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Romantik İlişkiler ve Aşk

Year 2012, Volume: 4 Issue: 4, 520 - 546, 01.12.2012
https://doi.org/10.5455/cap.20120431

Abstract

Yakın ilişki ya da aşk, bazen kişisel bir ilişki, bazen kişisel ilişkilerin özel bir öğesi, bazen de bir insanın diğerine duyduğu belli bir duyguyu belirtmek için kullanılmaktadır. Aşk konusu son yıllarda psikolojinin çalışma alanı içinde yer alan temalardan biri olmuştur. Aşkın tanımı kültürden kültüre, kişiden kişiye farklılık göstermektedir. Aşk yakınlık, bağlanma, güven, saygı ve sevgi gibi duyguları beraberinde getirmektedir. Bu çalışmada Türkçe literatürde bu konudaki eksikliğin fark edilmesinden dolayı kuramsal olarak ele alınmıştır. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, aşk konusunda farklı açıklamalar yapan kuramları ele almaktır.

References

  • Rotenberg KJ, Shewchuk VA, Kimberley T. Loneliness sex romantic jealousy and powerlessness. J Soc Pers Relat 2001; 18:7-19.
  • Sternberg RJ. Cupid’s Arrow: The Course of Love Through Time. UK, Cambridge University Press, 1999.
  • Brown RA. Romantic love and the spouse selection criteria of male and female Korean college students. J Soc Psychol 1994; 134:183- 206.
  • Moss BS, Schwebel AI. Marriage and romantic relationship: the fining intimacy in romantic relations. Fam Relat 1993; 42:7-31.
  • Hojjat M. Sex differences and perceptions of conflict in romantic relationships. J Soc Pers Relat 2000; 17: 4-5.
  • Lee JA. Love styles. In Psychology of Love (Eds RJ Sternberg, ML Barnes):38-67. New Haven, Yale University Press, 1988.
  • Kernberg OF. Love Relations Normality and Pathology. New Haven, Yale University Press, 1995.
  • Heiss J. Gender and romantic-love roles, Sociol Q 1991; 32: 415-430.
  • Shaver P, Hazan C, Bradshow D. Love as attachment: the integration of three behavioral systems. In Psychology of Love (Eds RJ Sternberg, ML Barnes):1-36. New Haven, Yale University Press, 1988.
  • Bowlby J. Attachment and Loss. New York, Basic Books, 1999.
  • Collins NL, Read SJ. Adult attachment, working models, and relationship quality in dating couples. J Pers Soc Psychol 1990; 58: 644-663.
  • Fonagy P. Psychoanalytic theory from the viewpoint of attachment theory and research. In Handbook of Attachment Theory and Research (Eds J Cassidy, P Shaver):595-624. New York, Guilford Press, 1999.
  • Rothbard JC, Shaver PR. Continuity of attachment across the life span. In Attachment in Adults: Clinical and Developmental Perspectives (Eds MB Sperling, N H Berman):32-40. New York, Guilford Press, 1994.
  • Hazan C, Shaver P. Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. J Pers Soc Psychol 1987; 52: 511-524.
  • Kirkpatrick LA, Davis KE. Attachment style, gender, and relationship stability: a longitudinal analysis. Pers Soc Psychol 1994; 66:502-512.
  • Bartholomew K, Shaver PR. Methods of assessing adult attachment do they converge? In Attachment Theory and Close Relationships (Eds JA Simpson, WS Rholes):25-45. New York, Guilford Press, 1998.
  • Perris C, Andersson P. Experiences of parental rearing and patterns of attachment in adulthood. Clin Psychol Psychother 2000; 7:279-288.
  • Cassidy J. The complexity of the caregiving system: A view from attachment theory. Psychol Inq 2000; 11:86-91.
  • Parker G. Early environment. In Handbook of Affective Disorders, 2nd ed. (Ed ES Paykel):171-183. New York, Guilford Press, 1992.
  • Diehl M, Elnick AB, Bourbeau LS, Labouvie-Vief G. Adult attachment styles: their relations to family context and personality. J Pers Soc Psychol 1998; 74:1656-1669.
  • Mikulincer M, Goodman GS. Dynamics of Romantic Love: Attachment, Caregiving and Sex. New York, Guilford Press, 2006.
  • Wei M, Russell DW, Zakalik RA. Adult attachment, social self-efficacy, self- disclosure, loneliness, and subsequent depression for freshmen college students: a longitudinal study. J Couns Psychol 2005; 52:602-614.
  • Declercq F, Willemsen J. Distress and post traumatic stress disorders in high risk professionals: adult attachment style and the dimensions of anxiety and avoidance. Clin Psychol Psychother 2006; 13:256-263.
  • Fonagy P. Attachment Theory and Psychoanalysis. New York, Other Press, 2001.
  • Gratz KL, Roemer L. Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: development, factor structure, and initial validation of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. J Psychopathol Behav Assess 2004; 36:41-54.
  • Flora J, Segrin C. Relationship development in dating couples:Implication for relational satisfaction and loneliness. J Soc Pers Relat 2000; 17:26-54.
  • De Munck VC, Korotayev A. Sexual equality and romantic love: a reanalysis of roseblatt's study on the function of romantic love. Cross Cult Res 1999; 33:13-32.
  • Cramer D. Nature of romantic love in female adolescents. J Psychol 1992; 126:679- 682.
  • Sternberg RJ. A triangular theory of love. In Psychology of Love (Eds RJ Sternberg, ML Barnes):68-99. New Haven, Yale University Press, 1988.
  • Buss DM. Love acts: the evolutionary biology of love. In Psychology of Love (Eds RJ Sternberg, ML Barnes):100-118. New Haven, Yale University Press, 1988.
  • Buss DM. The evolution of human intrasexual competition: tactics of mate attraction. J Pers Soc Psychol 1988; 54: 616-628.
  • Buss DM. Sex differences in human mate preferences: evolutionary hypotheses tested in 37 cultures. Behav Brain Sci 1989; 12:1-49.
  • Buss DM. The evolution of human mating. Acta Psychologica Sinica 2007; 39:502- 521.
  • Meston C, Buss DM. Why humans have sex. Arc Sex Behav 2007; 36: 477-507.
  • Branden N. A vision of romantic love. In Psychology of Love (Eds RJ Sternberg, ML Barnes):218-231. New Haven, Yale University Press, 1988.
  • Hatfield E. Passionated and companionated love. In Psychology of Love (Eds RJ Sternberg, ML Barnes):191-213. New Haven, Yale University Press, 1988.191-213.
  • Sternberg RJ. A triangular theory of love, Psychol Rev 1986; 93:119-135.
  • Sternberg RJ. The psychology of intelligence. Intelligence 2002; 30:482-483.
  • Fisher H. Why We Love? The Nature and Chemistry of Romantic Love. New York, Henry Holt and Co, 2004.
  • Rafal MK, Herbert M, Pavel IO, Stefano V, Rogawski MA. The pheromone androstenol (5 alpha-androst-16-en-3 alpha-ol) is a neurosteroid positive modulator of GABAA receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 317:694-703.
  • Grammer K, Jütte A. Battle of odors: significance of pheromones for human reproduction. Gynakol Geburtshilfliche Rundsch 1997; 37:150-153.
  • Lübke KT, Hoenen M, Pause BM. Differential processing of social chemosignals obtained from potential partners in regards to gender and sexual orientation. Behav Brain Res 2012; 228:375-387.
  • Sinding C, Thomas-Danguin T, Crepeaux G, Schaal B, Coureaud G. Experience influences elemental and configural perception of certain binary odour mixtures in newborn rabbits. J Exp Biol 2011; 214:4171-4178.
  • Singer T, Seymour B, O'Doherty J, Kaube H, Dolan RJ, Frith CD. Empathy for pain involves the affective but not sensory components of pain. Science 2004; 303:1157-1162.
  • Casper LM, Bianchi SM. Continuity and Change in the American Family. Thousand Oaks, Sage, 2002.
  • Arnett JJ. Emerging adulthood: a theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. Am Psychol 2000; 55:469-480.
  • Arnett JJ. Adolescent and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach. New Jersey, Prentice-Hall, 2001.
  • Lefkowitz ES, Bone TL, Shearer CL. Communication with best friends about sex- related topics during emerging adulthood. J Youth Adolesc 2003; 9:52-57.
  • Arnett JJ. Emerging Adulthood. New Jersey, Prentice-Hall, 2004.
  • Lefkowitz ES, Gillen MM, Shearer CL, Bone TL. Religiosity, sexual behaviors, and sexual attitudes during emerging adulthood. J Youth Adolesc 2003; 8:86-92.
  • Shifren K, Furnham A, Bauserman LA. Emerging adulthood in American and British samples: individuals’ personality and health risk behaviors. J Adult Dev 2003; 10:56- 67.
  • Hatfield E, Walster GW. A New Look at Love. Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley, 1978.
  • Hazan C, Shaver P. Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process, J Pers Soc Psychol 1987; 52:511-524.
  • Prager CJ, Buhremester D. Intimacy and need fullfilment in couple relationships. J Soc Pers Relat 1998; 15:435-470.
  • Bredgan M, Vitaro F, Doyle AB, Markiewicz D, Bukowski M. Same sex peer relations and romantic relationships during early adolescence: interactive links to emotional behavioral and academic adjustment. Merrill-Palmer Q 2002; 48:77-103.
  • Büyükşahin A. Yakın ilişki kuran ve kuramayan üniversite öğrencilerinin çeşitli sosyal psikolojik etkenler yönünden karşılaştırılması (Yüksek lisans tezi). Ankara, Ankara Üniversitesi, 2001.
  • Gültekin A. Lise öğrencilerinin kendini açma davranışlarının kimlik gelişim düzeyleri açısından incelenmesi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi 2001; 14:231- 241.
  • Gottman JM. The Science of Trust: Emotional Attunement for Couples. New York, WW Norton, 2011.
  • Hasan Atak, Kırıkkale Üniversitesi, Kırıkkale; Nuray Taştan, Kırıkkale Üniversitesi, Kırıkkale.

Romantic Relationships and Love

Year 2012, Volume: 4 Issue: 4, 520 - 546, 01.12.2012
https://doi.org/10.5455/cap.20120431

Abstract

Intimacy or love is completely defined as a personal relationship or sometimes a specific component of personal relationships or even a particular emotion that someone feels for another. Love is appearing as a psychological concept in the area of psychology in recent years. The definition of love depends on culture and people. Love comes with the concepts such as intimacy, attachment, respect and mature love. In this context, love is evaluated conceptually in this paper in order to fill the lack of the papers on this subject in Turkey. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the theories that have different approaches about love.

References

  • Rotenberg KJ, Shewchuk VA, Kimberley T. Loneliness sex romantic jealousy and powerlessness. J Soc Pers Relat 2001; 18:7-19.
  • Sternberg RJ. Cupid’s Arrow: The Course of Love Through Time. UK, Cambridge University Press, 1999.
  • Brown RA. Romantic love and the spouse selection criteria of male and female Korean college students. J Soc Psychol 1994; 134:183- 206.
  • Moss BS, Schwebel AI. Marriage and romantic relationship: the fining intimacy in romantic relations. Fam Relat 1993; 42:7-31.
  • Hojjat M. Sex differences and perceptions of conflict in romantic relationships. J Soc Pers Relat 2000; 17: 4-5.
  • Lee JA. Love styles. In Psychology of Love (Eds RJ Sternberg, ML Barnes):38-67. New Haven, Yale University Press, 1988.
  • Kernberg OF. Love Relations Normality and Pathology. New Haven, Yale University Press, 1995.
  • Heiss J. Gender and romantic-love roles, Sociol Q 1991; 32: 415-430.
  • Shaver P, Hazan C, Bradshow D. Love as attachment: the integration of three behavioral systems. In Psychology of Love (Eds RJ Sternberg, ML Barnes):1-36. New Haven, Yale University Press, 1988.
  • Bowlby J. Attachment and Loss. New York, Basic Books, 1999.
  • Collins NL, Read SJ. Adult attachment, working models, and relationship quality in dating couples. J Pers Soc Psychol 1990; 58: 644-663.
  • Fonagy P. Psychoanalytic theory from the viewpoint of attachment theory and research. In Handbook of Attachment Theory and Research (Eds J Cassidy, P Shaver):595-624. New York, Guilford Press, 1999.
  • Rothbard JC, Shaver PR. Continuity of attachment across the life span. In Attachment in Adults: Clinical and Developmental Perspectives (Eds MB Sperling, N H Berman):32-40. New York, Guilford Press, 1994.
  • Hazan C, Shaver P. Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. J Pers Soc Psychol 1987; 52: 511-524.
  • Kirkpatrick LA, Davis KE. Attachment style, gender, and relationship stability: a longitudinal analysis. Pers Soc Psychol 1994; 66:502-512.
  • Bartholomew K, Shaver PR. Methods of assessing adult attachment do they converge? In Attachment Theory and Close Relationships (Eds JA Simpson, WS Rholes):25-45. New York, Guilford Press, 1998.
  • Perris C, Andersson P. Experiences of parental rearing and patterns of attachment in adulthood. Clin Psychol Psychother 2000; 7:279-288.
  • Cassidy J. The complexity of the caregiving system: A view from attachment theory. Psychol Inq 2000; 11:86-91.
  • Parker G. Early environment. In Handbook of Affective Disorders, 2nd ed. (Ed ES Paykel):171-183. New York, Guilford Press, 1992.
  • Diehl M, Elnick AB, Bourbeau LS, Labouvie-Vief G. Adult attachment styles: their relations to family context and personality. J Pers Soc Psychol 1998; 74:1656-1669.
  • Mikulincer M, Goodman GS. Dynamics of Romantic Love: Attachment, Caregiving and Sex. New York, Guilford Press, 2006.
  • Wei M, Russell DW, Zakalik RA. Adult attachment, social self-efficacy, self- disclosure, loneliness, and subsequent depression for freshmen college students: a longitudinal study. J Couns Psychol 2005; 52:602-614.
  • Declercq F, Willemsen J. Distress and post traumatic stress disorders in high risk professionals: adult attachment style and the dimensions of anxiety and avoidance. Clin Psychol Psychother 2006; 13:256-263.
  • Fonagy P. Attachment Theory and Psychoanalysis. New York, Other Press, 2001.
  • Gratz KL, Roemer L. Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: development, factor structure, and initial validation of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. J Psychopathol Behav Assess 2004; 36:41-54.
  • Flora J, Segrin C. Relationship development in dating couples:Implication for relational satisfaction and loneliness. J Soc Pers Relat 2000; 17:26-54.
  • De Munck VC, Korotayev A. Sexual equality and romantic love: a reanalysis of roseblatt's study on the function of romantic love. Cross Cult Res 1999; 33:13-32.
  • Cramer D. Nature of romantic love in female adolescents. J Psychol 1992; 126:679- 682.
  • Sternberg RJ. A triangular theory of love. In Psychology of Love (Eds RJ Sternberg, ML Barnes):68-99. New Haven, Yale University Press, 1988.
  • Buss DM. Love acts: the evolutionary biology of love. In Psychology of Love (Eds RJ Sternberg, ML Barnes):100-118. New Haven, Yale University Press, 1988.
  • Buss DM. The evolution of human intrasexual competition: tactics of mate attraction. J Pers Soc Psychol 1988; 54: 616-628.
  • Buss DM. Sex differences in human mate preferences: evolutionary hypotheses tested in 37 cultures. Behav Brain Sci 1989; 12:1-49.
  • Buss DM. The evolution of human mating. Acta Psychologica Sinica 2007; 39:502- 521.
  • Meston C, Buss DM. Why humans have sex. Arc Sex Behav 2007; 36: 477-507.
  • Branden N. A vision of romantic love. In Psychology of Love (Eds RJ Sternberg, ML Barnes):218-231. New Haven, Yale University Press, 1988.
  • Hatfield E. Passionated and companionated love. In Psychology of Love (Eds RJ Sternberg, ML Barnes):191-213. New Haven, Yale University Press, 1988.191-213.
  • Sternberg RJ. A triangular theory of love, Psychol Rev 1986; 93:119-135.
  • Sternberg RJ. The psychology of intelligence. Intelligence 2002; 30:482-483.
  • Fisher H. Why We Love? The Nature and Chemistry of Romantic Love. New York, Henry Holt and Co, 2004.
  • Rafal MK, Herbert M, Pavel IO, Stefano V, Rogawski MA. The pheromone androstenol (5 alpha-androst-16-en-3 alpha-ol) is a neurosteroid positive modulator of GABAA receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 317:694-703.
  • Grammer K, Jütte A. Battle of odors: significance of pheromones for human reproduction. Gynakol Geburtshilfliche Rundsch 1997; 37:150-153.
  • Lübke KT, Hoenen M, Pause BM. Differential processing of social chemosignals obtained from potential partners in regards to gender and sexual orientation. Behav Brain Res 2012; 228:375-387.
  • Sinding C, Thomas-Danguin T, Crepeaux G, Schaal B, Coureaud G. Experience influences elemental and configural perception of certain binary odour mixtures in newborn rabbits. J Exp Biol 2011; 214:4171-4178.
  • Singer T, Seymour B, O'Doherty J, Kaube H, Dolan RJ, Frith CD. Empathy for pain involves the affective but not sensory components of pain. Science 2004; 303:1157-1162.
  • Casper LM, Bianchi SM. Continuity and Change in the American Family. Thousand Oaks, Sage, 2002.
  • Arnett JJ. Emerging adulthood: a theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. Am Psychol 2000; 55:469-480.
  • Arnett JJ. Adolescent and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach. New Jersey, Prentice-Hall, 2001.
  • Lefkowitz ES, Bone TL, Shearer CL. Communication with best friends about sex- related topics during emerging adulthood. J Youth Adolesc 2003; 9:52-57.
  • Arnett JJ. Emerging Adulthood. New Jersey, Prentice-Hall, 2004.
  • Lefkowitz ES, Gillen MM, Shearer CL, Bone TL. Religiosity, sexual behaviors, and sexual attitudes during emerging adulthood. J Youth Adolesc 2003; 8:86-92.
  • Shifren K, Furnham A, Bauserman LA. Emerging adulthood in American and British samples: individuals’ personality and health risk behaviors. J Adult Dev 2003; 10:56- 67.
  • Hatfield E, Walster GW. A New Look at Love. Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley, 1978.
  • Hazan C, Shaver P. Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process, J Pers Soc Psychol 1987; 52:511-524.
  • Prager CJ, Buhremester D. Intimacy and need fullfilment in couple relationships. J Soc Pers Relat 1998; 15:435-470.
  • Bredgan M, Vitaro F, Doyle AB, Markiewicz D, Bukowski M. Same sex peer relations and romantic relationships during early adolescence: interactive links to emotional behavioral and academic adjustment. Merrill-Palmer Q 2002; 48:77-103.
  • Büyükşahin A. Yakın ilişki kuran ve kuramayan üniversite öğrencilerinin çeşitli sosyal psikolojik etkenler yönünden karşılaştırılması (Yüksek lisans tezi). Ankara, Ankara Üniversitesi, 2001.
  • Gültekin A. Lise öğrencilerinin kendini açma davranışlarının kimlik gelişim düzeyleri açısından incelenmesi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi 2001; 14:231- 241.
  • Gottman JM. The Science of Trust: Emotional Attunement for Couples. New York, WW Norton, 2011.
  • Hasan Atak, Kırıkkale Üniversitesi, Kırıkkale; Nuray Taştan, Kırıkkale Üniversitesi, Kırıkkale.
There are 59 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Review
Authors

Hasan Atak This is me

Nuray Taştan This is me

Publication Date December 1, 2012
Published in Issue Year 2012 Volume: 4 Issue: 4

Cite

AMA Atak H, Taştan N. Romantik İlişkiler ve Aşk. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry. December 2012;4(4):520-546. doi:10.5455/cap.20120431

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