Research Article

The impact of paperless trade, trade openness, and institutional readiness on global competitiveness: A cross-sectional analysis

Volume: 13 Number: 1 June 30, 2026
EN TR

The impact of paperless trade, trade openness, and institutional readiness on global competitiveness: A cross-sectional analysis

Abstract

This study aims to examine the effects of the indicators included in the Global Trade Modernization Index (GTMI) on countries’ levels of global competitiveness through a cross-sectional data analysis. Accordingly, the analysis utilizes data from 46 countries based on the 2024 editions of the GTMI and the Global Competitiveness Index (GCI). The five components of the GTMI are incorporated into the model as independent variables, whereas the GCI is included as the dependent variable. The findings indicate that trade openness, paperless trade, and institutional readiness exert statistically significant and positive effects on global competitiveness. Paperless trade reduces transaction costs through digital documentation and automated processes, which in turn increases both operational efficiency and responsiveness, ultimately supporting competitiveness. Institutional readiness, meanwhile, underscores the importance of investing in technological infrastructure and fostering institutional arrangements that can adapt to digital systems, highlighting these factors as critical determinants of global competitiveness. In contrast, the effects of human capital and the regulatory environment were found to be statistically insignificant. Taken together, the findings emphasize that strengthening digital trade infrastructures facilitates deeper integration into global markets and enhances countries’ competitive advantages.

Keywords

References

  1. Arshad, M. U., Shabbir, M. N., & Niazi, M. (2023). Trade openness and public innovation: A causality analysis. Sage Open, 13(3), 21582440231201750. https://doi.org/10.1177/215824402312017
  2. Asia Global Institute, ICC Digital Standards Initiative, & Milken Institute. (2024, March). Global trade modernization index (Beta version). https://www.asiaglobalinstitute.hku.hk/storage/app/media/GTMI%20booklet%20.pdf
  3. Aztimur, H., & Kaya, L. (2023). Ticari açıklık ile Ar-Ge harcamaları ilişkisi: g-20 ülkeleri için ampirik bir inceleme. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 22(87), 763-775. https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.1200519
  4. Cora, Ç. R., & Uncuoğlu Yolcu, İ. (2022). Dijitalleşmenin dış ticaret üzerine etkisi ve kâğıtsız dış ticaret [The effect of digitalization on foreign trade and paperless foreign trade]. Atlas International Refereed Journal on Social Sciences, 8(47), 2597–2610. https://doi.org/10.31568/atlas.825
  5. Demir, Ç., & Doğukanlı, H. (2025). Türkiye’de BIST 100’de yer alan sanayi sektörü endeks getirilerinin döviz kuru riskine duyarlılığı: forex betalarının ölçümü. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 34(1), 858-879. https://doi.org/10.35379/cusosbil.1432942
  6. Duval, Y., & Hardy, S. (2021). A primer on quantifying the environmental benefits of cross-border paperless trade facilitation (No. 206). ARTNeT Working Paper Series.
  7. Görgülü, S., & Gökçen, G. (2025). Olağan dışı finansal koşullarda yönetim muhasebesi uygulamalarının temel rekabet stratejilerine etkileri. Muhasebe ve Denetime Bakış, 25(76), 387-408. https://doi.org/10.55322/mdbakis.1708031
  8. Gür, B. (2021). Ticari dışa açıklık ve enflasyon ilişkisi: BRICS-T ülkeleri için Romer hipotezinin sınanması. International Journal of Applied Economic and Finance Studies, 6(1), 35-45.

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

E-Trade

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

June 30, 2026

Submission Date

October 25, 2025

Acceptance Date

January 23, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 13 Number: 1

APA
Yılmaz, B. (2026). The impact of paperless trade, trade openness, and institutional readiness on global competitiveness: A cross-sectional analysis. Pamukkale Üniversitesi İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 13(1), 20-33. https://doi.org/10.47097/piar.1810728
AMA
1.Yılmaz B. The impact of paperless trade, trade openness, and institutional readiness on global competitiveness: A cross-sectional analysis. Pamukkale Business Research. 2026;13(1):20-33. doi:10.47097/piar.1810728
Chicago
Yılmaz, Burcu. 2026. “The Impact of Paperless Trade, Trade Openness, and Institutional Readiness on Global Competitiveness: A Cross-Sectional Analysis”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi 13 (1): 20-33. https://doi.org/10.47097/piar.1810728.
EndNote
Yılmaz B (June 1, 2026) The impact of paperless trade, trade openness, and institutional readiness on global competitiveness: A cross-sectional analysis. Pamukkale Üniversitesi İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi 13 1 20–33.
IEEE
[1]B. Yılmaz, “The impact of paperless trade, trade openness, and institutional readiness on global competitiveness: A cross-sectional analysis”, Pamukkale Business Research, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 20–33, June 2026, doi: 10.47097/piar.1810728.
ISNAD
Yılmaz, Burcu. “The Impact of Paperless Trade, Trade Openness, and Institutional Readiness on Global Competitiveness: A Cross-Sectional Analysis”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi 13/1 (June 1, 2026): 20-33. https://doi.org/10.47097/piar.1810728.
JAMA
1.Yılmaz B. The impact of paperless trade, trade openness, and institutional readiness on global competitiveness: A cross-sectional analysis. Pamukkale Business Research. 2026;13:20–33.
MLA
Yılmaz, Burcu. “The Impact of Paperless Trade, Trade Openness, and Institutional Readiness on Global Competitiveness: A Cross-Sectional Analysis”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, vol. 13, no. 1, June 2026, pp. 20-33, doi:10.47097/piar.1810728.
Vancouver
1.Burcu Yılmaz. The impact of paperless trade, trade openness, and institutional readiness on global competitiveness: A cross-sectional analysis. Pamukkale Business Research. 2026 Jun. 1;13(1):20-33. doi:10.47097/piar.1810728

All articles published in Pamukkale University Journal of Business Research are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY- 4.0). https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

download?token=eyJhdXRoX3JvbGVzIjpbXSwiZW5kcG9pbnQiOiJqb3VybmFsIiwib3JpZ2luYWxuYW1lIjoiaW1hZ2UucG5nIiwicGF0aCI6Ijg2MDcvNTdlYi81MGIxLzZhMGRhMjNmNjlkZGQ2LjY4MjU5MzQyLnBuZyIsImV4cCI6MTc3OTI4MTk5OSwibm9uY2UiOiI1NTMyNTA1ZTBhNzQ1OGI1MGM4OGE2YWNlNzAzMzNiNyJ9.7VV3eaBIIEohCCfOQxkYYaeDKn295YIt5MfLMs_C72M