Migration, Acculturation and Adaptation

Abstract

In multinational countries that receive migration, minority and mainstream collective members need to use methods that facilitate living together and making them fit together. The changes of these individuals through the learning process of adaptation are studied under the heading of accultura-tion. The aim of this article is to inform the reader on acculturation and adaptation which are the prominent variables of migration studies in psychology. The article starts with acculturation, accul-turation models and acculturation strategies of Berry, and followed by the critics to Berry’s accultura-tion strategies, sociocultural and psychological adaptation. Lastly, the factors influencing the accul-turation and adaptation processes are elaborated.

Keywords

• Migration,acculturation,pychological adaptation,sociocultural adaptation

Göç, Kültürleşme ve Uyum

Öz

Göç alan çok uluslu ülkelerde, azınlık ve ana akım topluma üye bireylerin beraber yaşamalarını ve birbirlerine uyum sağlamalarını kolaylaştıracak yöntemler kullanmaları gerekmektedir. Bu insanların bir arada yaşamayı ve birbirlerine uyum sağlamayı öğrenirlerken geçtikleri değişimlerin kültürleşme başlığı altında incelendiği görülmektedir. Bu makalenin amacı, okuru psikoloji alanında yapılan göç çalışmalarının öne çıkan değişkenlerinden olan kültürleşme ve uyum değişkenleri hakkında bilgilen-dirmektir. Bu amaçla ilk olarak kültürleşme, kültürleşme modelleri ve Berry’nin kültürleşme yönelim-lerinden söz edilmiş, ardından Berry’nin kültürleşme yönelimlerine getirilen eleştirilere değinilerek, sosyokültürel uyum ve psikolojik uyum değişkenleri ve kültürleşmeyi ve uyum sürecini etkileyen etmenler ele alınmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Göç,kültürleşme,psikolojik uyum,sosyokültürel uyum

References

1. Ataca B, Berry JW (2002) Psychological, sociocultural, and marital adaptation of Turkish immigrant couples in Canada. Int J Psychol, 37:13-26.
2. Aycan Z, Berry JW (1996) Impact of employment-related experiences on immigrants’ psychological well-being and adaptation to Canada. Can J Behav Sci, 28:240-251.
3. Badea C, Jetten J, Iyer A, Er-Rayif A (2011) Negotiating dual identities: the impact of group based rejection on ıdentification and acculturation. Eur J Soc Psychol, 41:586- 595.
4. Baker AM, Soto JA, Perez CE, Lee EA (2012) Acculturative status and psychological well being in an Asian American sample. Asian Am J Psychol, 3:275-285.
5. Bankston III CL, Zhou M (1996) The ethnic church, ethnic identification, and social adjustment of Vietnamese adolescents. Rev Relig Res, 30:18-37.
6. Baysu G, Phalet K (2014) Avrupalı ikinci nesil Türk göçmenlerin okul başarısı. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 17:36-49. Berry JW (1970) Marjinality, stress, and ethnic identification in an acculturated Aboriginal community. J Cross Cult Psychol, 1:239-252.
7. Berry JW (1980) Acculturation as varieties of adaptation. In Acculturation: Theory, Models and Some New Findings, (Ed AM Padilla):9-25. Boulder, CO, Westview Press.
8. Berry JW, Kim U, Power S, Young M, Bujaki M (1989) Acculturation attitudes in plural societies. Appl Psychol, 38:185-206.

9. Berry JW (1990) Psychology of acculturation. In Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, (Ed JJ Berman):201-234. Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press.
10. Berry JW (1994) Acculturation and psychological adaptation: an overview. In Journeys into Cross-Cultural Psychology (Eds AM Bouvy, FJR van de Vijver, P Boski, P Schmitz):129-141. Amsterdam, Swets & Zeitlinger.
11. Sam DL, Berry JW (1995) Acculturatice stress among young immigrants in Norway. Scand J Psychol, 36:10-24.
12. Berry JW (1997) Immigration, acculturation and adaptation. Appl Psychol, 46:5-68.
13. Berry JW (2001) A psychology of immigration. J Soc Issues, 57:615-631.
14. Berry JW (2006a) Stres perspectives on acculturation. In The Cambridge Handbook of Acculturation Psychology, 2nd ed. (Eds DL Sam, JW Berry): 43-57. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
15. Berry JW (2006b) Acculturation: a conceptual overview. In Acculturation and Parent-Child Relationships: Measurement and Development (Eds MH Bornstein, LR Cote):13-30. New Jersey, Lawrence Erlbaum.
16. Berry JW, Phinney JS, Sam DL, Vedder P (2006) Immigrant youth: acculturation, identity, and adaptation. Appl Psychol, 55:303-332.
17. Berry JW (2009) Living together in culturally-plural societies: Understanding and managing acculturation and multiculturalism. In Perspectives on Human Development, Family, and Culture (Eds S Bekman, A Aksu-Koç):227-240. New York, Cambridge University Press.
18. Berry JW, Poortinga YH, Breugelmans SM, Chasiotis A, Sam DL (2011) Cross Cultural Psychology: Research and Applications, 3rd edition. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
19. Bogardus E S (1959) Social Distance. Yellow Springs, OH, Antioch.
20. Bourhis RY, Dayan J (2004) Acculturation orientations towards Israeli Arabs and Jewish immigrants in Israel. Int J Psychol, 39:118-131.
21. Bourhis RY, Moise LC, Perreault S, Senecal S (1997) Towards an interractive acculturation model: a social psychological approach. Int J Psychol, 32:369-386.
22. Brewer MB (1968) Determinants of social distance among East African tribal groups. J Pers Soc Psychol, 10:279-289.
23. Demirdağ A (2015) Medyada Suriyeli sığınmacı imajının tehdit algısı ve insanlıktan çıkarma eğilimine göre değişimi. DTCF Psikoloji Bölümü Almanak-II Etkinliği, 14 Nisan 2015, Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara, Türkiye.
24. Flaskerud JH (2007) Cultural competence column: acculturation. Issues Ment Health Nurs, 28:543-546.
25. Gil AG, Vega WA, Dimas JM (1994) Acculturative stress and personal adjustment among Hispanic adolescent boys. J Community Psychol, 22:43-54.
26. Gordon M (1964) Assimilation in American Life. New York, Oxford.
27. Grant PR (2007) Sustaning a strong cultural and national identity: the acculturation of immigrants and second generation Canadians of Asian and African descent. Int Migr Integr, 8:89-116.
28. Güngör D, Bornstein MH (2009) Gender, development, values, adaptation, and discrimination in acculturating adolescents: the case of Turk heritage youth born and living in Belgium. Sex Roles, 60:537-548.
29. Güngör D, Bornstein MH, Phalet K (2012) Religiosity, values, and acculturation: a study of Turkish, Turkish-Belgian, and Belgian adolescents. Int J Behav Dev, 36:367-373.
30. Güngör D (2014) İkinci kuşak Avrupalı Türklerde psikolojik entegrasyon ve uyum: çift boyutlu kültürleşme temelinde karşılaştırmalı bir derleme. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 17:16-31.
31. Göregenli M, Karakuş P (2014) Göç araştırmalarında mekân boyutu: kültürel ve mekânsal bütünleşme. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 17:101-115.
32. Jasti S, Lee CH, Doak C (2011) Gender, acculturation, food patterns, and owerveight in Korean immigrants. Am J Health Behav, 35:734-745.
33. Jones PE (2004) False consensus in social context: differential projection and perceived social distance. Br J Psychol, 43:417-429.
34. Kang SM (2006) Measurement of acculturation, scale formats, and language competence: their implications for adjustment. J Cross Cult Psychol, 37:669-693.
35. Koydemir S (2013) Acculturation and subjective well being: the case of Turkish ethnic youth in Germany. J Youth Stud, 16:460-473.
36. Lahti IJ, Horenczyk G, Kinunen T (2011) Time and context in the relationship between acculturation attitudes and adaptation among Russian-speaking immigrants in Finland and Israel. J Ethn Migr Stud, 37:1423-1440.
37. Lee JH, Green K (2010) Acculturation process of Hmong in Eastern Wisconsin. Hmong Stud J, 11:1-21.
38. Mahmud SH, Schölmerich A (2011) Acculturation and life satisfaction: immigrants in Germany. Psychology Research, 1:278-286.
39. Masgoret AM, Ward C (2006) Culture laerning approach to acculturation. In The Cambridge Handbook of Acculturation Psychology, 2nd edition (Eds DL Sam, JW Berry):58-77. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
40. Matsumoto D, Juang L (2004) Culture and Psychology, 3rd edition. California, Thomson Learning.
41. Major B, Sawyer PJ (2009) Attributions to discriminations: antecedents and consequences. In Handbook of Prejudice, Stereotyping and Discrimination (Ed TD Nelson):89-106. New York, Taylor & Francis.
42. Maydell-Stevens E, Masgoret AM, Ward T (2007) Problems of psychological and sociocultural adaptation among Russian speaking immigrants in New Zealand. Social Policy Journal of New Zealand, 30:178-198.
43. Ouarasse OA, van de Vijver FJR (2005) The role of demographic variables and acculturation attitudes in predicting sociocultural and psychological adaptation in Moroccans in the Netherland. Int J Intercult Relat, 29:251-272. Park RE (1924) The concept of social distance as applied to the study of racial attitudes and ratial relations. Journal of Applied Social Sociology, 8:339-344.
44. Redfild R, Linton R, Herkovits MJ (1936) Memorandum on the study of acculturation. Am Anthropol, 38:149-152.
45. Robinson L (2009) Cultural identity and acculturation preferences among South Asian adolescents in Britain: an exploratory study. Child Soc, 23:442-454.
46. Rogler LH, Corte DE, Malgady RG (1991) Acculturation and mental health status among Hispanics: convergence and new directions for research. Am Psychol, 46:585-597.
47. Rohmann A, Piontkowski U, van Randerborgh A (2008) When attitudes do not fit: discordance of acculturation attitudes as an antecedent of intergroup threat. Pers Soc Psychol Bull, 34:337–352.
48. Rokeach M (1960) The Open and Closed Mind. New York, Basic Books.
49. Rudmin FW (2003) Critical history of the acculturation psychology of assimilation, seperation, integration, and marginalization. Rev Gen Psychol, 7:3-37.
50. Rudmin FW, Ahmadzadeh V (2001) Psychometric critique of acculturation psychology: the case of Iranian migrants in Norway. Scand J Psychol, 42:41-56.
51. Rudmin F (2009) Constructs, measurements and models of acculturation and acculturative stress. Int J Intercult Relat, 33:106-123.
52. Sam DL (2006) Acculturation: conceptual backround and core components. In The Cambridge Handbook of Acculturation Psychology, 2nd edition (Eds DL Sam, JW Berry):11-26. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
53. Sam DL, Vedder P, Ward C, Horenczyk G (2006) Psychological and sociological adaptation of immigrant youth. In Immigtant Youth in Cultural Transition: Acculturation, Identity, and Adaptation Across National Contexts (Eds JW Berry, JS Phinney, DL Sam, P Vedder):117-141. New Jersey, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
54. Schmitz PG (2001) Psychological aspects of immigration. In Cross-Cultural Topics in Psychology, 2nd edition (Eds LL Adler, UP Gielen):229-243. London, Praeger.
55. Snauwaert B, Soenens B, Vanbeselaere N, Boen F (2003) When integration does not necessarily imply integration: different conceptualizations of acculturation orientations lead to different classifications. J Cross Cult Psychol, 34:231-239.
56. Steffen P, Merrill R (2011) The association between religion and acculturation in Utah Mexican immigrants. Ment Health Relig Cult, 14:561-573.
57. Stuart J, Ward C (2011) A question of balance: exploring the acculturation, integration and adaptation of Muslim immigrant youth. Psychological Intervention, 20:255-267.
58. Şeker BD (2006) Kente göç etmiş bir örneklemde kültüre uyum (kültürlenme) süreçleri. Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 3:1-31.
59. Şeker BD, Sirkeci İ (2014) Birleşik Krallık’daki Türkiye kökenli kadınlarda yaşam doyumu: kimlik, kültürleşme ve ayrımcılık. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 17:69-81.
60. Trebbe J (2007) Types of integration, acculturation strategies and media use of young Turks in Germany. Communications, 32:171-191.
61. Van Selm K, Sam DL, Van Oudenhoven JP (1997). Life satisfaction and competence of Bosnian refugees in Norway. Scand J Psychol, 38:143-149.
62. Ward C, Kennedy A (1992) Locus of control, mood disturbance and social difficulty during cross-cultural transitions. Int J Intercult Relat, 16: 175–194.
63. Ward C, Kennedy A (1993) Psychological and sociocultural adjustment during cross cultural transitions: a comparison of secondary students overseases and at home. Int J Psychol, 28:129-147.
64. Ward C, Okura Y, Kennedy A, Kojima T (1998) The U-curve on trial: a longitudinal study of psychological and sociocultural adjustment during cross cultural transition. Int J Intercult Relat, 22: 227-291. Ward C, Kennedy A (1999) The measurement of sociocultural adaptation. Int J Intercult Relat, 23:659-677.
65. Ward C, Rana-Deuba A (1999) Acculturation and adaptation revisited. J Cross Cult Psychol, 30:422-442.
66. Ward C, Rana-Deuba A (2000) Home and host culture influences on sojourner adjustment. Int J Intercult Relat, 24:291-306.
67. Ward C (2008) Thinking outside the Berry boxes: new perspectives on identity, acculturation and intercultural relations. Int J Intercult Relat, 32: 105-114.
68. Yağmur K, van de Vijver, FJR (2012) Acculturation and language orientations of Turkish immigrants in Australia, France, Germany and the Netherlands. J Cross Cult Psychol, 43:1110-1130.
69. Zagefka H, Gonzalez R, Brown R (2011) How minority members’ perceptions of majority members’ acculturation preferences shape minority members’ own acculturation preferences: evidence from Chile. J Soc Psychol, 50:216-233.