD, Copen C, Sionean C (2011) Sexual behavior, sexual attraction, and sexual identity in the United States: Data from the 2006–2008 National Survey of Family Growth. National Center for Health Statistics, 3:1-36.
• Close SM (2005) Dating violence prevention in middle school and high school youth. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 18:2–9.
• Collin WA, Sroufe LA (1999) Capacity for intimate relationships: A developmental Construction. (Eds W Furman, BB Brown, C Feiring), The Development of Romantic Relationships in Adolescence: 125– 147. Cambridge University Press.
• Collins WA (2003) More than myth: The developmental significance of romantic relationships during adolescence. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 13:1–24.
• Collins W, Laursen B (1999) Relationships as developmental contexts: The Minnesota symposia on child psychology, Vol. 30. Erlbaum.
• Collins WA, Welsh D, Furman W (2009) Adolescent romantic relationships. Annual Review of Psychology, 60:631–652.
• Cottle NR, Thompson AK, Burr BK, Hubler DS (2014) The effectiveness of relationship education in the college classroom. Journal of Couple & Relationship Therapy, 13:267-283.
• Crooks CV, Wolfe DA, Hughes R, Jaffe PG, Chiodo D (2008) Development, evaluation and national implementation of a school-based program to reduce violence and related risk behaviours: Lessons from the Fourth R. IPC Review, 2:109-135.
• Cui M, Fincham FD, Durtschi JA (2011) The effect of parental divorce on young adults’ romantic relationship dissolution: What makes a difference?. Personal Relationships, 18:410–426.
• Darling N (2007) Ecological systems theory: The person in the center of the circles. Research in Human Development, 4:203-217.
• Demirtaş ET (2015) Psychological agression perpetration among dating collage students: The interplay of societal, parental and personal factors (Doktora tezi). Ankara, Ortadoğu Teknik Üniversitesi.
• Demirtaş ET, Hatipoğlu-Sümer Z, Fincham FD (2017) Intimate partner violence in Turkey: The Turkish intimate partner violence attitude scale-revised. Journal of Family Violence, 32:349-356.
• Deveci Şirin H (2013) Aile eğitim programının evli kadınların eş tükenmişliği düzeyine etkisi (Doktora tezi). Konya, Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi.
• Doss BD, Cicila LN, Georgia EJ, Roddy MK, Nowlan KM, Benson LA, et al. (2016) A randomized controlled trial of the web-based OurRelationship program: Effects on relationship and individual functioning. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 84:285.
• Duran Ş, Hamamcı Z (2010) Evlilik öncesi ilişki geliştirme programının romantik ilişkiler yaşayan üniversite öğrencilerinin iletişim becerileri ve çatışma iletişim tarzları üzerine etkisinin incelenmesi. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi, 23:87-100.
• Eder M (2010) Retreating state? Political economy of welfare regime change in Turkey. Middle East Law and Governance, 2:152–84.
• Ekşi H, Kahraman Z (2012) Bir evlilik ve aile hayatı eğitim programının evli kadınlarda evlilik uyumuna ve aile sistemine etkisi. M.Ü. Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 36:129-145.
• Ersanlı E (2007) Evlilik ilişkilerinde eşlerin akılcı olmayan inançlarıyla başetmelerinde bilişsel davranışçı yaklaşıma dayalı evlilik ilişkisini geliştirme programının etkisi (Doktora tezi). Samsun, Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi.
• Ersanlı K, Kalkan M (2003) Evlilik ilişkisini geliştirme programının evli çiftlerin evlilik ilişkilerini değerlendirmelerine etkisi. 3 P/Psikiyatri Psikoloji Psikofarmakoloji Dergisi, 11:219-226.
• Fincham FD, Stanley SM, Rhoades GK (2011) Romantic relationships in emerging adulthood. (Eds FD Fincham, M Cui): 293–316. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
• Foshee VA, Bauman KE, Arriaga XB, Helms RW, Koch GG, Linder GF (1998) An evaluation of Safe Dates, an adolescent dating violence prevention program. American Journal of Public Health, 88:45-50.
• Foshee VA, Bauman KE, Ennett ST, Linder GF, Benefield T, Suchindran C (2004) Assessing the long-term effects of the Safe Dates program and a booster in preventing and reducing adolescent dating violence victimization and perpetration. American Journal of Public Health, 94:619-624.
• Foshee VA, Linder GF, Bauman KE, Langwick SA, Arriaga XB, Heath JL, et al. (1996) The Safe Dates Project: Theoretical basis, evaluation design, and selected baseline findings. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 12:39-47.
• Foshee VA, Reyes LM, Agnew-Brune CB, Simon TR, Vagi KJ, Lee RD, et al. (2014) The effects of the evidence-based Safe Dates dating abuse prevention program on other youth violence outcomes. Prevention Science, 15:907-916.
• Furman W, Hand LS (2006) Romance and sex in adolescence and emerging adulthood: Risks and opportunities. (Eds AC Crouter, A Booth):171–178. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
• Furman W, Ho MH, Low SM (2007) Friends, lovers, and groups: Key relationships in adolescence. (Eds RCME Engels, M Kerr, H Stattin):61–80. New York: Wiley & Sons.
• Furman, W, Shaffer, L (2003). Adolescent romantic relations and sexual behavior: Theory, research, and practical implications. (Ed P Florshiem):3-22. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
• Futris TG, Sutton TE, Richardson EW (2013) An evaluation of the Relationship Smarts Plus program on adolescents in Georgia. Journal of Human Sciences and Extension, 1(2): 1-15.
• Gala J, Kapadia S (2014) Romantic love, commitment and marriage in emerging adulthood in an Indian context: views of emerging adults and middle adults. Psychology and Developing Societies, 26:115-141.
• Gardner Scott P, Giese K, Parrott SM, (2004) Evaluation of the Connections: Relationships and Marriage Curriculum. Family Relations, 53:521-27.
• Genereux AS (2020) Teen dating violence prevention to healthy relationship education: case study of a montanan teen dating violence prevention program (Doctoral dissertation). Madison, University of Wisconsin.
• Giordano C, Longmore A, Manning D (2006) Gender and the meanings of adolescent romantic relationships: A focus on boys. American Sociological Review, 71:260–287.
• Giordano PC, Phelps KD, Manning WD, Longmore MA (2008) Adolescent academic achievement and romantic relationships. Social Science Research, 37:37–54.
• Glick P, Fiske ST, Mladinic A, Saiz JL, Abrams D, Masser B, et al. (2000) Beyond prejudice as simple antipathy: Hostile and benevolent sexism across cultures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75:763–775.
• Goodey S, Spuhler B, Bradford K (2019) Relationship education among incarcerated populations. Marriage & Family Review, 55:651-666.
• Grotevant HD, Cooper, CR (1998) Individuality and connectedness in adolescent development: Review and prospects for research on identity, relationships, and context. In Personality Development in Adolescence: A Cross National and Life Span Perspective, (Eds. EEA Skoe, AL von der Lippe): 3–37. London, Routledge.
• Halford WK, Markma HJ, Kline GH, Stanley SM (2003) Best practice in couple relationship education. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 29:385-406.
• Halford WK, Markman HJ, Stanley S (2008) Strengthening couples’ relationships with education: Social policy and public health perspectives. Journal of Family Psychology, 22:497–505.
• Halford WK, Petch J, Creedy DK, Gamble J (2011) Intimate partner violence in couples seeking relationship education for the transition to parenthood. Journal of Couple & Relationship Therapy, 10:152-168.
• Halford WK, Snyder DK (2012) Universal processes and common factors in couple therapy and relationship education. Behavior Therapy, 43:1–12.
• Haskan Avcı Ö (2014) Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Evlilik Öncesi İlişkilerde Problem Yaşadıkları ve Eğitim Almak İstedikleri Konular. Ege Eğitim Dergisi, 15:279-299.
• Haugen PT, Welsh DP, McNulty JK, (2008) Empathic accuracy and adolescent romantic relationships. Journal of Adolescence, 31:709-727.
• Hawkins AJ, Blanchard VL, Baldwin SA, Fawcett EB (2008) Does marriage and relationship education work? A meta-analytic study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical pPsychology, 76:723.
• Hawkins AJ, Carroll JS, Doherty WJ, Willoughby B (2004) A comprehensive framework for marriage education. Family Relations, 53:547–558.
• Hawkins AJ, Erickson SE (2015) Is couple and relationship education effective for lower income participants? A meta- analytic study. Journal of Family Psychology, 29:59–68.
• Hawkins AJ, Ooms T (2012) Can marriage and relationship education be an effective policy tool to help low-income couples form and sustain healthy marriages and relationships? A review of lessons learned. Marriage & Family Review, 48:524–554.
• Holt LJ, Mattanah JF, Schmidt CK, Darks JS, Brophy EN, Minnaar PY, Rorer K (2016) Effects of relationship education on emerging adults’ relationship beliefs and behaviors. Personal Relationships, 23(4):723-741.
• Huntington C, Owen J, Stanley S, Knopp K, Rhoades G (2021) Impact and implementation findings from a cluster randomized trial of a youth relationship education curriculum. Family Process, 00:1-18.
• İftar M (2016) Üniversite öğrencilerinin flört şiddetine yönelik tutum ve davranışları (Yüksek lisans tezi). Muğla, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi.
• Joyner K, Udry JR (2000) You don't bring me anything but down: adolescent romance and depression. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 41(2):369-391.
• Kalkan M (2002) Evlilik ilişkisini geliştirme programının, evlilerin evlilik uyum düzeyine etkisi (Doktora tezi). Samsun, Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi.
• Kalkan M, Ersanlı E (2008) Bilişsel-davranışçı yaklaşıma dayalı evlilik ilişkisini geliştirme programının evli bireylerin evlilik uyumuna etkisi. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 8(3):977-986.
• Kalkan, M, Ersanli E (2009) The effects of the cognitive-behavioral marriage enrichment program on the dysfunctional attitudes of couples. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 36:129-135.
• Kerpelman, JL, Pittman JF, Adler-Baeder F (2008) Identity as a moderator of intervention-related change: Identity style and adolescents’ responses to relationships education. Identity, 8:151–171.
• Kerpelman JL, Pittman JF, Adler-Baeder F, Eryigit S, Paulk A (2009) Evaluation of a statewide youth-focused relationships education curriculum. Journal of Adolescence, 32(6):1359–1370.
• Küçükarslan M (2011) Mersin Üniversitesi öğrencilerinin romantik ilişkilere yönelik inançlarının cinsiyet, sınıf düzeyi ve romantik ilişki yaşama durumu değişkenlerine göre incelenmesi (Yüksek lisans tezi). Mersin, Mersin Üniversitesi.
• Kuperberg A, Padgett JE (2016) The role of culture in explaining college students’ selection into hookups, dates, and long-term romantic relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 33(8):1070–1096.
• Laursen B, Mooney KS (2007) Individual differences in adolescent dating and adjustment. In Friends, Lovers and Groups: Key Relationships in Adolescence (Eds R Engels, M Kerr, H Stattin):81–91. New York, John Wiley & Sons.
• Lucier‐Greer M, Adler‐Baeder F (2012) Does couple and relationship education work for individuals in stepfamilies? A meta‐analytic study. Family Relations, 61(5):756-769.
• Madsen SD, Collins WA (2008) Brief report: Expressive and collaborative relationship processes in observations of adolescents’ interactions with parents and romantic partners. Journal of Adolescence, 31:489–794.
• Markman HJ, Halford WK, Hawkins AJ (2019) Couple and relationship education. In APA Handbook of Contemporary Family Psychology: Family Therapy and Training (Eds BH Fiese, M Celano, K Deater-Deckard, EN Jouriles, MA Whisman):307–324. American Psychological Association.
• Markman, HJ, Renick, MJ, Floyd FJ, Stanley SM, Clements M (1993) Preventing marital distress through communication and conflict management training: A 4-and 5-year follow-up. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61(1):70-77.
• Markman, HJ, Rhoades GK (2012) Relationship education research: current status and future directions. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 38(1):169-200.
• Markman, HJ, Rhoades GK, Stanley SM, Peterson KM (2013) A randomized clinical trial of the effectiveness of premarital intervention: moderators of divorce outcomes. Journal of Family Psychology, 27(1):165.
• Mayseless O, Keren E (2014) Finding a meaningful life as a developmental task in emerging adulthood: the domains of love and work across cultures. Emerging Adulthood, 2:63-73.
• McElwain A, McGill J, Savasuk-Luxton R (2017) Youth relationship education: a meta-analysis. Children and Youth Services Review, 82:499–507.
• Montgomery MJ (2005) Psychosocial intimacy and identity: from early adolescence to emerging adulthood. Journal of Adolescent Research, 20:346–374.
• Nakonezny PA, Denton WH (2008) Marital relationships: a social exchange theory perspective. American Journal of Family Therapy, 36:402-412.
• Niolon PH, Kearns M, Dills J, Rambo K, Irving S, Armstead T et al. (2017) Preventing intimate partner violence across the lifespan: a technical package of programs, policies, and practices. Atlanta, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
• Ondaş B (2007) Üniversite öğrencilerinin evlilik ve eş seçimiyle ilgili görüşlerinin incelenmesi (Yüksek lisans tezi). Ankara, Gazi Üniversitesi.
• Pearson M (2004/2007) LoveU2: getting smarter about relationships. Berkeley, The Dibble Institute for Marriage Education.
• Polanchek S (2014) Effects of individual-oriented relationship education on university students’ knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes (Doctoral dissertation). Montana, University of Montana.
• Ponzetti, J J (Ed.) (2016) Evidence-based approaches to relationship and marriage education. New York, NY: Routledge.
• Reed L, Wilson S, Brown BB, Furstenberg FF, Verma S (2002) Changes in adolescents' interpersonal experiences: are they being prepared for adult relationships in the twenty-first century? Journal of Research on Adolescence, 12(1):31-68.
• Rhoades GK, Stanley SM (2011) Using individual-oriented relationship education to prevent family violence. Journal of Couple and Relationship Therapy, 10:185–200.
• Rice KG, FitzGerald DP, Whaley TJ, Gibbs CL (1995) Cross-sectional and longitudinal examination of attachment, separationindividuation, and college student adjustment. Journal of Counseling & Development, 73:463–474.
• Rice TM, McGill J, Adler-Baeder F (2017) Relationship education for youth in high school: preliminary evidence from a non-controlled study on dating behavior and parent–adolescent relationships. Child & Youth Care Forum, 46:51–68.
• Roberson PNE, Norona JC, Fish JN, Olmstead SB, Fincham F (2016) Do differences matter? A typology of emerging adult romantic relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 34(3):334-355.
• Ruff S, McComb JL, Coker CJ, Sprenkle DH (2010) Behavioral couples therapy for the treatment of substance abuse: a substantive and methodological review of O’Farrell, Fals‐Stewart, and colleagues’ program of research. Family Process, 49(4):439-456.
• Russell AN (2021) The relationship education workshop and its impact on learned healthy relationship outcomes and self-compassion in the emerging adulthood population (Doctoral dissertation). Knoxville, University of Tennessee.
• Sakarya AK (2013) Üniversitede öğrenim gören gençlerde flörtte şiddet (Yüksek lisans tezi). Konya, Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi.
• Sardoğan ME, Karahan TF (2005) Evli bireylere yönelik bir İnsan İlişkileri Beceri Eğitimi Programı'nın evli bireylerin evlilik uyum düzeylerine etkisi. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi 38(2):89-102.
• Sarı T, Owen FK (2015) Romantik İlişkilerde Akılcı Olmayan İnançlar Ölçeği’nin geliştirilmesi. Journal of Human Sciences, 12(1);255-273.
• Savasuk-Luxton R, Adler-Baeder F, Haselschwerdt ML (2018) Understanding change in violence-related attitudes for adolescents in relationship education. Journal of Adolescence, 63;153-164.
• Scott, ME, Schelar E, Manlove J, Cui C (2009) Young adult attitudes about relationships and marriage: times may have changed, but expectations remain high (Research Brief, Publication No. 2009-30). Child Trends.
• Shulman, S (2003) Conflict and negotiation in adolescent romantic relationships. In Adolescent Romantic Relations and Sexual Behavior: Theory, Research, and Practical Implications. (Eds P. Florsheim):185–211. New York, Psychology Press. -1402.
• Shulman S, Seiffge-Krenke I, Ziv I, Tuval-Mashiach R (2019) Patterns of romantic pathways among 23-year-olds and their adolescent antecedents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 48:1390
• Simpson DM, Leonhardt ND, Hawkins AJ (2018) Learning about love: a meta-analytic study of individually-oriented relationship education programs for adolescents and emerging adults. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 47:477–489.
• Stewart JW, Bradford KP, Higginbotham B, Skogrand LM (2014) Relationship helpseeking in a community sample: testing differences by geography and gender. Forum for Family & Consumer Science Issues [serial online],19 Available from: URL: https://www.theforumjournal.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Relationship-Help-seeking.pdf. Accessed date:03.02.2020.
• Sutton TE, Simons LG, Wickrama KAS, Futris TG (2014) The intergenerational transmission of violence: examining the mediating roles of insecure attachment and destructive disagreement beliefs. Violence & Victims, 29:679–687.
• Şahin NH, Timur S, Ergin AB,Taşpinar A, Balkaya NA, Çubukçu S (2010) Childhood trauma, type of marriage and self-esteem as correlates of domestic violence in married women in Turkey. Journal of Family Violence, 25:661–668.
• Tagay Ö, Çalışandemir F, Ünüvar P (2018) Romantik ilişkilerde algılanan istismarın yordayıcıları olarak temas engelleri ve benlik saygısı. Journal of Human Sciences, 15(2):707-716.
• Togay A, Şahin İ, Atici M (2019) Romantik ilişki becerileri psikoeğitim programının etkinliğinin sınanması: bir pilot çalışma. Psikoloji Çalışmaları, 39(1):121-149.
• Toplu E, Hatipoglu-Sümer Z (2011) Flört ilişkisinde şiddetin yaygınlığı ve türleri. XI. Ulusal Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Kongresi, 3-5 Ekim 2011 Selçuk, Türkiye.
• Tudge JRH, Mokrova I, Hatfield BE, Karnik RB (2009) Uses and misuses of Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological theory of human development. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 1:198–210.
• Türküm AS, Kızıltaş A, Sarıyer A (2004) Anadolu Üniversitesi Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Merkezi'nin hedef kitlesinin psikolojik ihtiyaçlarına ilişkin ön çalışma. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 3(21):15-27.
• Van de Bongardt D, Yu R, Deković M, Meeus WHJ (2015) Romantic relationships and sexuality in adolescence and young adulthood: the role of parents, peers, and partners. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 12(5):497–515.
• Van Epp MC, Futris TG, Van Epp JC, Campbell K (2008) The impact of the PICK a partner relationship education program on single army soldiers. Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, 36(4):328-349.
• Velez D (2020) Relationship education with college students: patterns of participation, recruitment, and benefits gained (Doctoral dissertation). Malibu, Pepperdine University.
• Vural-Batık M (2017) Ebeveynliğe geçiş dönemindeki evli bireylerin evlilik ilişkilerini geliştirme programının evlilik doyumu ve eş destek düzeylerine etkisi (Doktora tezi). Samsun, Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi.
• Weisz AN, Black BM (2009) Programs to Reduce Teen Dating Violence and Sexual Assault: Perspectives on What Works. New York, Columbia University Press.
• Wilcox WB, Dew J (2010) Is love a flimsy foundation? Soulmate versus institutional models of marriage. Social Science Research, 39:687–699.
• Williamson HC, Altman N, Hsueh J, Bradbury TN (2016) Effects of relationship education on couple communication and satisfaction: a randomized controlled trial with low-income couples. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 84(2):156.
• Willoughby BJ, James SL (2017) The Marriage Paradox: Why Emerging Adults Love Marriage Yet Push it Aside? New York, Oxford University Press.
• Wolfe DA (2006) Preventing violence in relationships: psychological science addressing complex social issues. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 47:44–50.
• Wolfe DA, Crooks C, Jaffe P, Chiodo D, Hughes R, Ellis W, Stitt L, Donner A (2009) A school-based program to prevent adolescent dating violence: a cluster randomized trial. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 163(8):692-699.
• Wolfe DA, Wekerle C, Gough R, Reitzel-Jaffe D, Grasley C, Pittman AL et al. (1996). The youth relationships manual: A group approach with adolescents for the prevention of woman abuse and the promotion of healthy relationships. California, Sage Publications, Inc.
• Wolfe DA, Wekerle C, Scott K, Straatman A, Grasley C, ReitzelJaffe D (2003) Dating violence prevention with at-risk youth: a controlled outcome evaluation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71:279-291.
• Yalcin BM, Karahan TF (2007) Effects of a couple communication program on marital adjustment. The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine, 20(1):36-44.
• Yalçın İ, Ersever O (2010) İlişki geliştirme programının üniversite öğrencilerinin ilişki doyum düzeylerine etkisi (Doktora tezi). Ankara, Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
• Yalcin I, Ersever O (2015) Effectiveness of the relationship enhancement program on relationship satisfaction of university students. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 30(2):185-201.
• Yalçıntaş-Sezgin E (2015) Ergen romantik ilişkisinde sağlıklı ilişkiler geliştirme programının kız ergen bireylerin romantik ilişki sürecinde yaşadıkları çatışma eğilimine etkisi (Doktora tezi). Ankara, Gazi Üniversitesi.
• Yıldırım S (2016) Üniversite öğrencilerinin benlik saygısı ve toplumsal cinsiyet tutumlarının flört şiddetine yönelik tutumlarına etkisi (Yüksek lisans tezi). Ankara, Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
• Yılmaz T, Kalkan M (2010) Evlilik öncesi ilişkileri geliştirme programının çiftlerin ilişki doyumuna etkisi. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 10(3):1893-1920.
• Yumuşak A (2013) Üniversite öğrencilerinin flört şiddetine yönelik tutumları, toplumsal cinsiyetçilik ve narsisistik kişilik özellikleri arasındaki ilişki (Yüksek lisans tezi). Tokat, Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi.