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YUMUŞAK GÜÇ ARACI OLARAK KONFERANS DİPLOMASİSİ

Year 2026, Volume: 1 Issue: 1 , 21 - 33 , 15.04.2026
https://izlik.org/JA69WL65DM

Abstract

Toplumların birbirleriyle ilk iletişim kurmaya başladığı, yazının icadından bile önceki dönemlerde ortaya çıktığı düşünülen diplomasi kavramı zaman içerisinde gelişmiş ve değişime uğramıştır. Günümüzdeki anlamıyla 18. Yüzyılda kullanılmaya başlandığı kabul gören diplomasideki en büyük değişimlerden biri şüphesiz iki toplum ya da iki devlet arasında yürütülen bir faaliyetken çok uluslu, çok taraflı sorunlar ve savaşlarla birlikte diplomasinin de çok taraflı hale gelmiş olmasıdır. İlk örnekleri bulunmakla birlikte tarihte çok taraflı diplomasinin konferans diplomasisi şeklinde bir norma dönüştüğü dönüm noktasını 1815 Viyana Kongresi olduğu değerlendirilmektedir. Viyana Kongresi’nde kurulan düzenin korunabilmesini teminen konferanslar elzem birer diplomatik araca dönüşmüş ve büyük güçler arasında bir gelenek haline gelmiştir. 20. yüzyılda Milletler Cemiyeti’nin kurulmasıyla konferans diplomasisi farklı bir boyut kazanmıştır. İlk ortaya çıktığı dönemlerde savaşları bitiren ve düzen oluşturmaya yarayan konferans diplomasisi Joseph Nye’ın ortaya koyduğu ayırımla “sert gücün” bir uzantısıyken, özellikle 2000’li yıllarda ortaya çıkan yeni tür çok taraflı konferansların aynı zamanda bir yumuşak güç ve kamu diplomasisi aracı olduğu da görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada ilk olarak diplomasinin ilk ortaya çıkışı ve gelişimi ele alınacak, ardından bir diplomasi türü olarak konferans diplomasisi örneklendirilerek açıklanacak ve 2000’li yıllardaki konferanslarla, konferans diplomasisinin nasıl sert güç aracı olmaktan yumuşak gücün ve kamu diplomasisinin uygulanmasını da sağlayan bir araca dönüştüğü ortaya koyulacaktır.

References

  • Aron, R. (2003). Peace and War: A Theory of International Relations. Transaction Publishers.
  • Baldwin, D. A. (2016). Power and International Relations: A Conceptual Approach. Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1q1xsp6.
  • Bull, H. (1977). The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics (2. bs). Colombia University Press.
  • Constantinou, C. M., Kerr, P., & Sharp, P. (Ed.). (2016). The SAGE Handbook of Diplomacy. SAGE Publications Ltd.
  • Çatal, B. (2024). Küresel Diplomasi: Prexonas’tan Digital Diplomasiye. Eğitim Yayın Evi. https://www.egitimyayinevi.com/doc/891.
  • Dağ, A. E. (2005). Uluslararası İlişkiler ve Diplomasi Sözlüğü,. Anka.
  • Dai, X., Snidal, D., & Sampson, M. (2017). International Cooperation Theory and International Institutions. Içinde Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies. Oxford University Press. https://oxfordre.com/internationalstudies/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.001.0001/acrefore-9780190846626-e-93.
  • Eren, Erdem (2021). Geleneksel Diplomasiden Modern Diplomasiye Diplomasinin Tarihsel Evrimi. Uluslararası Eşitlik Politikası Dergisi 1 (1), 32-55.
  • Ergüven, Nasıh Sarp (2016). Uluslararası Hukukun Tarihsel Boyutuyla Diplomasinin Kurumsal Gelişim Süreci. Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(1), 111-141.
  • Fitschen, T. (2015). Vienna Congress (1815). Oxford Public International Law. https://opil.ouplaw.com/display/10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/law-9780199231690-e738?d=%2F10.1093%2Flaw%3Aepil%2F9780199231690%2Flaw-9780199231690-e738&p=emailA09jYwKbTv1TA.
  • Fomerand, J. (1996). UN Conferences: Media Events or Genuine Diplomacy? Global Governance, 2(3), 361-375.
  • Freeman, C., & Marks, S. (2025). Diplomacy—Roman Catholic, Church, Relations. Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/diplomacy/Diplomacy-of-the-Roman-Catholic-Church.
  • Girgin, K. (1975). Çağdaş politika ve diplomasi (el kitabı). Doğuş Matbaası.
  • Gönlübol, M. (1978). Uluslararası Politika. Siyasal Kitabevi. https://www.siyasalkitap.com/u/siyasalkitap/docs/u/l/uluslararasi-politika-site-pdf-1567507905.pdf.
  • Hamilton, K., & Langhorne, R. (1995). The Pratice of Diplomacy. Routledge.
  • Hart, J. (1976). Three Approaches to the Measurement of Power in International Relations. International Organization, 30(2), 289-305.
  • Heibach, J., & Taş, H. (2024). Infrastructural power in foreign policy: Conceptualising states’ efforts to mobilise non-state actors. International Relations, 00471178241265615. https://doi.org/10.1177/00471178241265615.
  • Keyman, E. F. (t.y.). Diplomasi. TÜBİTAK Ansiklopedi. Geliş tarihi 27 Eylül 2025, https://ansiklopedi.tubitak.gov.tr/ansiklopedi/diplomasi#:~:text=Diplomasi%2C%20egemen%20%C3%BClkeler%20aras%C4%B1ndaki%20sorunlara,bir%20b%C3%BCt%C3%BCn%20olarak%20verilen%20isimdir.
  • Lesaffer, R. (t.y.). The Peace of Aachen (1748) and the Rise of Multilateral Treaties. Oxford Public International Law. Geliş tarihi 15 Ağustos 2025, gönderen https://opil.ouplaw.com/page/559.
  • Lukes, S. (2015). Robert Dahl on power. Journal of Political Power, 8(2), 261-271. https://doi.org/10.1080/2158379X.2015.1057988.
  • Milestones in the History of U.S. Foreign Relations. (t.y.). Office of the Historian. Geliş tarihi 25 Ağustos 2025, gönderen https://history.state.gov/milestones/1750-1775/treaty-of-paris.
  • Mladenov, N. (2023, Nisan 13). Minilateralism: A Concept That Is Changing the World Order. The Washington Institute. https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/minilateralism-concept-changing-world-order.
  • Morgenthau, H. J. (1970). Uluslararası Politika (B. Oran & Ü. Oksay, Çev.; C. 1). Türkiye Siyasi İlimler Derneği.
  • Nye, J. (1990). Bound To Lead: The Changing Nature Of American Power. Basic Books.
  • Nye, J. (2004). Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. PublicAffairs. https://www.almendron.com/tribuna/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/joseph-s-nye-jr-soft-power.pdf.
  • Nye, J. (2017). Soft Power: The Origins and Political Progress of a Concept. Palgrave Communications, 3(1), 17008. https://doi.org/10.1057/palcomms.2017.8.
  • Oppenheim, L. (1955). International Law A Treatise (H. Lauterpacht, Ed.; 8. bs, C. 1). Longman, Green and Co. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.459764/page/n1/mode/2up.
  • Özel, C. (2018). Yumuşak Güce Bütünsel Bakış. Güvenlik Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(1), 1-27.
  • Plischke, E. (1973). The New Diplomacy: A Changing Process. The Virginia Quarterly Review, 49(3), 321-345.
  • Repnikova, M. (2022). The Balance of Soft Power. Foreign Affairs, 101(4). https://www.foreignaffairs.com/china/soft-power-balance-america-china.
  • Saaida, M. (2023). The Role of Soft Power in Contemporary Diplomacy. International Journal of Research Publication and Review, 4(4). https://doi.org/10.55248/gengpi.4.423.36302.
  • Saliu, H. (2020). Public Diplomacy and Related Concepts from the Perspective of Lasswell’s Communication Formula (SSRN Scholarly Paper 3759317). Social Science Research Network. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3759317.
  • Sofer, S. (1988). Old and New Diplomacy: A Debate Revisited. Review of International Studies, 14(3), 195-211.
  • Şehitoğlu, R., & Eren, E. (2022). Konferans Diplomasisi Perspektifinde Antalya Diplomasi Forumu’nun Uluslararası İlişkilerdeki Rolü. İletişim ve Diplomasi, 7, 185-204. https://doi.org/10.54722/iletisimvediplomasi.1111491.
  • T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı. (t.y.). Birleşmiş Milletler Teşkilatı ve Türkiye. Geliş tarihi 17 Eylül 2025, https://www.mfa.gov.tr/birlesmis-milletler-teskilati-ve-turkiye.tr.mfa.
  • The Wars of Louis XIV in Treaties (Part V): The Peace of Nijmegen (1678–1679). (t.y.). Oxford Public International Law. Geliş tarihi 27 Ağustos 2025, https://opil.ouplaw.com/page/721.
  • Tuncer, H. (1991). “Eski” ve “Yeni” Diplomasi. Dış Politika Enstitüsü. https://books.google.com.ua/books?id=2evwGAAACAAJ.
  • United Nations. (2014). Conference Diplomacy from Vienna to New York: A Personal Reflection. United Nations; United Nations. https://www.un.org/en/chronicle/article/conference-diplomacy-vienna-new-york-personal-reflection.
  • Versan, R. (1995). Tarih Boyunca ve Günümüzde Diplomasi. İstanbul Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 10, 89-96.
  • Vincent, E. A., & Darlington Kinikanwo, O. (2023). The use of conference diplomacy in conflict prevention: A call for paradigm shift in the 21st century. International Journal of Social Research and Development, 5(1), 46-52.
  • Yeşiltaş, M., & Balcı, A. (2011). AK Parti Dönemi Türk Dış Politikası Sözlüğü: Kavramsal Bir Harita. Bilgi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2, 9-35.

CONFERENCE DIPLOMACY AS A MEANS OF SOFT POWER

Year 2026, Volume: 1 Issue: 1 , 21 - 33 , 15.04.2026
https://izlik.org/JA69WL65DM

Abstract

It is generally believed that the concept of diplomacy has emerged even before the invention of writing and during the period when societies first began to establish communication and evolved and transformed since then. It is accepted that diplomacy, by it current meaning began to be used in the 18th century. One of the most significant changes in diplomacy is its transition from an activity predominantly between two societies or states to a multilateral form, particularly with the advent of multilateral issues and warfare. Although one can give primarily examples, the 1815 Congress of Vienna is considered the turning point in history when multilateral diplomacy, in the form of conference diplomacy, became institutionalized. The necessity to maintain the order established during the Congress of Vienna made conferences an essential diplomatic tool, which later became a tradition among the great powers. During 20th century, conference diplomacy gaining a new dimension with the establishment of the League of Nations. At first, conference diplomacy was seen as an extension of “hard power,” a concept created by Joseph Nye, which primarily aims to end wars and maintain order. However, in the 2000s, a new form of multilateral conferences emerged that also functioned as a tool of “soft power” and public diplomacy. This study first discusses the origins and transformation of diplomacy, then demonstrates conference diplomacy as a specific form, and finally demonstrates how, in the 2000s, conference diplomacy transitioned from a hard power instrument to a means of soft power and public diplomacy.

References

  • Aron, R. (2003). Peace and War: A Theory of International Relations. Transaction Publishers.
  • Baldwin, D. A. (2016). Power and International Relations: A Conceptual Approach. Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1q1xsp6.
  • Bull, H. (1977). The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics (2. bs). Colombia University Press.
  • Constantinou, C. M., Kerr, P., & Sharp, P. (Ed.). (2016). The SAGE Handbook of Diplomacy. SAGE Publications Ltd.
  • Çatal, B. (2024). Küresel Diplomasi: Prexonas’tan Digital Diplomasiye. Eğitim Yayın Evi. https://www.egitimyayinevi.com/doc/891.
  • Dağ, A. E. (2005). Uluslararası İlişkiler ve Diplomasi Sözlüğü,. Anka.
  • Dai, X., Snidal, D., & Sampson, M. (2017). International Cooperation Theory and International Institutions. Içinde Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies. Oxford University Press. https://oxfordre.com/internationalstudies/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.001.0001/acrefore-9780190846626-e-93.
  • Eren, Erdem (2021). Geleneksel Diplomasiden Modern Diplomasiye Diplomasinin Tarihsel Evrimi. Uluslararası Eşitlik Politikası Dergisi 1 (1), 32-55.
  • Ergüven, Nasıh Sarp (2016). Uluslararası Hukukun Tarihsel Boyutuyla Diplomasinin Kurumsal Gelişim Süreci. Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(1), 111-141.
  • Fitschen, T. (2015). Vienna Congress (1815). Oxford Public International Law. https://opil.ouplaw.com/display/10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/law-9780199231690-e738?d=%2F10.1093%2Flaw%3Aepil%2F9780199231690%2Flaw-9780199231690-e738&p=emailA09jYwKbTv1TA.
  • Fomerand, J. (1996). UN Conferences: Media Events or Genuine Diplomacy? Global Governance, 2(3), 361-375.
  • Freeman, C., & Marks, S. (2025). Diplomacy—Roman Catholic, Church, Relations. Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/diplomacy/Diplomacy-of-the-Roman-Catholic-Church.
  • Girgin, K. (1975). Çağdaş politika ve diplomasi (el kitabı). Doğuş Matbaası.
  • Gönlübol, M. (1978). Uluslararası Politika. Siyasal Kitabevi. https://www.siyasalkitap.com/u/siyasalkitap/docs/u/l/uluslararasi-politika-site-pdf-1567507905.pdf.
  • Hamilton, K., & Langhorne, R. (1995). The Pratice of Diplomacy. Routledge.
  • Hart, J. (1976). Three Approaches to the Measurement of Power in International Relations. International Organization, 30(2), 289-305.
  • Heibach, J., & Taş, H. (2024). Infrastructural power in foreign policy: Conceptualising states’ efforts to mobilise non-state actors. International Relations, 00471178241265615. https://doi.org/10.1177/00471178241265615.
  • Keyman, E. F. (t.y.). Diplomasi. TÜBİTAK Ansiklopedi. Geliş tarihi 27 Eylül 2025, https://ansiklopedi.tubitak.gov.tr/ansiklopedi/diplomasi#:~:text=Diplomasi%2C%20egemen%20%C3%BClkeler%20aras%C4%B1ndaki%20sorunlara,bir%20b%C3%BCt%C3%BCn%20olarak%20verilen%20isimdir.
  • Lesaffer, R. (t.y.). The Peace of Aachen (1748) and the Rise of Multilateral Treaties. Oxford Public International Law. Geliş tarihi 15 Ağustos 2025, gönderen https://opil.ouplaw.com/page/559.
  • Lukes, S. (2015). Robert Dahl on power. Journal of Political Power, 8(2), 261-271. https://doi.org/10.1080/2158379X.2015.1057988.
  • Milestones in the History of U.S. Foreign Relations. (t.y.). Office of the Historian. Geliş tarihi 25 Ağustos 2025, gönderen https://history.state.gov/milestones/1750-1775/treaty-of-paris.
  • Mladenov, N. (2023, Nisan 13). Minilateralism: A Concept That Is Changing the World Order. The Washington Institute. https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/minilateralism-concept-changing-world-order.
  • Morgenthau, H. J. (1970). Uluslararası Politika (B. Oran & Ü. Oksay, Çev.; C. 1). Türkiye Siyasi İlimler Derneği.
  • Nye, J. (1990). Bound To Lead: The Changing Nature Of American Power. Basic Books.
  • Nye, J. (2004). Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. PublicAffairs. https://www.almendron.com/tribuna/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/joseph-s-nye-jr-soft-power.pdf.
  • Nye, J. (2017). Soft Power: The Origins and Political Progress of a Concept. Palgrave Communications, 3(1), 17008. https://doi.org/10.1057/palcomms.2017.8.
  • Oppenheim, L. (1955). International Law A Treatise (H. Lauterpacht, Ed.; 8. bs, C. 1). Longman, Green and Co. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.459764/page/n1/mode/2up.
  • Özel, C. (2018). Yumuşak Güce Bütünsel Bakış. Güvenlik Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(1), 1-27.
  • Plischke, E. (1973). The New Diplomacy: A Changing Process. The Virginia Quarterly Review, 49(3), 321-345.
  • Repnikova, M. (2022). The Balance of Soft Power. Foreign Affairs, 101(4). https://www.foreignaffairs.com/china/soft-power-balance-america-china.
  • Saaida, M. (2023). The Role of Soft Power in Contemporary Diplomacy. International Journal of Research Publication and Review, 4(4). https://doi.org/10.55248/gengpi.4.423.36302.
  • Saliu, H. (2020). Public Diplomacy and Related Concepts from the Perspective of Lasswell’s Communication Formula (SSRN Scholarly Paper 3759317). Social Science Research Network. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3759317.
  • Sofer, S. (1988). Old and New Diplomacy: A Debate Revisited. Review of International Studies, 14(3), 195-211.
  • Şehitoğlu, R., & Eren, E. (2022). Konferans Diplomasisi Perspektifinde Antalya Diplomasi Forumu’nun Uluslararası İlişkilerdeki Rolü. İletişim ve Diplomasi, 7, 185-204. https://doi.org/10.54722/iletisimvediplomasi.1111491.
  • T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı. (t.y.). Birleşmiş Milletler Teşkilatı ve Türkiye. Geliş tarihi 17 Eylül 2025, https://www.mfa.gov.tr/birlesmis-milletler-teskilati-ve-turkiye.tr.mfa.
  • The Wars of Louis XIV in Treaties (Part V): The Peace of Nijmegen (1678–1679). (t.y.). Oxford Public International Law. Geliş tarihi 27 Ağustos 2025, https://opil.ouplaw.com/page/721.
  • Tuncer, H. (1991). “Eski” ve “Yeni” Diplomasi. Dış Politika Enstitüsü. https://books.google.com.ua/books?id=2evwGAAACAAJ.
  • United Nations. (2014). Conference Diplomacy from Vienna to New York: A Personal Reflection. United Nations; United Nations. https://www.un.org/en/chronicle/article/conference-diplomacy-vienna-new-york-personal-reflection.
  • Versan, R. (1995). Tarih Boyunca ve Günümüzde Diplomasi. İstanbul Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 10, 89-96.
  • Vincent, E. A., & Darlington Kinikanwo, O. (2023). The use of conference diplomacy in conflict prevention: A call for paradigm shift in the 21st century. International Journal of Social Research and Development, 5(1), 46-52.
  • Yeşiltaş, M., & Balcı, A. (2011). AK Parti Dönemi Türk Dış Politikası Sözlüğü: Kavramsal Bir Harita. Bilgi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2, 9-35.
There are 41 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Social Policy (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Eda Güney Balcı

Submission Date October 12, 2025
Acceptance Date November 24, 2025
Publication Date April 15, 2026
IZ https://izlik.org/JA69WL65DM
Published in Issue Year 2026 Volume: 1 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Güney Balcı, E. (2026). YUMUŞAK GÜÇ ARACI OLARAK KONFERANS DİPLOMASİSİ. Polisphere: Global Social Policy Perspectives, 1(1), 21-33. https://izlik.org/JA69WL65DM