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Turkish Adaptation Study of the State Anger Scale in a Traumatized Sample

Year 2021, , 375 - 387, 29.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.992195

Abstract

Anger is an emotional response that occurs with many mental problems, sometimes treated as a symptom, so it would be useful to measure in clinical studies. This study aims to adapt the State Anger Scale to Turkish and to test the validity and reliability of the scale. A sample of 578 women who experienced physical and sexual abuse, aged between 18 to 57 participated in the study. The internal consistency of the scale was calculated by calculating both Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and Guttman split-half reliability. While the construct validity of the scale was examined by exploratory factor analysis; the criteria validity of the scale was tested by examining the relationship between traumatic stress and trait anger levels. The predictive validity was tested by regression analysis. The internal consistency coefficient of the scale was α = .94; the split-half reliability coefficient was .89. Results of factor analysis revealed that the scale consisted of two factors that have a high-level positive relationship. The state anger and traumatic stress symptoms were related positively, and state anger level explained 22% of the variance in traumatic stress symptoms. These findings suggest that the Turkish version of the State Anger Scale (STAS) is a valid and reliable measurement tool. The STAS is thought to be a useful tool for both determining the effectiveness of treatment and developing preventive studies especially in the studies of psychological trauma.

Supporting Institution

Spunk Fund, Inc.

References

  • Aker AT, Özeren M, Başoğlu M, Kaptanoğlu C, Erol A, & Buran B (1999). Klinisyen tarafından uygulanan Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğu Ölçeği (TSSB-Ö)-Geçerlik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 10(4): 286-293.
  • American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.
  • Basile KC, Arias I, Desai S, Thompson MP (2004). The Differential Association of Intimate Partner Physical, Sexual, Psychological and Stalking Violence and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in a Nationally Representative Sample of Women. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17(5), 413 – 421.
  • Başoğlu M & Şalcıoğlu E (2011). A mental healthcare model for mass trauma survivors: Control-focused behavioral treatment of earthquake, war, and torture trauma. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Başoglu M, Şalcıoglu E, Livanou M, Özeren M, Aker T, Kılıç C, & Mestçioglu Ö (2001). A study of the validity of a screening instrument for traumatic stress in earthquake survivors in Turkey. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 14(3), 491-509.
  • Bayram Kuzgun T(2018). The Association Between Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Trauma-Related Guilt, Shame, Fear, and Sense of Control in Women with Sexual Trauma (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation). Istanbul Arel University, Istanbul, Turkey.
  • Brewin CR, Andrews B, Valentine JD (2000). Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol, 68, 748–766.
  • Chemtob CM, Novaco RW, Hamada RS, Gross DM, & Smith G (1997). Anger regulation deficits in combat‐related posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of traumatic stress, 10(1), 17-36.
  • Danesh HB (1977). Anger and fear. The American journal of psychiatry, 134(10), 1109-1112.
  • Dyer KW, Dorahy MJ, Hamilton G, Corry M, Shannon M, MacSherry A, McRobert G, Elder R, & McElhill B (2009). Anger, agression, and self-harm in PTSD and Complex- PTSD. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65 (10), 1099 – 1114.
  • Etzler SL, Rohrmann S, & Brandt H (2014). Validation of the STAXI-2: A study with prison inmates. Psychological Test and Assessment Modeling, 56(2), 178-194.
  • Evans S, Giosan C, Patt I, Spielman L, & Difede J (2006). Anger and its association to distress and social/occupational functioning in symptomatic disaster relief workers responding to the September 11, 2001, World Trade Center disaster. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 19, 147–152.
  • Foa EB, Riggs DS, Massie ED, & Yarczower M (1995). The impact of fear activation and anger on the efficacy of exposure treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder. Behavior Therapy, 26, 487 – 499.
  • Forgays DG, Forgays DK, Spielberger CD (1997). Factor structure of the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory. J Pers Assess, 69: 497-507.
  • Heinrichs M, Wagner D, Schoch W, Soravia LM, Hellhammer DH, Ehlert U (2005). Predicting posttraumatic stress symptoms from pretraumatic risk factors: A 2-year prospective follow-up study in firefighters. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 2276–2286.
  • Jacobs GA, Latham LE, Brown, MS (1988). Test-retest reliability of the State-Trait Personality Inventory and the Anger Expression Scale. Anxiety Res, 1, 263-265.
  • Jakupcak M, & Tull MT (2005). Effects of trauma exposure on anger, aggression, and violence in a nonclinical sample of men. Violence and victims, 20(5), 589.
  • Kilpatrick D, Resnick H, Milanak M, Miller M, Keyes K, & Friedman M (2013). National estimates of exposure to traumatic events and PTSD prevalence using DSM-IV and DSM-5 criteria. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 26,537–547.
  • Kulka RA, Schlenger WE, Fairbank JA, Hough RL, Jordon BK, Marmar CR, & Weiss DS (1990). Trauma and the Vietnam War generation: Report of findings from the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
  • Lasko NB, Gurvtis TV, Kuhne AA, Orr SP, & Pitman RK (1994). Aggression and its correlates in Vietnam veterans with and without chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 35, 373–381.
  • Meffert SM, Metzler TJ, Henn‐Haase C, McCaslin S, Inslicht S, Chemtob C, Neylan T & Marmar CR (2008). A prospective study of trait anger and PTSD symptoms in police. Journal of Traumatic Stress: Official Publication of The International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, 21(4), 410-416.
  • Müller C, Bongard S, Heiligtag U, & Hodapp V (2001). Das State-Trait Ärgerausdrucks-Inventar (STAXI) in der klinischen Anwendung: Reliabilität und faktorielle Validität. Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie, 30(3), 172-181.
  • Novaco RW, Chemtob CM (2002). Anger and combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 15(2), 123 – 132.
  • Olatunji BO, Ciesielski BG, & Tolin DF (2010). Fear and loathing: A meta-analytic review of the specificity of anger in PTSD. Behavior Therapy, 41(1), 93-105.
  • Ozer EJ, Best SR, Lipsey TL, Weiss DW (2003). Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and symptoms in adults: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 129:52–73.
  • Özer AK (1994). Sürekli Öfke ve Öfke İfade Tarzı Ölçekleri Ön Çalışması. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 9(31), 26-35.
  • Riggs DS, Dancu CV, Gershuny BS, Greenberg D, & Foa EB (1992). Anger and post-traumatic stress disorder in female crime victims. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 5, 613-625.
  • Spielberger CD (1988). State-Trait-Anger-Expression-Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologist Press.
  • Spielberger CD (1999). State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 (STAXI-2). Professional Manual. Tampa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
  • Spielberger CD (2010). State‐Trait Anger Expression Inventory. The corsini encyclopedia of psychology, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, s.1-1.
  • Swan SC, Gambone LJ, Fields AM, Sullivan TP, & Snow DL (2005). Women who use violence in intimate relationships: The role of anger, victimization, and symptoms of posttraumatic stress and depression. Violence and Victims, 20, 267–285.
  • Şalcıoğlu E, Urhan S, Pirinççioğlu T, Aydın Ş (2017). Anticipatory Fear and Helplessness Predict PTSD and Depression in Domestic Violence Survivors. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice and Policy, (1), 117 – 125.
  • Tennant C, & McLean L (2001). The impact of emotions on coronary heart disease risk. Journal of Cardiovascular Risk, 8(3), 175-183.
  • Westberry LG (1980). Concurrent validation of the Trait-Anger Scale and its correlation with other personality measures. Unpublished master's thesis, University of South Florida.
  • Wilk JE, Quartana PJ, Clarke‐Walper K, Kok BC, & Riviere LA (2015). Aggression in US soldiers post‐deployment: Associations with combat exposure and PTSD and the moderating role of trait anger. Aggressive behavior, 41(6), 556-565.

Travma Deneyimlemiş Bir Örneklemde Durumluk Öfke Ölçeğinin Türkçe Uyarlama Çalışması

Year 2021, , 375 - 387, 29.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.992195

Abstract

Öfke, birçok ruhsal problem ile birlikte ortaya çıkan, kimi zaman bir semptom olarak da ele alınan, bu nedenle klinik araştırmalar-da ölçülmesinin faydalı olacağı duygusal bir tepkidir. Bu çalışmada Durumluk Öfke Ölçeğinin Türkçe’ye uyarlanması, geçerlik ve güvenirliğinin sınanması amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmanın örneklemini fiziksel ve cinsel şiddet deneyimi olan, yaşları 18 – 57 arasında değişen 578 kadın oluşturmaktadır. Ölçeğin iç tutarlılığı hem Cronbach alfa katsayısı hem de iki yarım test güvenirliği hesaplana-rak; yapı geçerliliği açımlayıcı faktör analizi kullanılarak, ölçüt bağıntılı geçerliliği travmatik stres ve sürekli öfke puanları arasın-daki ilişki incelenerek ve yordayıcı geçerliliği regresyon analizi yapılarak test edilmiştir. Ölçeğin iç tutarlılık kat sayısı .94; iki yarım test güvenirliği .88 ve Guttman İki-Yarı kat sayısı .89 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Yapılan faktör analizinde ölçeğin iki faktörden oluştu-ğu, iki faktör arasında yüksek düzey pozitif ilişki olduğu görülmüştür. Durumluk öfke düzeyi ile travmatik stres belirtileri arasında yüksek düzey pozitif ilişki olduğu, durumluk öfke düzeyinin travmatik stres belirtilerindeki değişimin %22’sini açıkladığı görül-müştür. Bu bulgular Durumluk Öfke Ölçeği’nin Türkçe formunun geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçüm aracı olduğuna işaret etmektedir. Durumluk öfke ölçeğinin, özellikle psikolojik travma alanında yapılan çalışmalarda hem tedavi etkililiğinin tespit edilmesinde hem de önleyici çalışmalar geliştirmede kullanılabilecek yardımcı bir araç olduğu düşünülmektedir.

References

  • Aker AT, Özeren M, Başoğlu M, Kaptanoğlu C, Erol A, & Buran B (1999). Klinisyen tarafından uygulanan Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğu Ölçeği (TSSB-Ö)-Geçerlik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 10(4): 286-293.
  • American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.
  • Basile KC, Arias I, Desai S, Thompson MP (2004). The Differential Association of Intimate Partner Physical, Sexual, Psychological and Stalking Violence and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in a Nationally Representative Sample of Women. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17(5), 413 – 421.
  • Başoğlu M & Şalcıoğlu E (2011). A mental healthcare model for mass trauma survivors: Control-focused behavioral treatment of earthquake, war, and torture trauma. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Başoglu M, Şalcıoglu E, Livanou M, Özeren M, Aker T, Kılıç C, & Mestçioglu Ö (2001). A study of the validity of a screening instrument for traumatic stress in earthquake survivors in Turkey. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 14(3), 491-509.
  • Bayram Kuzgun T(2018). The Association Between Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Trauma-Related Guilt, Shame, Fear, and Sense of Control in Women with Sexual Trauma (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation). Istanbul Arel University, Istanbul, Turkey.
  • Brewin CR, Andrews B, Valentine JD (2000). Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol, 68, 748–766.
  • Chemtob CM, Novaco RW, Hamada RS, Gross DM, & Smith G (1997). Anger regulation deficits in combat‐related posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of traumatic stress, 10(1), 17-36.
  • Danesh HB (1977). Anger and fear. The American journal of psychiatry, 134(10), 1109-1112.
  • Dyer KW, Dorahy MJ, Hamilton G, Corry M, Shannon M, MacSherry A, McRobert G, Elder R, & McElhill B (2009). Anger, agression, and self-harm in PTSD and Complex- PTSD. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65 (10), 1099 – 1114.
  • Etzler SL, Rohrmann S, & Brandt H (2014). Validation of the STAXI-2: A study with prison inmates. Psychological Test and Assessment Modeling, 56(2), 178-194.
  • Evans S, Giosan C, Patt I, Spielman L, & Difede J (2006). Anger and its association to distress and social/occupational functioning in symptomatic disaster relief workers responding to the September 11, 2001, World Trade Center disaster. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 19, 147–152.
  • Foa EB, Riggs DS, Massie ED, & Yarczower M (1995). The impact of fear activation and anger on the efficacy of exposure treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder. Behavior Therapy, 26, 487 – 499.
  • Forgays DG, Forgays DK, Spielberger CD (1997). Factor structure of the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory. J Pers Assess, 69: 497-507.
  • Heinrichs M, Wagner D, Schoch W, Soravia LM, Hellhammer DH, Ehlert U (2005). Predicting posttraumatic stress symptoms from pretraumatic risk factors: A 2-year prospective follow-up study in firefighters. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 2276–2286.
  • Jacobs GA, Latham LE, Brown, MS (1988). Test-retest reliability of the State-Trait Personality Inventory and the Anger Expression Scale. Anxiety Res, 1, 263-265.
  • Jakupcak M, & Tull MT (2005). Effects of trauma exposure on anger, aggression, and violence in a nonclinical sample of men. Violence and victims, 20(5), 589.
  • Kilpatrick D, Resnick H, Milanak M, Miller M, Keyes K, & Friedman M (2013). National estimates of exposure to traumatic events and PTSD prevalence using DSM-IV and DSM-5 criteria. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 26,537–547.
  • Kulka RA, Schlenger WE, Fairbank JA, Hough RL, Jordon BK, Marmar CR, & Weiss DS (1990). Trauma and the Vietnam War generation: Report of findings from the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
  • Lasko NB, Gurvtis TV, Kuhne AA, Orr SP, & Pitman RK (1994). Aggression and its correlates in Vietnam veterans with and without chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 35, 373–381.
  • Meffert SM, Metzler TJ, Henn‐Haase C, McCaslin S, Inslicht S, Chemtob C, Neylan T & Marmar CR (2008). A prospective study of trait anger and PTSD symptoms in police. Journal of Traumatic Stress: Official Publication of The International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, 21(4), 410-416.
  • Müller C, Bongard S, Heiligtag U, & Hodapp V (2001). Das State-Trait Ärgerausdrucks-Inventar (STAXI) in der klinischen Anwendung: Reliabilität und faktorielle Validität. Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie, 30(3), 172-181.
  • Novaco RW, Chemtob CM (2002). Anger and combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 15(2), 123 – 132.
  • Olatunji BO, Ciesielski BG, & Tolin DF (2010). Fear and loathing: A meta-analytic review of the specificity of anger in PTSD. Behavior Therapy, 41(1), 93-105.
  • Ozer EJ, Best SR, Lipsey TL, Weiss DW (2003). Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and symptoms in adults: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 129:52–73.
  • Özer AK (1994). Sürekli Öfke ve Öfke İfade Tarzı Ölçekleri Ön Çalışması. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 9(31), 26-35.
  • Riggs DS, Dancu CV, Gershuny BS, Greenberg D, & Foa EB (1992). Anger and post-traumatic stress disorder in female crime victims. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 5, 613-625.
  • Spielberger CD (1988). State-Trait-Anger-Expression-Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologist Press.
  • Spielberger CD (1999). State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 (STAXI-2). Professional Manual. Tampa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
  • Spielberger CD (2010). State‐Trait Anger Expression Inventory. The corsini encyclopedia of psychology, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, s.1-1.
  • Swan SC, Gambone LJ, Fields AM, Sullivan TP, & Snow DL (2005). Women who use violence in intimate relationships: The role of anger, victimization, and symptoms of posttraumatic stress and depression. Violence and Victims, 20, 267–285.
  • Şalcıoğlu E, Urhan S, Pirinççioğlu T, Aydın Ş (2017). Anticipatory Fear and Helplessness Predict PTSD and Depression in Domestic Violence Survivors. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice and Policy, (1), 117 – 125.
  • Tennant C, & McLean L (2001). The impact of emotions on coronary heart disease risk. Journal of Cardiovascular Risk, 8(3), 175-183.
  • Westberry LG (1980). Concurrent validation of the Trait-Anger Scale and its correlation with other personality measures. Unpublished master's thesis, University of South Florida.
  • Wilk JE, Quartana PJ, Clarke‐Walper K, Kok BC, & Riviere LA (2015). Aggression in US soldiers post‐deployment: Associations with combat exposure and PTSD and the moderating role of trait anger. Aggressive behavior, 41(6), 556-565.
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Psychology
Journal Section Research
Authors

Sinem Cankardaş 0000-0003-4140-2068

Ebru Şalcıoğlu 0000-0003-2235-6430

Publication Date December 29, 2021
Acceptance Date December 12, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021

Cite

AMA Cankardaş S, Şalcıoğlu E. Travma Deneyimlemiş Bir Örneklemde Durumluk Öfke Ölçeğinin Türkçe Uyarlama Çalışması. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar. December 2021;13(Ek 1):375-387. doi:10.18863/pgy.992195

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