Yatırımcının Yargılamaya İlişkin Beklentileri: Osmanlı Kapitülasyonları’nı Güncel Uluslararası Ekonomi Hukuku Açısından Okumak

Abstract

Günümüzde uluslararası yatırım hukuku, yabancı sermayeye yönelik hukuki güvencelerin ulusal yargı sisteminin ötesine taşınmasına dayanır. Ancak bu tür güvenceler yalnızca modern döneme özgü değildir; tarih boyunca devletler yabancı sermayeyi teşvik etmek için benzer mekanizmalar geliştirmiştir. Osmanlı kapitülasyonları, bu bağlamda yabancı yatırımcılara tanınan maddi ve usulî güvencelerin erken bir örneğini sunmaktadır. Bu çalışma, kapitülas-yonların yabancılara konsolosluk mahkemeleri, karma komisyonlar ve tahkim benzeri yollarla Osmanlı hukukunun sınırlarını aşan çözümler sağladığını ve bu yönüyle günümüz yatırım uyuşmazlıklarının çözüm yöntemleriyle işlevsel paralellikler taşıdığını göstermektedir. Ayrıca, en çok kayrılan ulus (MFN) hükümleri ele alınmakta; Osmanlı uygulamasında bu hükümlerin tek taraflı ve geniş kapsamlı uygulanmasının yabancılar üzerindeki yargı yetkisini zamanla zayıflattığı tespit edilmektedir. Çalışma aynı zamanda bireylerin daha avantajlı statü elde etmek için farklı siyasi otoritelerin himayesine geçme uygulamasını (“nationality shopping”) incelemekte ve bunun Osmanlı döneminde yabancı bayrak altında seyretme veya “protégé” sistemi aracılığıyla gerçekleştiğini göstermektedir. Sonuç olarak, Osmanlı kapitülasyonları ile modern uluslararası ekonomi hukukundaki paralellikler ortaya konmaktadır.

Keywords

• tahkim
• yatırım tahkimi
• uyuşmazlık çözüm mekanizmaları
• kapitülasyonlar
• uluslararası ticaret hukuku
• uluslararası yatırım hukuku

Investor’s Quest for Judicial Security: Reading Ottoman Capitulations from the Contemporary Understanding of International Economic Law

Abstract

International investment law relies on extending legal protections to foreign capital beyond the national judicial system. Such protection is not, however, exclusive to the contemporary era; throughout history, States have deve-loped similar mechanisms to promote foreign capital flow. Ottoman capitulations provide an early example of the substantive and procedural guarantees granted to foreign investors. This article demonstrates that capitulations provided solutions that exceeded the limitations of Ottoman law through consular courts, mixed commissions, and arbitration, and in this respect, display functional parallels with contemporary investment dispute resolution methods. This article further examines the most-favoured-nation (MFN) clauses and observes that, in the Ottoman practice, the unilateral and extensive application of these clauses gradually weakened the Ottoman Empire’s jurisdiction over foreigners. The article also examines the practice of individuals seeking a more advantageous status under the protection of different political authorities (“nationality shopping”), noting that in the Ottoman period this was implemented by shipping under foreign flags or through the “protégé” system. Ultimately, the article highlights the functional parallels between Ottoman capitulations and modern international economic law.

Keywords

• Ottoman Capitulations
• International Investment Law
• International Economic Law
• WTO
• Most-Favoured-Nation Clause (MFN)
• Nationality Shopping
• Judicial Privileges

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