Time Perception and Psychiatric Disorders

Abstract

Time perception is an ability which we use in every moment of daily life, that guides the formation and continuation of our behaviors and from an evolutionary perspective ensures survival. Internal clock models help us to understand time perception. Time perception is known to vary between individuals and particular situations. This variability is explained with the mechanisms which is associated with the processes related to attention, the speed of the internal clock and the memory unit. It is suggested that time perception is mainly associated with the activities of dopamine and acetylcholine. Some dopaminergic psychoactive substances like cocaine and amphetamine have all been shown to change time perception by increasing the speed of internal clock while on the other hand some antipsychotic drugs make an opposite change in time perception by descreasing the speed of the clock. Similarly, time perception is affected in some psychiatric disorders and an ethiopathological relationship between time perception disturbances and psychiatric disorders is suggested. In this article time perception changes in schizophrenia, attention deficit/hyperactivity syndrome, depression, anxiety disorders and personality disorders are briefly reviewed.

Keywords

• Time perception, psychiatric disorders, depression

Zaman Algısı ve Psikiyatrik Bozukluklar

Öz

Zamanı algılama becerisi, günlük yaşamımızın her alanında kullandığımız, davranışlarımızın oluşmasında ve sürmesinde bize rehberlik eden, evrimsel açıdan bakılacak olursa hayatta kalmamızı sağlayan yeteneklerden birisidir. Zaman algısını anlamamızda, içsel saat modelleri yardımcı olmaktadır. Zaman algısının kişiler ve belirli durumlar arasında değişkenlik gösterdiği bilinmektedir. Bu değişkenlik dikkat ile ilgili süreçler, içsel saatin hızı ve bellek birimi ile ilgili mekanizmalarla açıklanmaktadır. Zaman algısının ön planda dopamin ve asetilkolin aktivitesi ile ilişkili olduğu öne sürülmüştür. Kokain ve amfetamin gibi dopamin agonisti olan psikoaktif maddelerin içsel saat hızını arttırarak zaman algısında değişime sebep olduğu gösterilmiş olup, diğer taraftan bazı antipsikotikler içsel saat hızını yavaşlatarak zaman algısında tersi yönde bir değişime sebep olmaktadırlar. Benzer şekilde bazı psikiyatrik bozukluklarda zaman algısı etkilenmektedir. Zaman algısındaki sapma ile psikiyatrik bozuklar arasında etiyopatolojik bir ilişki bulunabileceği öne sürülmüştür. Bu yazıda; şizofreni, dikkat eksikliği ve hiperaktivite bozukluğu, depresyon, anksiyete bozuklukları ve kişilik bozukluklarında görülen zaman algısı değişiklikleri gözden geçirilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Zaman algısı, psikiyatrik bozukluklar, depresyon

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