Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi’nin Yargı Yetkisi: Bangladeş/Myanmar Kararı Sonrası Hukuki Manzara

Muhammet Celal Kul; Hasan Basri Bülbül

doi:10.26650/ppil.2023.44.2.1429155

Research Article

Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi’nin Yargı Yetkisi: Bangladeş/Myanmar Kararı Sonrası Hukuki Manzara

Year 2024, Volume: 44 Issue: 2, 487 - 515, 01.03.2025

Muhammet Celal Kul , Hasan Basri Bülbül

https://doi.org/10.26650/ppil.2023.44.2.1429155

Abstract

Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi (UCM), Birleşmiş Milletler Güvenlik Konseyi havalesi olmadığı halde Roma Statüsü’ne taraf olmayan bir devletin vatandaşlarını yargılayabilir mi? Bangladeş/Myanmar meselesinde UCM Ön Yargılama Dairesi, Rohingyalara karşı sınır dışı etme suçunun işlendiğinden bahisle Myanmar Statü’ye taraf olmamasına rağmen yargı yetkisinin olduğunu kabul etmiştir. Etnik ve dini bir azınlık olan Rohingya halkı uzun yıllar çok ciddi şiddet ve zulme maruz kalmış, nihayet 2017 yılının Ağustos ayında kitlesel halde Bangladeş’e göç etmeye zorlanmıştır. Bu durum karşısında harekete geçen UCM’nin yargı yetkisine ilişkin kararında sınır dışı suçunun bir kısmının taraf devlet olan Bangladeş’te tamamlanmış olması kritik bir rol oynamıştır. Bu Karar uluslararası hukuk camiasında ciddi tartışmalara yol açmıştır. Karar bir yandan uluslararası suçların cezasız kalmaması ve evrensel yargı yetkisine ulaşma idealine bir adım daha yaklaşmak açısından memnuniyetle karşılanmıştır. Diğer yandan, kararın devletlerin egemenliği ve pacta tertiis (bir antlaşma sadece tarafları bağlar, üçüncü bir devlet için yükümlülük yaratmaz) gibi uluslararası hukukun en temel ilkelerine aykırılığı gerekçesiyle endişelerini dile getirenler de olmuştur. Mahkeme’nin genişletici bir yorumla yargı yetkisinin sınırlarını Roma Statüsü’nde açıkça belirtilen hallerin ötesine taşıması ciddi sonuçlar doğurma potansiyeline sahiptir. Bu makalede, kararın yaratabileceği hukuki sonuçlar yer, konu, kişi ve zaman bakımından yetki çerçevesinde incelenmekte, yargı yetkisinin hangi hal ve şartlarda daha da genişleyebileceği ortaya konmaktadır. Daha sonra ise bu yönde bir genişlemenin uluslararası ceza adaleti sistemi açısından yaratacağı fırsatlar ve sorunlar analiz edilmektedir.

Keywords

Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi (UCM) , Bangladeş/Myanmar , Yargı Yetkisi , Sınır Dışı Etme , Nüfusun Zorla Nakli

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The Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court: Examining the Legal Landscape Post Bangladesh/Myanmar Decision

Year 2024, Volume: 44 Issue: 2, 487 - 515, 01.03.2025

Muhammet Celal Kul , Hasan Basri Bülbül

https://doi.org/10.26650/ppil.2023.44.2.1429155

Abstract

Can the International Criminal Court (ICC) prosecute nationals of states non-State parties to the Rome Statute in the absence of the United Nations Security Council referral? In Bangladesh/Myanmar, the Pre-Trail Chamber I of the ICC held that it has jurisdiction over the nationals of Myanmar, a state not party to the Rome Statute, for the crime of deportation. The Rohingya people, an ethnic and religious minority, have been subjected to serious forms of violence and persecution for decades and were finally forcibly displaced en masse to Bangladesh in August 2017. The fact that part of the crime was completed in Bangladesh, a state party, played a critical role in the Chamber’s decision on jurisdiction. This novel interpretation created an immense debate among international law circles. It has been hailed by some as a step closer to achieving the objectives of universal jurisdiction and putting an end to impunity. On the other hand, some have raised concerns as the ruling seemingly goes against fundamental principles of international law such as the sovereignty of states and pacta tertiis (a treaty only binds parties). Extending beyond what the Rome Statute originally and explicitly set out, the ruling will have serious implications. This article analyses the legal consequences of the judgement by focusing on jurisdiction ratione loci, materie, ratione personae, and temporis. Presenting the circumstances where the jurisdiction of the Court may further expand, it then addresses some risks and opportunities that such an expansion would pose for the development of the international criminal justice system.

Keywords

International Criminal Court (ICC) , Bangladesh/Myanmar , Jurisdiction , Deportation , Forcible Transfer of Population

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Details

Primary Language	Turkish
Subjects	Environmental Law
Journal Section	Articles
Authors	Muhammet Celal Kul 0000-0002-9294-3086 Hasan Basri Bülbül 0000-0002-3888-5380
Publication Date	March 1, 2025
Submission Date	January 31, 2024
Acceptance Date	October 2, 2024
Published in Issue	Year 2024 Volume: 44 Issue: 2

Cite

APA	Kul, M. C., & Bülbül, H. B. (2025). Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi’nin Yargı Yetkisi: Bangladeş/Myanmar Kararı Sonrası Hukuki Manzara. Public and Private International Law Bulletin, 44(2), 487-515. https://doi.org/10.26650/ppil.2023.44.2.1429155
AMA	Kul MC, Bülbül HB. Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi’nin Yargı Yetkisi: Bangladeş/Myanmar Kararı Sonrası Hukuki Manzara. PPIL. March 2025;44(2):487-515. doi:10.26650/ppil.2023.44.2.1429155
Chicago	Kul, Muhammet Celal, and Hasan Basri Bülbül. “Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi’nin Yargı Yetkisi: Bangladeş Myanmar Kararı Sonrası Hukuki Manzara”. Public and Private International Law Bulletin 44, no. 2 (March 2025): 487-515. https://doi.org/10.26650/ppil.2023.44.2.1429155.
EndNote	Kul MC, Bülbül HB (March 1, 2025) Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi’nin Yargı Yetkisi: Bangladeş/Myanmar Kararı Sonrası Hukuki Manzara. Public and Private International Law Bulletin 44 2 487–515.
IEEE	M. C. Kul and H. B. Bülbül, “Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi’nin Yargı Yetkisi: Bangladeş/Myanmar Kararı Sonrası Hukuki Manzara”, PPIL, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 487–515, 2025, doi: 10.26650/ppil.2023.44.2.1429155.
ISNAD	Kul, Muhammet Celal - Bülbül, Hasan Basri. “Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi’nin Yargı Yetkisi: Bangladeş Myanmar Kararı Sonrası Hukuki Manzara”. Public and Private International Law Bulletin 44/2 (March2025), 487-515. https://doi.org/10.26650/ppil.2023.44.2.1429155.
JAMA	Kul MC, Bülbül HB. Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi’nin Yargı Yetkisi: Bangladeş/Myanmar Kararı Sonrası Hukuki Manzara. PPIL. 2025;44:487–515.
MLA	Kul, Muhammet Celal and Hasan Basri Bülbül. “Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi’nin Yargı Yetkisi: Bangladeş Myanmar Kararı Sonrası Hukuki Manzara”. Public and Private International Law Bulletin, vol. 44, no. 2, 2025, pp. 487-15, doi:10.26650/ppil.2023.44.2.1429155.
Vancouver	Kul MC, Bülbül HB. Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi’nin Yargı Yetkisi: Bangladeş/Myanmar Kararı Sonrası Hukuki Manzara. PPIL. 2025;44(2):487-515.

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