Yönetim ve Örgütlenmede İnisiyatif Kullanımı: Henry Fayol’un Perspektifinden Bir Kavram Analizi

Abstract

Bu çalışma, yönetim ve örgütlenme süreçlerinde inisiyatif kavramını Henry Fayol’un perspektifinden kavramsal bir analizle incelemektedir. Fayol’un temel yönetim ilkelerinden biri olarak tanımladığı inisiyatifin, klasik yönetim anlayışından günümüz dinamik örgüt yapılarına kadar nasıl evrildiği araştırılmıştır. Çalışmanın amacı, inisiyatif kavramının yönetim teorisindeki konumunu belirlemek ve çağdaş yönetim uygulamalarındaki rolünü değerlendirmektir. Araştırmada, etkileşimsiz nitel yöntemlerden kavram analizi kullanılmış olup Walker ve Avant’ın (1983) modeli temel alınarak inisiyatifin tanımlayıcı özellikleri, ilişkili kavramlar ve örgütsel etkileri incelenmiştir. Çalışmada inisiyatifin sadece bireysel bir yetkinlik değil, aynı zamanda örgütsel yenilik, esneklik ve sürdürülebilirlik açısından kritik bir unsur olduğunu tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak dijitalleşme ve artan küresel rekabet ortamında, yönetim süreçlerinde inisiyatifin teşvik edilmesi ve çalışanların bu yetkinliği geliştirmesi, örgütsel başarı için stratejik bir gereklilik haline geldiği belirtilmiştir.

Keywords

• Henry Fayol
• İnisiyatif
• Kişisel İnisiyatif
• Kavram Analizi

The Use of Initiative in Management and Organization: A Concept Analysis from Henry Fayol's Perspective

Abstract

This study conducts a conceptual analysis of the notion of initiative within the realms of management and organization, specifically through the lens of Henry Fayol. It investigates how initiative, which Fayol defines as a core management principle, has transitioned from classical management theories to contemporary, dynamic organizational frameworks. This study aims to ascertain the positioning of initiative within management theory and assess its significance in current management practices. The research employs the concept analysis methodology, a qualitative approach characterized by its non-interactive nature. It applies the framework that Walker and Avant (1983) established to delineate the defining traits of initiative, its associated concepts, and its implications for organizational structures. The findings reveal that initiative constitutes an individual competency and is vital for fostering organizational innovation, adaptability, and sustainability. In the context of digitalization and heightened global competition, it has become strategically essential to encourage initiative within management processes and to cultivate this competency among employees for organizational success.

Keywords

• Henry Fayol
• İnitiative
• Personel İnitiative
• Concept Analysis

References

1. Akın, U. (2022). Örgüt ve yönetimde insiyatif alma. Pegem Yayıncılık.
2. Alikaj, A., Ning, W., & Wu, B. (2021). Proactive personality and creative behavior: Examining the role of thriving at work and high-involvement HR practices. Journal of Business Psychology, 36(5), 857–869. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-020-09704-5
3. Axtell, C. M., & Parker, S. K. (2003). Promoting role breadth self-efficacy through involvement, work design, and training. Human Relations, 56, 112–131.
4. Aydan, S. (2018). İhbarcılık bir kavram analizi. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 15(41), 78-100.
5. Aytemiz, L. (2015). Satış sonrası piyasalarda rekabet politikası ve kodak kararı. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(1), 9-16.
6. Baer, M., & Frese, M. (2003). Innovation is not enough: Climates for initiative and psychological safety, process innovations, and firm performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24, 45–68.
7. Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191-215.
8. Bandura, A. (1994). Self efficacy. In V. S. Ramachaudran (Ed.). Encylopedia of human behavior, 4, 71-81. New York: Academic Press.

9. Bateman, T. S., & Crant, J. M. (1993). The proactive component of organizational behavior: A measure and correlates. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14(2), 103-118.  https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030140202
10. Botes, A. (2002). Concept analysis: Some limitations and possible solutions. Curationis, 25(3), 23-27.  https://doi.org/10.4102/curationis.v25i3.779
11. Breeze, J. D. (1995). Henri Fayol’s centre for administrative studies. Journal of Management History (Archive), 1(3), 37-62.  https://doi.org/10.1108/13552529510095152
12. Conger, J. A., & Kanungo, R. N. (1988). The empowerment process: Integrating theory and practice. The Academy of Management Review, 13(3), 471-482.
13. Crant, J. M., & Bateman, T. S. (2000). Charismatic leadership viewed from above: The impact of proactive personality, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21(1), 63-75.
14. Den Hartog, D. N., & Belschak, F. D. (2012), When does transformational leadership enhance employee proactive behavior? The role of autonomy and role breadth self-efficacy. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97, 194-202.
15. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and selt-determination in human behavior. Plenum.
16. Eissa, G. (2020). Individual initiative and burnout as antecedents of employee expediency and the moderating role of conscientiousnes. Journal of Business Research, 110, 202–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.12.047
17. Fay, D., & Frese, M. (2001) The concept of personal ınitiative: An overview of validity studies. Human Performance, 14(1), 97-124. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327043HUP1401_0
18. Fay, D., & Frese, M. (2000). Self-starting behavior at work: Toward a theory of personal initiative. Motivational Psychology of Human Development, 131, 307-324.
19. Fay, D., & Sonnentag, S. (2010). A look back to move ahead: New directions for research on proactive performance and other discretionary work behaviors. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 59(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2009.00413.x
20. Fayol, H. (2021), Genel ve endüstriyel yönetim, Adres Yayınları.
21. Fenwick, T. (2005). Conceptions of critical HRD: Dilemmas for theory and practice. Human Resource Development International, 8(3), 225‐38.
22. Fells, M. J. (2000). Fayol stands the test of time. Journal of Management History (Archive), 6(8), 345-360.
23. Frese, M., Garst, H., & Fay, D. (2007). Making things happen: Reciprocal relationships between work characteristics and personal initiative in a four-wave longitudinal structural equation model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(4), 1084–1102.
24. Frese, M., Kring, W., Soose, A., & Zempel, J. (1996). Personal initiative at work: Differences between East and West Germany. Academy of Management Journal, 39(1), 37–63. https://doi.org/10.2307/256630
25. Frese, M., Fay, D., Hilburger, T., Leng K., & Tag A. (1997). The concept of personal initiative: Operationalization, reliability and validity in two German samples. Journal of Occuputiona1 and Organizational Psychology, 70, 139-161
26. Gatti Junior, W., Camargo Junior, A. S., & Varella, P. (2022). Intergenerational hybrid products in periods of discontinuous change. European Journal of Innovation Management, 25(3), 860-880. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-10-2020-0438
27. Glaub M. E., Frese, M., Fischer, S., & Hoppe, M. (2014). Increasing personal initiative in small business managers or owners leads to entrepreneurial success: A theory-based controlled randomized field ıntervention for evidence-based. ManagementAcademy of Management Learning & Education, 13(3), 354–379. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/amle.2013.0234
28. Godwin, A., Handsome, O., Ayomide, W., Enobong, A., & Johnson, F. (2017). Application of the Henri Fayol principles of management in startup organizations. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 19(10), 78-85.
29. Grant, A. M., & Ashford, S. J. (2008). The dynamics of proactivity at work. Research in Organizational Behavior, 28, 3–34.
30. George, J. M., & Brief, A. P. (1992). Feeling good-doing good: A conceptual analysis of the mood at work- organizational spontaneity relationship. Psychological Btrlletin, 1(12), 310-329.
31. Griffin, M. A., Neal, A., & Parker, S. K. (2007). A new modelof workrole performance: Positive behavior in uncertain and interdependent contexts. Academy of Management Journal, 50, 327–347.
32. Gündüz, H.B., Çakmak. E., ve Korumaz, M. (2015). Eğitim örgütlerinde inisiyatif alma: Bir ölçek geliştirme çalışması. International Journal of Human Sciences, 12(2), 327-342. https://doi.org/10.14687/ijhs.v12i2.3344
33. Islam, A., & Ajmal, M. (2024). Unlocking proactive socialization dynamics: İnvestigating work engagement through social capital resources, the interplay of proactive personality and perceived organizational support. Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOEPP-06-2024-0291
34. Hess, R. (2014, June 9). KODAK: Rise and fall of a legend. Organizational transformation in the case of Eastman Kodak Corporation [Conference Session]. Global Organization & Leadership Congress, Seoul, South Korea.
35. Hess, E.D., & Ludwig, K. (2018). The smart machine age will require a new story about leadership. Leader to Leader, 87, 54-59.
36. Hull, R. T. (1981). Responsibility and accountability analyzed. Nursing Outlook, 29(12), 707-712.
37. Junça-Silva, A., Duarte, H., & Santos, S. C. (2024). Personal initiative, risk-taking, creativity and opportunity discovery among students. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, 18(1), 49-71. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEC-10-2022-0150
38. Kanter, R. M. (1983). The change masters. Simon & Schuster.
39. Karaboğa, T. ve Zehir, C. (2020). Henri Fayol ve yönetim alanına katkıları üzerine bir inceleme. IBAD Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7, 53-68.
40. Katz, D., & Kahn, R. L. (1978). The social psychology of organizations. (2nd ed.). Wiley.
41. Kettles, A. M., & Woods, K. P. (2006). A concept analysis of ‘forensic’ nursing. The British Journal of Forensic Practice, 8(3), 16-27.
42. Kilic, E., & Gök, M. Ş. (2023). Employee proactivity and proactive initiatives towards creativity: Exploring the roles of job crafting and initiative climate. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 31(6), 2492-2506. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-01-2022-3100
43. Kurbanoğlu, S. S. (2004). Öz-yeterlik inancı ve bilgi profesyonelleri için önemi. Bilgi Dünyası, 5(2), 137–152.
44. Lamond, D. (2004). A matter of style: Reconciling Henri and Henry. Management Decision, 42(2), 330-356. https://doi.org/10.1108/00251740410513845
45. Lawler, E. E. (1992). The ultimate advantage: Creating the high involvement organization. Jossey-Bass.
46. Ma, B., Zhu, S., & Jain, K. (2023). The “sense” behind proactive behaviors: Feedback seeking, meaningfulness, and personal initiative, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 144, 1-16.
47. Matsuo, M. (2019). Empowerment through self-improvement skills: The role of learning goals and personal growth initiative. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 115, 1-11.
48. McClelland, D. C., & Winter, D. G. (1971). Motivating economic achievement. Free Press.
49. Merriam-Webster. (t.y.). Merriam-Webster.com. Sözlük. Erişim Ocak 29, 2025, https://www.merriam-webster.com
50. Moczydłowska, J. M. (2017). Individual initiative of employees – psychological and management aspects. Entrepreneurship and management. Przedsiębiorczość i Zarządzanie, 1(2), 49–59.
51. Montani, F., Odoardi, C., & Battistelli, A. (2012). Explaining the relationships among supervisor support, affective commitment to change, and innovative work behavior: The moderating role of coworker support. Bolletino Di Psicologia Applicata, 264, 43-57.
52. Morrison, E. W. (2006). Doing the job well: An investigation of pro-social rule breaking. Journal of Management, 32, 5–28.
53. Murphy. P. R., & Jackson, S. E. (1999). Managing work role performance: Challenges for twentyfirst century organizations and employees. In D. R. Ilgen, & E. D. Pulakos (Eds), The changing nature of performance: Implications for stafing, motivation and development (pp.325-365). Jossey-Bass.
54. Nayır, F., ve Taşkın, P. (2017). Eğitim örgütlerinde örgütsel destek algısı ile inisiyatif alma davranışı arasındaki ilişki. Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 14(1), 1319-1356.
55. Niess A., & Duhamel F. B. (2018). The course of recognition and the emergence of change initiatives. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 31(5), 1071-1083. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOCM-03-2017-0090
56. Norris, C. M. (1982). Concept Clarification in Nursing. Aspen Systems, Rockville.
57. Nsereko, I., Balunywa, J. W., Kyazze, L. M., Nsereko, H. B., & Nakato, J. (2020). Entrepreneurial alertness and social entrepreneurial venture creation: The mediating role of personal initiative. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, 16(3), 361-383.
58. Organ, D. (1988). Organizational Citizenship Behavior: The Good Soldier Syndrome. Lexington Books.
59. Parker, S. (2007). That is my job: How employees’ role orientation affects their job performance. Human Relations, 60(3), 403-434.
60. Parker, L.D., & Ritson, P. (2005). Fads, stereotypes and management gurus: Fayol and Follett today. Management Decision, 43(10), 1335-1357.
61. Patel, R. (2020). Eastman Kodak. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340939733_Eastman_Kodak
62. Pelit E., Öztürk Y., & Aslantürk Y. (2011). The effects of employee empowerment on employee job satisfaction: A study on hotels in Turkey. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 23(6), 784-802. https://doi.org/10.1108/09596111111153475
63. Podsakoff, P. M., & MacKenzie, S. B. (1997). Impact of organizational citizenship behavior on organizational performance: A review and suggestion for future research, Human Performance, 10(2), 133-151. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327043hup1002_5
64. Poperwi, L. (2018). Principles of management: Their relevance and applicability in the management of current and future organizations. Scholars Journal of Economics, Business and Management. 5(9), 808-812.
65. Pryor, M. G., & Taneja, S. (2010). Henri Fayol practitioner and theoretician revered and reviled. Journal of Management History, 16(4), 489-503.
66. Rodrigues, C. (2001). Fayol's 14 principles of management then and now: A framework for managing today's organizations effectively. Management Decision, 39(10), 880 889.
67. Segarra-Ciprés, M., Escrig-Tena, A., & García-Juan, B. (2019). Employees' proactive behavior and innovation performance: Examining the moderating role of informal and formal controls. European Journal of Innovation Management, 22, 866-888.
68. Spreitzer, G. M. (1995). Psychological empowerment in the workplace: Dimensions, measurement, and validation. The Academy of Management Journal, 38(5), 1442–1465. https://doi.org/10.2307/256865
69. Şener, E., ve Çetinkaya, F. (2016). Güç bağımlılığı: Bir kavram analizi. AKÜ İİBF Dergisi, 18(2), 125-137.
70. Şevik, Ü. (2022). Proaktif kişiliğin iş çıktıları üzerindeki etkisinde lider-üye etkileşiminin aracı rolü: Özel güvenlik personeli üzerine bir araştırma. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Vizyoner Dergisi, 13(30), 84-97. https://doi.org/10.21076/vizyoner.1143305
71. Thomas, K. W., & Velthouse, B. A. (1990). Cognitive elements of empowerment: An interpretive model of intrinsic task motivation. Academy of Management Review, 15(4), 666-681.
72. Turek, D., & Czaplińska I. (2014). Praktyki ZZL, klimat organizacyjny i postrzeganie wsparcia mene dżerskiego a zachowania obywatelskie pracowników, Organizacja i Kierowanie, 4(164).
73. Tüzemen, B., ve Demirel, A. G. (2020). Türk yöneticilerine göre Henri Fayol’un yönetim prensiplerinin günümüzdeki geçerliliği üzerine pilot bir çalışma. İşletme Fakülte Dergisi, 21(1), 1-30.
74. Utsch, A., Rauch, A., Rothfufs, R., & Frese, M. (1999). Who becomes a small scale entrepreneur in a post-socialist environment: On the differences between entrepreneurs and managers in east Germany, Journal of Small Business Management, 37(3), 31-42.
75. Weigt-Rohrbeck, J., & Linneberg, M. S. (2019). Democratizing innovation processes: Personal initiative in bottom-up eco-innovation. European Journal of Innovation Management, 22(5), 821-844. http://doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-12-2018-0278
76. Wren, D. A. (1995). Henri Fayol: Learning from experience. Journal of Management History (Archive), 1(3), 5-12.  https://doi.org/10.1108/13552529510095116
77. Wren, D. A., & Bedian, A. G. (2021), Yönetim Düşüncesinin Evrimi, Albaraka Yayınları.
78. Wu, C. H., Parker, S. K., Wu, L. Z., & Lee, C. (2018). When and why people engage in different forms of proactive behavior: Interactive effects of self-construals and work characteristics. Academy of Management Journal, 61(1), 293-323. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2013.1064
79. Zahidi, S. (2025). Future of Jobs Report. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/publications/the-future-of-jobs-report-2025