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Use of Satellites in Terms of the Principle of Exploration and Use of Space for Peaceful Purposes

Year 2023, , 615 - 638, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.26650/ppil.2023.43.2.1274126

Abstract

Space is now a predominant area for technological development, and its importance is increasing. This area was initially dominated by military activities but has hosted numerous agents over time. The launch of the Sputnik I satellite on October 4, 1957, marked a turning point in space exploration. This event signaled the beginning of the Space Age as the major powers continued their race for space. Activities involving space have increased in momentum since that time. The protection and regulation of space have become important because of interstate competition. The approaches of space powers and historical events were effective in the legal regulations. Moreover, some universal and unchangeable principles have been defined in legal regulations. In this context, the principle of “exploration and use of outer space for peaceful purposes” is significant. This principle has been interpreted in various ways, depending on the perspectives of actors vis-à-vis space. The current scenario of diversified actors and the expanding and changing structures of space-related activities necessitates a reevaluation of this principle, whose structural ambiguity renders the legality of some space activities controversial. Satellites represent one of the oldest and most important application areas of the space industry and their use evinces visible transformations. The dual use of satellites creates uncertainty in the context of the stated principle. The current circumstances thus necessitate a reconsideration of the relationships between space applications and the principle of peaceful use. This study examines the dual-use nature of satellites, citing examples of the principle of exploration and use of space for peaceful purposes.

References

  • Dickson P, A Dictionary of the Space Age (1st edn, Johns Hopkins University Press 2009). google scholar
  • Feldman G J, The Report of the United Nations Legal Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space: A Provisional Appraisal (Second Colloquium on the Law of Outer Space, Springer 1960). google scholar
  • Froehlich A, Seffinga V and Qui R, ‘Initial Mandates of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) and the Conference on Disarmament (CD)’ in Annette Froehlich and Vincent Seffinga (eds), The United Nations and Space Security: Conflicting Mandates between UNCOPUOS and the CD (1st edn, Springer 2020) 7-28. google scholar
  • Froehlich A, Seffinga V and Qui R, ‘The Development of the Mandates of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) and the Conference on Disarmament (CD) and the Collaboration Between the Forums’ in Annette Froehlich and Vincent Seffinga (eds), The United Nations and Space Security: Conflicting Mandates between UNCOPUOS and the CD (1st edn, Springer 2020) 29-106. google scholar
  • Goh GM, Dispute Settlement in International Space Law: A Multi-Door Courthouse For Outer Space (1st edn, Martinus Nijhoff 2007). google scholar
  • Jakhu RS and Pelton JN, Global Space Governance: An International Study (1st edn, Springer 2017). google scholar
  • Koudelka O, ‘The Technical Dimension of Space’ in Christian Brünner and Alexander Soucek (eds), Outer Space in Society, Politics and Law (Springer-Verlag 2011) 46-54. google scholar
  • Meray SL, Uzay ve Milletlerarası Hukuk: Uzay Hukukunda İlk Adımlar (1st edn, Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi 1964). google scholar
  • Nair KK, Small Satellites and Sustainable Development-Solutions in International Space Law (1st edn, Springer 2019). google scholar
  • Pazarcı H, Uluslararası Hukuk (3rd edn, Turhan Kitabevi 2005). google scholar
  • Tronchetti F, ‘Legal Aspects of the Military Uses of Outer Space’ in Frans von der Dunk and Fabio Tronchetti (eds), Handbook of Space Law (1st edn, Edward Elgar Publishing 2015) 331-81.not. google scholar
  • Wolff JM, ‘Peaceful Uses of Outer Space Has Permitted Its Militarization - Does It Also Mean Its Weaponization?’ in Kersting Vignard (eds), Making Space for Security? (UNIDIR 2003) 5-13. google scholar
  • Dembling PG and Arons D M, ‘The Evolution of the Outer Space Treaty’ (1967) 3 Documents on Outer Space Law 419-56. google scholar
  • Jakhu RS, Chen K and Goswami B, ‘Threats to Peaceful Purposes of Outer Space: Politics and Law’ (2020) 18(1) Astropolitics 22-50. google scholar
  • Jasani B ve Lunderius MA, ‘Peaceful Uses of Outer Space-Legal Fiction and Military Reality’ (1980) 11(1) Bulletin of Peace Proposals 57-70. google scholar
  • Lubojemski AM, ‘Satellites and the Security Dilemma’ (2019) 17(2) Astropolitics 1-14. google scholar
  • Maogoto JN and Freeland S, ‘Space Weaponization and the United Nations Charter Regime on Force: A Thick Legal Fog or a Receding Mist’ (2007) 41(4) The International Lawyer 1091 - 1119. google scholar
  • Menter M, ‘Peaceful Uses of Outer Space and National Security’ (1983) 17(3) The International Lawyer 581-95. google scholar
  • Meyer A, ‘Legal Problems of Outer Space’ (1962) 28(4) Journal of Air Law and Commerce 339-45. google scholar
  • Morgan RA, ‘Military Use of Commercial Communication Satellites: A New Look at the Outer Space Treaty and Peaceful Purposes’ (1994) 60(1) Journal of Air Law and Commerce 237-326. google scholar
  • Paikowsky D, ‘What Is New Space? The Changing Ecosystem of Global Space Activity’ (2017) 5(2) New Space 1-5. google scholar
  • Scheffran J, ‘Dual-Use in a New Security Environment - The Case of Missiles and Space’ (2006) 26 INESAP Information Bulletin 48-53. google scholar
  • Tannenwald N, ‘Law Versus Power on the High Frontier: The Case for a Rule-Based Regime for Outer Space’ (2004) 29(2) Yale Journal of International Law 363-422. google scholar
  • Von der Dunk FG, ‘Sovereignty Versus Space- Public Law and Private Launch in the Asian Context’ (2001) 5(1) Singapore Journal of International & Comparative Law 22-47. google scholar
  • Zahoor S, ‘Maintaining International Peace and Security by Regulating Military Use of Outer Space’ (2017) 14(2) Policy Perspectives 113-135. google scholar
  • Uluslararası Andlaşmalar ve Belgeler/International Treaties and Documents google scholar
  • Agreement Governing the Activities on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (adopted 18 December 1979, entered into force 11 July 1984) 1363 UNTS 3. google scholar
  • Agreement on the Rescue of Astronauts, the Return of Astronauts and the Return of Objects Launched into Outer Space (adopted 22 April 1968, entered into force 3 December 1968) 672 UNTS 119. google scholar
  • Antarctic Treaty (adopted 1 December 1959, entered into force 23 June 1961) 402 UNTS 71. google scholar
  • Antarktika Andlaşması, Karar Sayısı: 95/7172, RG 18.9.1995/22408. google scholar
  • Ay ve diğer gök cisimleri dahil, uzayın keşif ve kullanılmasında devletlerin faaliyetlerini yöneten ilkeler hakkında Andlaşma, Karar Sayısı: 6/8766, RG 23.10.1967/12732. google scholar
  • Birleşmiş Milletler Andlaşması, Sanfransisko’da 26 Haziran 1945 Tarihinde Yapılmış ve İmzalanmış Olan Birleşmiş Milletler Andlaşması ile Milletlerarası Adalet Divanı Statüsünün Onanması Hakkında Kanun, Kanun Numarası: 4801, Kabul Tarihi 15.8.1945, RG 24.8.1945/6092. google scholar
  • Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects (adopted 29 March 1972, entered into force 1 September 1972) 961 UNTS 187. google scholar
  • Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space (adopted 14 January 1975, entered into force 15 September 1976) 1023 UNTS 15. google scholar
  • Devletlerin Ay’da ve Diğer Gök Cisimlerindeki Faaliyetlerini Düzenleyen Anlaşma, Karar Sayısı: 2011/1843, RG 11.06.2011/27961. google scholar
  • Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies’ (adopted 27 January 1967, entered into force 10 October 1967) 610 UNTS 205. google scholar
  • UN Doc A/3818, ‘Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: Request for the Inclusion of an Item in the Provisional Agenda of the Thirteenth Session’ (17 March 1958). google scholar
  • UN Doc. A/C.1/PV.1289, ‘First Committee Verbatim Record of the Twelve Hundred and Eight-Nine Meeting, Seventeenth Session’ (3 December 1962). google scholar
  • UNGA Res 1148 (XII) (14 November 1957). google scholar
  • UNGA Res 1348 (XIII) (13 December 1958). google scholar
  • UNGA Res 1472 (XIV) (12 December 1959). google scholar
  • UNGA Res 1721 (XVI) (20 December 1961). google scholar
  • United Nations Charter (adopted 26 June 1945, entered into force 24 October 1945) 1 UNTS XVI. google scholar
  • Chow D and Talmazan Y, ‘Watching from space, satellites collect evidence of war crimes’ (NBC News, 3 Mayıs 2022) <https://www.nbcnews.com/science/science-news/ukraine-satellites-war-crimes-rcna26291> Erişim Tarihi 10 Mart 2023. google scholar
  • Erwin S, ‘Commercial spy satellites put Russia’s Ukraine invasion in the public eye’ (Spacenews, 27 Şubat 2022) <https://spacenews.com/satellite-imaging-companies-increase-profile-as-they-track-russias-invasion-of-ukraine/> Erişim Tarihi 10 Ocak 2023. google scholar
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  • Jayanti A, ‘Starlink and the Russia-Ukraine War: A Case of Commercial Technology and Public Purpose?’ (Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, 9 Mart 2023) <https://www. belfercenter.org/publication/starlink-and-russia-ukraine-war-case-commercial-technology-and-public-purpose> Erişim Tarihi 10 Mart 2023. google scholar
  • ‘Letter dated 19 August 1983 from the First Vice-Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Minister for Foreign Affairs of the USSR, to the Secretary-General’ (Jaxa) <https://www.jaxa.jp/library/space_law/chapter_3/3-2-1-2_e.html> Erişim Tarihi: 20 Ocak 2023. google scholar
  • Malik M, ‘Pakistan to launch satellite next year’ (The Nation, 10 Ekim 2017) <https://nation.com. pk/10-Oct-2017/pakistan-to-launch-satellite-next-year> Erişim Tarihi 01 Haziran 2021. google scholar
  • Meaker M, ‘High Above Ukraine, Satellites Get Embroiled in the War’ (Wired, 04 Mart 2022) <https://www.wired.co.uk/article/ukraine-russia-satellites> Erişim Tarihi 1 Mart 2023. google scholar
  • Megahid A, ‘Egypt is launching a new reconnaissance satellite to help military with border controls’ (Space In Africa, 2 Eylül 2018) <https://africanews.space/egypt-is-launching-a-newreconnaissance-satellite-to-help-military-with-border-controls/> Erişim Tarihi 01 Haziran 2021. google scholar
  • Smuclerova M, ‘Use of Outer Space for Peaceful Purposes’ (Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Planetary Science, 26 Nisan 2019) <https://oxfordre.com/planetaryscience/view/10.1093/ acrefore/9780190647926.001.0001/acrefore-9780190647926-e-38> Erişim Tarihi 5 Ekim 2021. google scholar
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  • Wilson K, ‘Secure World Foundation and Small Satellites’ (Secure World Foundation USGIF Small Sat Working Group, 28 Haziran 2017) <https://swfound.org/media/205913/kwilsonusgif-small-sats-628.pdf.> Erişim Tarihi 28 Mart 2022. google scholar
  • Gleeson PK, ‘Legal Aspects of the Use of Force in Space’ (Master thesis, McGill University Institute of Air and Space Law 2005). google scholar

Uzayın Barışçıl Amaçlarla Keşif ve Kullanımı İlkesi Bakımından Uyduların Kullanımı

Year 2023, , 615 - 638, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.26650/ppil.2023.43.2.1274126

Abstract

Uzay, giderek artan önemiyle günümüzde teknolojik gelişmenin en önemli alanlarından biri haline gelmiştir. Başlangıçta askeri faaliyetlerin yoğunlukta olduğu bu alan zaman içerisinde çok sayıda aktöre ev sahipliği yapmıştır. Alanın gelişimine yönelik kırılma 4 Ekim 1957 tarihinde Sputnik I uydusunun fırlatılmasıyla gerçekleşmiştir. Dönemin uzay güçleri arasındaki yarış sürerken yaşanan bu gelişme Uzay Çağı’nı başlatmıştır. Bu dönemden itibaren uzay faaliyetleri giderek hız kazanmıştır. Devletler arası rekabet hali, alanın korunması ve düzenlenmesini önemli hale getirmiştir. Alana yönelik oluşturulan hukuki düzenlemelerde dönemin uzay güçlerinin yaklaşımları ve tarihsel olaylar etkili olmuştur. Bununla birlikte hazırlanan andlaşma ve ilkelerde bazı evrensel ve değişmez ilkeler belirlenerek bu doğrultuda hareket edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu bağlamda alanın kullanımına ilişkin önemli evrensel ilkelerden biri ‘uzayın barışçıl amaçlarla keşif ve kullanımı’ ilkesidir. Bu ilke aktörlerin alana yönelik yaklaşımları doğrultusunda farklı biçimlerde yorumlanmıştır. Günümüzde ise gerek aktörlerin çeşitlenmesi gerekse alana yönelik faaliyetlerin artan ve değişen yapısı kavramı yeniden değerlendirmeyi gerektirmektedir. Bununla birlikte, kavramın yapısındaki belirsizlik hali bazı uzay faaliyetlerinin hukuki açıdan uygunluğunu tartışmalı hale getirmektedir. Uzay endüstrisinin en eski ve önemli uygulama alanlarından olan uydular, bu değişimin yaşandığı alanlardan biridir. Bugün gelinen noktada uyduların çift yönlü kullanımı bu bağlamda belirsizlik yaratmaktadır. Dolayısıyla gelinen durum, uzay uygulamalarının uzayın barışçıl amaçlarla keşif ve kullanımı ilkesiyle ilişkisini yeniden gözden geçirmeyi gerektirmektedir. Bu bağlamda makale, uyduların çift yönlü kullanımını uzayın barışçıl amaçlarla keşif ve kullanımı ilkesi bağlamında örnekler üzerinden incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır.

References

  • Dickson P, A Dictionary of the Space Age (1st edn, Johns Hopkins University Press 2009). google scholar
  • Feldman G J, The Report of the United Nations Legal Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space: A Provisional Appraisal (Second Colloquium on the Law of Outer Space, Springer 1960). google scholar
  • Froehlich A, Seffinga V and Qui R, ‘Initial Mandates of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) and the Conference on Disarmament (CD)’ in Annette Froehlich and Vincent Seffinga (eds), The United Nations and Space Security: Conflicting Mandates between UNCOPUOS and the CD (1st edn, Springer 2020) 7-28. google scholar
  • Froehlich A, Seffinga V and Qui R, ‘The Development of the Mandates of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) and the Conference on Disarmament (CD) and the Collaboration Between the Forums’ in Annette Froehlich and Vincent Seffinga (eds), The United Nations and Space Security: Conflicting Mandates between UNCOPUOS and the CD (1st edn, Springer 2020) 29-106. google scholar
  • Goh GM, Dispute Settlement in International Space Law: A Multi-Door Courthouse For Outer Space (1st edn, Martinus Nijhoff 2007). google scholar
  • Jakhu RS and Pelton JN, Global Space Governance: An International Study (1st edn, Springer 2017). google scholar
  • Koudelka O, ‘The Technical Dimension of Space’ in Christian Brünner and Alexander Soucek (eds), Outer Space in Society, Politics and Law (Springer-Verlag 2011) 46-54. google scholar
  • Meray SL, Uzay ve Milletlerarası Hukuk: Uzay Hukukunda İlk Adımlar (1st edn, Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi 1964). google scholar
  • Nair KK, Small Satellites and Sustainable Development-Solutions in International Space Law (1st edn, Springer 2019). google scholar
  • Pazarcı H, Uluslararası Hukuk (3rd edn, Turhan Kitabevi 2005). google scholar
  • Tronchetti F, ‘Legal Aspects of the Military Uses of Outer Space’ in Frans von der Dunk and Fabio Tronchetti (eds), Handbook of Space Law (1st edn, Edward Elgar Publishing 2015) 331-81.not. google scholar
  • Wolff JM, ‘Peaceful Uses of Outer Space Has Permitted Its Militarization - Does It Also Mean Its Weaponization?’ in Kersting Vignard (eds), Making Space for Security? (UNIDIR 2003) 5-13. google scholar
  • Dembling PG and Arons D M, ‘The Evolution of the Outer Space Treaty’ (1967) 3 Documents on Outer Space Law 419-56. google scholar
  • Jakhu RS, Chen K and Goswami B, ‘Threats to Peaceful Purposes of Outer Space: Politics and Law’ (2020) 18(1) Astropolitics 22-50. google scholar
  • Jasani B ve Lunderius MA, ‘Peaceful Uses of Outer Space-Legal Fiction and Military Reality’ (1980) 11(1) Bulletin of Peace Proposals 57-70. google scholar
  • Lubojemski AM, ‘Satellites and the Security Dilemma’ (2019) 17(2) Astropolitics 1-14. google scholar
  • Maogoto JN and Freeland S, ‘Space Weaponization and the United Nations Charter Regime on Force: A Thick Legal Fog or a Receding Mist’ (2007) 41(4) The International Lawyer 1091 - 1119. google scholar
  • Menter M, ‘Peaceful Uses of Outer Space and National Security’ (1983) 17(3) The International Lawyer 581-95. google scholar
  • Meyer A, ‘Legal Problems of Outer Space’ (1962) 28(4) Journal of Air Law and Commerce 339-45. google scholar
  • Morgan RA, ‘Military Use of Commercial Communication Satellites: A New Look at the Outer Space Treaty and Peaceful Purposes’ (1994) 60(1) Journal of Air Law and Commerce 237-326. google scholar
  • Paikowsky D, ‘What Is New Space? The Changing Ecosystem of Global Space Activity’ (2017) 5(2) New Space 1-5. google scholar
  • Scheffran J, ‘Dual-Use in a New Security Environment - The Case of Missiles and Space’ (2006) 26 INESAP Information Bulletin 48-53. google scholar
  • Tannenwald N, ‘Law Versus Power on the High Frontier: The Case for a Rule-Based Regime for Outer Space’ (2004) 29(2) Yale Journal of International Law 363-422. google scholar
  • Von der Dunk FG, ‘Sovereignty Versus Space- Public Law and Private Launch in the Asian Context’ (2001) 5(1) Singapore Journal of International & Comparative Law 22-47. google scholar
  • Zahoor S, ‘Maintaining International Peace and Security by Regulating Military Use of Outer Space’ (2017) 14(2) Policy Perspectives 113-135. google scholar
  • Uluslararası Andlaşmalar ve Belgeler/International Treaties and Documents google scholar
  • Agreement Governing the Activities on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (adopted 18 December 1979, entered into force 11 July 1984) 1363 UNTS 3. google scholar
  • Agreement on the Rescue of Astronauts, the Return of Astronauts and the Return of Objects Launched into Outer Space (adopted 22 April 1968, entered into force 3 December 1968) 672 UNTS 119. google scholar
  • Antarctic Treaty (adopted 1 December 1959, entered into force 23 June 1961) 402 UNTS 71. google scholar
  • Antarktika Andlaşması, Karar Sayısı: 95/7172, RG 18.9.1995/22408. google scholar
  • Ay ve diğer gök cisimleri dahil, uzayın keşif ve kullanılmasında devletlerin faaliyetlerini yöneten ilkeler hakkında Andlaşma, Karar Sayısı: 6/8766, RG 23.10.1967/12732. google scholar
  • Birleşmiş Milletler Andlaşması, Sanfransisko’da 26 Haziran 1945 Tarihinde Yapılmış ve İmzalanmış Olan Birleşmiş Milletler Andlaşması ile Milletlerarası Adalet Divanı Statüsünün Onanması Hakkında Kanun, Kanun Numarası: 4801, Kabul Tarihi 15.8.1945, RG 24.8.1945/6092. google scholar
  • Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects (adopted 29 March 1972, entered into force 1 September 1972) 961 UNTS 187. google scholar
  • Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space (adopted 14 January 1975, entered into force 15 September 1976) 1023 UNTS 15. google scholar
  • Devletlerin Ay’da ve Diğer Gök Cisimlerindeki Faaliyetlerini Düzenleyen Anlaşma, Karar Sayısı: 2011/1843, RG 11.06.2011/27961. google scholar
  • Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies’ (adopted 27 January 1967, entered into force 10 October 1967) 610 UNTS 205. google scholar
  • UN Doc A/3818, ‘Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: Request for the Inclusion of an Item in the Provisional Agenda of the Thirteenth Session’ (17 March 1958). google scholar
  • UN Doc. A/C.1/PV.1289, ‘First Committee Verbatim Record of the Twelve Hundred and Eight-Nine Meeting, Seventeenth Session’ (3 December 1962). google scholar
  • UNGA Res 1148 (XII) (14 November 1957). google scholar
  • UNGA Res 1348 (XIII) (13 December 1958). google scholar
  • UNGA Res 1472 (XIV) (12 December 1959). google scholar
  • UNGA Res 1721 (XVI) (20 December 1961). google scholar
  • United Nations Charter (adopted 26 June 1945, entered into force 24 October 1945) 1 UNTS XVI. google scholar
  • Chow D and Talmazan Y, ‘Watching from space, satellites collect evidence of war crimes’ (NBC News, 3 Mayıs 2022) <https://www.nbcnews.com/science/science-news/ukraine-satellites-war-crimes-rcna26291> Erişim Tarihi 10 Mart 2023. google scholar
  • Erwin S, ‘Commercial spy satellites put Russia’s Ukraine invasion in the public eye’ (Spacenews, 27 Şubat 2022) <https://spacenews.com/satellite-imaging-companies-increase-profile-as-they-track-russias-invasion-of-ukraine/> Erişim Tarihi 10 Ocak 2023. google scholar
  • Gardner F, ‘Uydu görüntülerine göre Rusya’nın Ukrayna sınırındaki varlığı sürüyor’ (BBC News Türkçe, 18 Şubat 2022) <https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-60431937> Erişim Tarihi 15 Ocak 2023. google scholar
  • Jayanti A, ‘Starlink and the Russia-Ukraine War: A Case of Commercial Technology and Public Purpose?’ (Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, 9 Mart 2023) <https://www. belfercenter.org/publication/starlink-and-russia-ukraine-war-case-commercial-technology-and-public-purpose> Erişim Tarihi 10 Mart 2023. google scholar
  • ‘Letter dated 19 August 1983 from the First Vice-Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Minister for Foreign Affairs of the USSR, to the Secretary-General’ (Jaxa) <https://www.jaxa.jp/library/space_law/chapter_3/3-2-1-2_e.html> Erişim Tarihi: 20 Ocak 2023. google scholar
  • Malik M, ‘Pakistan to launch satellite next year’ (The Nation, 10 Ekim 2017) <https://nation.com. pk/10-Oct-2017/pakistan-to-launch-satellite-next-year> Erişim Tarihi 01 Haziran 2021. google scholar
  • Meaker M, ‘High Above Ukraine, Satellites Get Embroiled in the War’ (Wired, 04 Mart 2022) <https://www.wired.co.uk/article/ukraine-russia-satellites> Erişim Tarihi 1 Mart 2023. google scholar
  • Megahid A, ‘Egypt is launching a new reconnaissance satellite to help military with border controls’ (Space In Africa, 2 Eylül 2018) <https://africanews.space/egypt-is-launching-a-newreconnaissance-satellite-to-help-military-with-border-controls/> Erişim Tarihi 01 Haziran 2021. google scholar
  • Smuclerova M, ‘Use of Outer Space for Peaceful Purposes’ (Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Planetary Science, 26 Nisan 2019) <https://oxfordre.com/planetaryscience/view/10.1093/ acrefore/9780190647926.001.0001/acrefore-9780190647926-e-38> Erişim Tarihi 5 Ekim 2021. google scholar
  • Venkatachalam M S, ‘What does it take to violate Article IV of the Outer Space Treaty: Looking to Artemis for the celestial answer’ (ILA Reporter, 27 Ağustos 2021)< https://ilareporter.org. au/2021/08/what-does-it-take-to-violate-article-iv-of-the-outer-space-treaty-looking-to-artemis-for-the-celestial-answer-manasa-s-venkatachalam/> Erişim Tarihi 1 Ekim 2023. google scholar
  • Webb D, ‘On the Definition of Space Weapon (When is a Space Weapon Not a Space Weapon?)’ (The Praxis Centre, Leeds Metropolitan University) <http://praxis.leedsmet.ac.uk/praxis/documents/ space_weapons.pdf> Erişim Tarihi 20 Mayıs 2021. google scholar
  • Wilson K, ‘Secure World Foundation and Small Satellites’ (Secure World Foundation USGIF Small Sat Working Group, 28 Haziran 2017) <https://swfound.org/media/205913/kwilsonusgif-small-sats-628.pdf.> Erişim Tarihi 28 Mart 2022. google scholar
  • Gleeson PK, ‘Legal Aspects of the Use of Force in Space’ (Master thesis, McGill University Institute of Air and Space Law 2005). google scholar
There are 56 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Law in Context
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Kerem Batır 0000-0001-8884-220X

Pervin Şeker 0000-0001-8728-5755

Publication Date December 31, 2023
Submission Date March 30, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023

Cite

APA Batır, K., & Şeker, P. (2023). Uzayın Barışçıl Amaçlarla Keşif ve Kullanımı İlkesi Bakımından Uyduların Kullanımı. Public and Private International Law Bulletin, 43(2), 615-638. https://doi.org/10.26650/ppil.2023.43.2.1274126
AMA Batır K, Şeker P. Uzayın Barışçıl Amaçlarla Keşif ve Kullanımı İlkesi Bakımından Uyduların Kullanımı. PPIL. December 2023;43(2):615-638. doi:10.26650/ppil.2023.43.2.1274126
Chicago Batır, Kerem, and Pervin Şeker. “Uzayın Barışçıl Amaçlarla Keşif Ve Kullanımı İlkesi Bakımından Uyduların Kullanımı”. Public and Private International Law Bulletin 43, no. 2 (December 2023): 615-38. https://doi.org/10.26650/ppil.2023.43.2.1274126.
EndNote Batır K, Şeker P (December 1, 2023) Uzayın Barışçıl Amaçlarla Keşif ve Kullanımı İlkesi Bakımından Uyduların Kullanımı. Public and Private International Law Bulletin 43 2 615–638.
IEEE K. Batır and P. Şeker, “Uzayın Barışçıl Amaçlarla Keşif ve Kullanımı İlkesi Bakımından Uyduların Kullanımı”, PPIL, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 615–638, 2023, doi: 10.26650/ppil.2023.43.2.1274126.
ISNAD Batır, Kerem - Şeker, Pervin. “Uzayın Barışçıl Amaçlarla Keşif Ve Kullanımı İlkesi Bakımından Uyduların Kullanımı”. Public and Private International Law Bulletin 43/2 (December 2023), 615-638. https://doi.org/10.26650/ppil.2023.43.2.1274126.
JAMA Batır K, Şeker P. Uzayın Barışçıl Amaçlarla Keşif ve Kullanımı İlkesi Bakımından Uyduların Kullanımı. PPIL. 2023;43:615–638.
MLA Batır, Kerem and Pervin Şeker. “Uzayın Barışçıl Amaçlarla Keşif Ve Kullanımı İlkesi Bakımından Uyduların Kullanımı”. Public and Private International Law Bulletin, vol. 43, no. 2, 2023, pp. 615-38, doi:10.26650/ppil.2023.43.2.1274126.
Vancouver Batır K, Şeker P. Uzayın Barışçıl Amaçlarla Keşif ve Kullanımı İlkesi Bakımından Uyduların Kullanımı. PPIL. 2023;43(2):615-38.