Karşılaştırmalı Hukukta ve Türk Hukukunda Forum Necessitatis Doktrini

Abstract

Yabancı unsurlu uyuşmazlıkların çözümünde gözetilen temel haklardan biri hak arama hürriyetidir. Bireylere tanınan hak arama hürriyeti, her şeyden önce uyuşmazlığı çözme yetkisine sahip, adil yargılanma hakkını güvence altına alan, bağımsız ve tarafsız bir mahkemenin varlığını gerektirir. Ancak istisnaen de olsa, somut uyuşmazlık bakımından hiçbir devlet mahkemesinin kendisini yetkili görmemesi mümkün olduğu gibi, davacıdan yetkili olan devlet mahkemesinde dava açmasının beklenmesini engelleyen hukukî veya fiilî sebepler mevcut olabilir. Bu gibi durumlarda forum necessitatis doktrini, milletlerarası yetki kuralları uyarınca aslında yetkili olmayan bir mahkemenin, uyuşmazlığın hukukî veya fiilî engeller nedeniyle başka bir mahkemede görülemeyecek olması sebebiyle, yetkisini tesis etmesine imkân tanıyan ve dolayısıyla davacının hak arama hürriyetini güvence altına alan bir araç olarak işlev görür. Günümüzde forum necessitatis doktrini, çoğunlukla Kıta Avrupası hukuk çevresine dâhil devletlerin mevzuatında ve Avrupa Birliği hukukunda üye devlet mahkemelerinin yetkisini düzenleyen ikincil tasarruflardan bazılarında hükme bağlanmıştır. Bu tür düzenlemelerin bulunmadığı devlet hukuklarında ise, hak arama hürriyetinin bir gereği olarak ve adaletin inkârının önüne geçilebilmesi için, mahkeme içtihadında kabul edilmiştir. Bu çalışma, forum necessitatis doktrinini karşılaştırmalı bir bakış açısıyla ele almayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu çerçevede, forum necessitatis doktrininin işlevi açıklandıktan sonra milletlerarası ve bölgesel metinlerde ne şekilde yer bulduğu, çeşitli devlet hukuklarında ve Avrupa Birliği hukukunda hangi şartlara bağlı olarak düzenlendiği ve/veya uygulandığı tartışılmış, son olarak konu, Türk hukuku bakımından ele alınmıştır.

Keywords

• Forum necessitatis
• olumsuz yetki uyuşmazlığı
• hak arama hürriyeti
• milletlerarası yetki
• adil yargılanma hakkı
• adaletin inkârı

Forum Necessitatis Doctrine in Comparative Law and Turkish Law

Abstract

Access to justice is a fundamental right that is recognised in the resolution of disputes involving a foreign element. Granting individuals the right of access to justice first requires the existence of an independent and impartial tribunal that has jurisdiction to deal with the dispute and guarantees the right to a fair trial. However, in certain exceptional situations, depending on the circumstances of the case at hand, it is possible that no national court may consider itself competent or that it cannot be reasonably expected from the plaintiff to take an action before the competent national court due to legal or factual obstacles. In such cases, the doctrine of forum necessitatis functions as a tool allowing the court, which is not ordinarily competent under its rules of international jurisdiction, to assert jurisdiction if the dispute cannot be heard before any other court. Today, the forum necessitatis doctrine is subject to clear rules mostly under the national legislation of Continental European countries and certain EU regulations governing the international jurisdiction of member state courts. In other states where there are no such provisions, different doctrinal frameworks are used in practice to establish jurisdiction to ensure the right of access to court and to prevent denial of justice. This paper describes the forum necessitatis doctrine from a comparative perspective. As such, the function of the doctrine, its acceptance in international and regional instruments, and its implementation under national laws are discussed. The last part of the paper involves assessments regarding Turkish law, which lacks an express provision on the doctrine.

Keywords

• Forum necessitatis
• negative conflicts of jurisdiction
• right of access to justice
• international jurisdiction
• right to a fair trial
• and denial of justice

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