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Enhancing the Renewable Energy Auctions in Turkey

Year 2021, Volume: 24 Issue: 4, 1379 - 1390, 01.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.2339/politeknik.721850

Abstract

Auction mechanism has been a promising market-based mechanism to promote the generation of electricity from renewable energy sources (RES-E).The success of this mechanism relies on accurate determination of auction design criteria in view of country specifics. Turkey is one of the countries applying this mechanism. The aim of this study is to provide an overview of the design criteria of the renewable energy auction mechanism and to make recommendations as required to improve the effectiveness of this mechanism. Assessments and recommendations as part of this study shall seek to provide an opportunity to review such auction design criteria, benefiting from past experiences, which shall in turn enhance the effectiveness of new auctions. Applied incentives have boosted the share of RES-E in Turkey in the last ten years. Feed-in-Tariff has driven rapid growth in renewable markets and enhanced manufacturing industries. This analysis results show that a large-scale capacity-based auction volume through a single tender created enough competition and large volumes of renewable energy being secured at lower prices. Within the scope of long-term plans, auctions should be held regularly at predetermined intervals in order to facilitate market predictability for investors, and could lead to competition. Renewable auctions to be carried out should be smaller in volume and be distributed across different geographical regions.

References

  • [1] Bulut, U. Muratoglu, G, “Renewable Energy in Turkey: Great Potential, Low but Increasing Utilization, and an Empirical Analysis on Renewable Energy-Growth nexus”, Energy Policy, 123:240-250, (2018).
  • [2] Polzin, F. Egli, F. Steffen, B. Schmidt, T.S., “How do policies mobilize private finance for renewable energy?—A systematic review with an investor perspective”, Applied Energy, 236:1249-1268, (2019).
  • [3] Mihaylov, M. Radulescu, R. Razo-Zapata, I. Jurado, S. Arco, L. Avellana, N. Nowe, A., “Comparing stakeholder incentives across state-of-the-art renewable support mechanisms”, Renewable Energy, 131:689-699, (2019).
  • [4] Abu Hamed, T. Bressler, L., “Energy security in Israel and Jordan: The role of renewable energy sources”, Renewable Energy, 135:378-389,(2019).
  • [5] Dolf, G. Francisco, B. Deger, S. Morgan D. B. Nicholas, W. Ricardo, G., “The role of renewable energy transformation”, Energy Strategy Reviews, 24:38-50, (2019).
  • [6] Tiago, A.L. António, C.M. José, A.F., “Strategies to make renewable energy sources compatible with economic growth”, Energy Strategy Reviews, 18:121-126,(2017).
  • [7] BP (British Petroleum). BP Energy Outlook 2019. https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/energy-outlook/bp-energy-outlook-2019.pdf (accessed 26 March 2019).
  • [8] IRENA (International Renewable Energy Agency). Renewable Power Generation Costs, Abu Dhabi, 2017.
  • [9] Lazard. Selected Historical Mean Unsubsidized LCOE Values, Lazard's levelized cost of energy analysis -version,12.0. https://www.lazard.com/media/450784/lazards-levelized-cost-of-energy-version-120-vfinal.pdf (accessed 13 March 2019).
  • [10] Bloomberg NEF. Turkey Long-term Power Market Outlook, November 2 , 2018
  • [11] Grashof, K., “Are auctions likely to deter community wind projects? And would this be problematic?", Energy Policy, 125: 20-32, (2019).
  • [12] Del Río, P. Mir-Artigues, P., “Designing auctions for concentrating solar power”, Energy for Sustainable Development, 48:67-81, 2019.
  • [13] Bayer, B. Schäuble, D. Ferrari, M., “International experiences with tender procedures for renewable energy - A comparison of current developments in Brazil, France, Italy and South Africa”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 95: 305-327,(2018).
  • [14] Renewable auction design in theory and practice: lessons from the experinces of Brazil and Mexico. Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, OIES Paper El 28.
  • [15] Shivakumar, A. Dobbins, A. Fahl, U. Singh, A., “Drivers of renewable energy deployment in the EU: An analysis of past trends and projections”, Energy Strategy Reviews, 26: 100-402, (2019).
  • [16] AURES (Promoting effective renewable energy auctions). Recommendations on the role of auctions in a new renewable energy directive. 2016
  • [17] AURES (Promoting effective renewable energy auctions). Auctions for renewable energy support - Taming the beast of competitive bidding. Final report of the AURES Project, Report D9, 2017.
  • [18] IBRD-WB (The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank ). Electricity Auctions: An Overview of Efficient Practices, 2011.
  • [19] CEER (The Council of European Energy Regulators ). Tendering procedures for RES in Europe: State of play and first lessons learnt, 2018.
  • [20] FS-UNEP (Frankfurt School of Finance & Management,Centre for Climate and Sustainable Energy Finance). Global trends in renewable energy investment, 2018.
  • [21] Ozcan, M., “The role of renewables in increasing Turkey's self-sufficiency in electrical Energy”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 82: 2629-2639, (2018).
  • [22] Topcu, I. Ülengin, F. Kabak, Ö. Isik, M. Unver, B. Ekici, S.O., “The evaluation of electricity generation resources: The case of Turkey”, Energy, 167: 417-427, (2019).
  • [23] Argin, M. Yerci, V. Erdogan, N. Kucuksari, S. Cali, U., “Exploring the offshore wind energy potential of Turkey based on multi-criteria site selection”, Energy Strategy Reviews, 23: 33-46, (2019).
  • [24] https://www.teias.gov.tr/sites/default/files/2019-01/kurulu_guc_aralik_2018.pdf, “TEİAŞ (Turkish Electricity Transmission Company)-Turkey electricity system installed capacity based on structure and resources, (08 February 2019).
  • [25] Melikoglu, M., “Vision 2023: Scrutinizing achievability of Turkey's electricity capacity targets and generating scenario based nationwide electricity demand forecasts”, Energy Strategy Reviews, 22: 188-195, (2018).
  • [26] https://www.teias.gov.tr/tr/i-kurulu-guc, “Development of Installed Renewable Energy Shares in Turkey's Total Energy Production Based on Years (2000-2016)” , (08 February 2019).
  • [27] https://www.tureb.com.tr/files/bilgi_bankasi/turkiye_res_durumu/istatistik_raporu_ocak_2019.pdf, “Turkish Wind Energy Association (TÜREB). Turkish wind energy statistic report 2019”, (30 February 2019).
  • [28] http://www.epdk.org.tr/Detay/Icerik/3-0-72/elektrikyekdem, “EMRA (Republic of Turkey Energy Market Regulatory Authority)- Electricity Market YEKDEM List”, (08 January 2019).
  • [29] https://www.epdk.org.tr/Detay/Icerik/3-0-39-3/kurul-kararlari-, “EMRA (Republic of Turkey Energy Market Regulatory Authority)- Electricity Market List of Board Decisions, (22 February 2019).
  • [30] MENR (Republic of Turkey Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources). YEKA Guideline for Wind Investors, 2017.
  • [31] USAID (U.S. Agency for International Development Regional Development Mission for Asia). Designing renewable energy incentives and auctions: Lessons for Asean, 2017.
  • [32] IRENA-CEM (International Renewable Energy Agency -The Clean Energy Ministerial). Renewable Energy Auctions - A Guide to Design,2015.
  • [33] EBRD- IRENA (European Bank for Reconstruction and Development - International Renewable Energy Agency). Policy Guidelines on Competitive Selection and Support for Renewable Energy, 2018.
  • [34] https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2016/10/20161009-1.htm, “Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynak Alanları Yönetmeliği - Renewable energy source zone regulation”, (19 May 2020).
  • [35] https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/ilanlar/eskiilanlar/2016/10/20161020-4.htm#%C3%8703, Karapınar Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynak Alanı (YEKA) Yurt İçinde Üretim Karşılığı Tahsisi (YÜKT) Yarışma İlanı - Karapınar YEKA Tender Announcement”, (19 May 2020).
  • [36] YEKA-1 solar specification.
  • [37] https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/ilanlar/eskiilanlar/2017/04/20170413-4.htm#%C3%A703, Rüzgar Enerjisi Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynak Alanları Ve Bağlantı Kapasitelerinin Tahsisine İlişkin Yarışma İlanı - Tender announcement regarding wind power renewable energy source zones and connection capacity allocation , (19 May 2020).
  • [38] YEKA-1 onshore wind specification
  • [39] https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/ilanlar/eskiilanlar/2018/10/20181005-4.htm#%C3%8705, Güneş Enerjisine Dayalı Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynak Alanları Ve Bağlantı Kapasitelerinin Tahsisine İlişkin Yarışma İlanı - Tender announcement regarding solar power renewable energy source zones and connection capacity allocation, (19 May 2020).
  • [40] YEKA-2 solar specifications
  • [41] https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/ilanlar/eskiilanlar/2018/11/20181107-4%20(16).pdf, “Rüzgar Enerjisine Dayalı Yenilenebilir Kaynak Alanları ve Bağlantı Kapasitelerinin Tahsisine İlişkin Yarışma İlanı - Tender announcement regarding wind power renewable energy source zones and connection capacity allocation”, (19 May 2020).
  • [42] YEKA-2 onshore wind specification.
  • [43] https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/ilanlar/eskiilanlar/2018/06/20180621-4.htm#%C3%8702,“Rüzgâr Enerjisine Dayalı Deniz Üstü (Offshore) Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynak Alanları Ve Bağlantı Kapasitelerinin Tahsisine İlişkin Yarışma İlanı - Tender announcement regarding offshore wind power renewable energy source zones and connection capacity allocation”, (19 May 2020).
  • [44] YEKA-1 offshore wind specification.
  • [45] IRENA (International Renewable Energy Agency). Renewable Energy Auctions: Analysing 2016, Abu Dhabi.
  • [46] MIR (Management Programme in Infrastructure Reform and Regulation). Renewable energy auctions: A Global Overview, Report 1: Energy and Economic Growth Research Programme, PO Number: PO00022908, 2018.
  • [47] IRENA (International Renewable Energy Agency). Renewable Energy and Jobs Annual Review 2018, 2018.

Enhancing the Renewable Energy Auctions in Turkey

Year 2021, Volume: 24 Issue: 4, 1379 - 1390, 01.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.2339/politeknik.721850

Abstract

Auction mechanism has been a promising market-based mechanism to promote the generation of electricity from renewable energy sources (RES-E).The success of this mechanism relies on accurate determination of auction design criteria in view of country specifics. Turkey is one of the countries applying this mechanism. The aim of this study is to provide an overview of the design criteria of the renewable energy auction mechanism and to make recommendations as required to improve the effectiveness of this mechanism. Assessments and recommendations as part of this study shall seek to provide an opportunity to review such auction design criteria, benefiting from past experiences, which shall in turn enhance the effectiveness of new auctions. Applied incentives have boosted the share of RES-E in Turkey in the last ten years. Feed-in-Tariff has driven rapid growth in renewable markets and enhanced manufacturing industries. This analysis results show that a large-scale capacity-based auction volume through a single tender created enough competition and large volumes of renewable energy being secured at lower prices. Within the scope of long-term plans, auctions should be held regularly at predetermined intervals in order to facilitate market predictability for investors, and could lead to competition. Renewable auctions to be carried out should be smaller in volume and be distributed across different geographical regions.

References

  • [1] Bulut, U. Muratoglu, G, “Renewable Energy in Turkey: Great Potential, Low but Increasing Utilization, and an Empirical Analysis on Renewable Energy-Growth nexus”, Energy Policy, 123:240-250, (2018).
  • [2] Polzin, F. Egli, F. Steffen, B. Schmidt, T.S., “How do policies mobilize private finance for renewable energy?—A systematic review with an investor perspective”, Applied Energy, 236:1249-1268, (2019).
  • [3] Mihaylov, M. Radulescu, R. Razo-Zapata, I. Jurado, S. Arco, L. Avellana, N. Nowe, A., “Comparing stakeholder incentives across state-of-the-art renewable support mechanisms”, Renewable Energy, 131:689-699, (2019).
  • [4] Abu Hamed, T. Bressler, L., “Energy security in Israel and Jordan: The role of renewable energy sources”, Renewable Energy, 135:378-389,(2019).
  • [5] Dolf, G. Francisco, B. Deger, S. Morgan D. B. Nicholas, W. Ricardo, G., “The role of renewable energy transformation”, Energy Strategy Reviews, 24:38-50, (2019).
  • [6] Tiago, A.L. António, C.M. José, A.F., “Strategies to make renewable energy sources compatible with economic growth”, Energy Strategy Reviews, 18:121-126,(2017).
  • [7] BP (British Petroleum). BP Energy Outlook 2019. https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/energy-outlook/bp-energy-outlook-2019.pdf (accessed 26 March 2019).
  • [8] IRENA (International Renewable Energy Agency). Renewable Power Generation Costs, Abu Dhabi, 2017.
  • [9] Lazard. Selected Historical Mean Unsubsidized LCOE Values, Lazard's levelized cost of energy analysis -version,12.0. https://www.lazard.com/media/450784/lazards-levelized-cost-of-energy-version-120-vfinal.pdf (accessed 13 March 2019).
  • [10] Bloomberg NEF. Turkey Long-term Power Market Outlook, November 2 , 2018
  • [11] Grashof, K., “Are auctions likely to deter community wind projects? And would this be problematic?", Energy Policy, 125: 20-32, (2019).
  • [12] Del Río, P. Mir-Artigues, P., “Designing auctions for concentrating solar power”, Energy for Sustainable Development, 48:67-81, 2019.
  • [13] Bayer, B. Schäuble, D. Ferrari, M., “International experiences with tender procedures for renewable energy - A comparison of current developments in Brazil, France, Italy and South Africa”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 95: 305-327,(2018).
  • [14] Renewable auction design in theory and practice: lessons from the experinces of Brazil and Mexico. Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, OIES Paper El 28.
  • [15] Shivakumar, A. Dobbins, A. Fahl, U. Singh, A., “Drivers of renewable energy deployment in the EU: An analysis of past trends and projections”, Energy Strategy Reviews, 26: 100-402, (2019).
  • [16] AURES (Promoting effective renewable energy auctions). Recommendations on the role of auctions in a new renewable energy directive. 2016
  • [17] AURES (Promoting effective renewable energy auctions). Auctions for renewable energy support - Taming the beast of competitive bidding. Final report of the AURES Project, Report D9, 2017.
  • [18] IBRD-WB (The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank ). Electricity Auctions: An Overview of Efficient Practices, 2011.
  • [19] CEER (The Council of European Energy Regulators ). Tendering procedures for RES in Europe: State of play and first lessons learnt, 2018.
  • [20] FS-UNEP (Frankfurt School of Finance & Management,Centre for Climate and Sustainable Energy Finance). Global trends in renewable energy investment, 2018.
  • [21] Ozcan, M., “The role of renewables in increasing Turkey's self-sufficiency in electrical Energy”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 82: 2629-2639, (2018).
  • [22] Topcu, I. Ülengin, F. Kabak, Ö. Isik, M. Unver, B. Ekici, S.O., “The evaluation of electricity generation resources: The case of Turkey”, Energy, 167: 417-427, (2019).
  • [23] Argin, M. Yerci, V. Erdogan, N. Kucuksari, S. Cali, U., “Exploring the offshore wind energy potential of Turkey based on multi-criteria site selection”, Energy Strategy Reviews, 23: 33-46, (2019).
  • [24] https://www.teias.gov.tr/sites/default/files/2019-01/kurulu_guc_aralik_2018.pdf, “TEİAŞ (Turkish Electricity Transmission Company)-Turkey electricity system installed capacity based on structure and resources, (08 February 2019).
  • [25] Melikoglu, M., “Vision 2023: Scrutinizing achievability of Turkey's electricity capacity targets and generating scenario based nationwide electricity demand forecasts”, Energy Strategy Reviews, 22: 188-195, (2018).
  • [26] https://www.teias.gov.tr/tr/i-kurulu-guc, “Development of Installed Renewable Energy Shares in Turkey's Total Energy Production Based on Years (2000-2016)” , (08 February 2019).
  • [27] https://www.tureb.com.tr/files/bilgi_bankasi/turkiye_res_durumu/istatistik_raporu_ocak_2019.pdf, “Turkish Wind Energy Association (TÜREB). Turkish wind energy statistic report 2019”, (30 February 2019).
  • [28] http://www.epdk.org.tr/Detay/Icerik/3-0-72/elektrikyekdem, “EMRA (Republic of Turkey Energy Market Regulatory Authority)- Electricity Market YEKDEM List”, (08 January 2019).
  • [29] https://www.epdk.org.tr/Detay/Icerik/3-0-39-3/kurul-kararlari-, “EMRA (Republic of Turkey Energy Market Regulatory Authority)- Electricity Market List of Board Decisions, (22 February 2019).
  • [30] MENR (Republic of Turkey Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources). YEKA Guideline for Wind Investors, 2017.
  • [31] USAID (U.S. Agency for International Development Regional Development Mission for Asia). Designing renewable energy incentives and auctions: Lessons for Asean, 2017.
  • [32] IRENA-CEM (International Renewable Energy Agency -The Clean Energy Ministerial). Renewable Energy Auctions - A Guide to Design,2015.
  • [33] EBRD- IRENA (European Bank for Reconstruction and Development - International Renewable Energy Agency). Policy Guidelines on Competitive Selection and Support for Renewable Energy, 2018.
  • [34] https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2016/10/20161009-1.htm, “Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynak Alanları Yönetmeliği - Renewable energy source zone regulation”, (19 May 2020).
  • [35] https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/ilanlar/eskiilanlar/2016/10/20161020-4.htm#%C3%8703, Karapınar Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynak Alanı (YEKA) Yurt İçinde Üretim Karşılığı Tahsisi (YÜKT) Yarışma İlanı - Karapınar YEKA Tender Announcement”, (19 May 2020).
  • [36] YEKA-1 solar specification.
  • [37] https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/ilanlar/eskiilanlar/2017/04/20170413-4.htm#%C3%A703, Rüzgar Enerjisi Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynak Alanları Ve Bağlantı Kapasitelerinin Tahsisine İlişkin Yarışma İlanı - Tender announcement regarding wind power renewable energy source zones and connection capacity allocation , (19 May 2020).
  • [38] YEKA-1 onshore wind specification
  • [39] https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/ilanlar/eskiilanlar/2018/10/20181005-4.htm#%C3%8705, Güneş Enerjisine Dayalı Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynak Alanları Ve Bağlantı Kapasitelerinin Tahsisine İlişkin Yarışma İlanı - Tender announcement regarding solar power renewable energy source zones and connection capacity allocation, (19 May 2020).
  • [40] YEKA-2 solar specifications
  • [41] https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/ilanlar/eskiilanlar/2018/11/20181107-4%20(16).pdf, “Rüzgar Enerjisine Dayalı Yenilenebilir Kaynak Alanları ve Bağlantı Kapasitelerinin Tahsisine İlişkin Yarışma İlanı - Tender announcement regarding wind power renewable energy source zones and connection capacity allocation”, (19 May 2020).
  • [42] YEKA-2 onshore wind specification.
  • [43] https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/ilanlar/eskiilanlar/2018/06/20180621-4.htm#%C3%8702,“Rüzgâr Enerjisine Dayalı Deniz Üstü (Offshore) Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynak Alanları Ve Bağlantı Kapasitelerinin Tahsisine İlişkin Yarışma İlanı - Tender announcement regarding offshore wind power renewable energy source zones and connection capacity allocation”, (19 May 2020).
  • [44] YEKA-1 offshore wind specification.
  • [45] IRENA (International Renewable Energy Agency). Renewable Energy Auctions: Analysing 2016, Abu Dhabi.
  • [46] MIR (Management Programme in Infrastructure Reform and Regulation). Renewable energy auctions: A Global Overview, Report 1: Energy and Economic Growth Research Programme, PO Number: PO00022908, 2018.
  • [47] IRENA (International Renewable Energy Agency). Renewable Energy and Jobs Annual Review 2018, 2018.
There are 47 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Mustafa Özcan 0000-0001-6436-6368

Publication Date December 1, 2021
Submission Date April 17, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 24 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Özcan, M. (2021). Enhancing the Renewable Energy Auctions in Turkey. Politeknik Dergisi, 24(4), 1379-1390. https://doi.org/10.2339/politeknik.721850
AMA Özcan M. Enhancing the Renewable Energy Auctions in Turkey. Politeknik Dergisi. December 2021;24(4):1379-1390. doi:10.2339/politeknik.721850
Chicago Özcan, Mustafa. “Enhancing the Renewable Energy Auctions in Turkey”. Politeknik Dergisi 24, no. 4 (December 2021): 1379-90. https://doi.org/10.2339/politeknik.721850.
EndNote Özcan M (December 1, 2021) Enhancing the Renewable Energy Auctions in Turkey. Politeknik Dergisi 24 4 1379–1390.
IEEE M. Özcan, “Enhancing the Renewable Energy Auctions in Turkey”, Politeknik Dergisi, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 1379–1390, 2021, doi: 10.2339/politeknik.721850.
ISNAD Özcan, Mustafa. “Enhancing the Renewable Energy Auctions in Turkey”. Politeknik Dergisi 24/4 (December 2021), 1379-1390. https://doi.org/10.2339/politeknik.721850.
JAMA Özcan M. Enhancing the Renewable Energy Auctions in Turkey. Politeknik Dergisi. 2021;24:1379–1390.
MLA Özcan, Mustafa. “Enhancing the Renewable Energy Auctions in Turkey”. Politeknik Dergisi, vol. 24, no. 4, 2021, pp. 1379-90, doi:10.2339/politeknik.721850.
Vancouver Özcan M. Enhancing the Renewable Energy Auctions in Turkey. Politeknik Dergisi. 2021;24(4):1379-90.