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Günümüz Çatışmalarında Özgürlüğünden Yoksun Bırakılmış Kişilerin Korunması

Year 2020, Volume: 40 Issue: 1, 1 - 23, 30.06.2020

Abstract

Günümüz silahlı çatışmalarında ‘özgürlüğünden yoksun bırakma’, hem devletler hem de devlet dışı silahlı gruplar tarafından oldukça yaygın kullanılan bir yöntem haline gelmiştir. Çatışma taraflarınca alıkonulan bu savunmasız kişilerin tutulduğu koşullar son derece ağır ve insani açıdan oldukça trajiktir. Bu kişiler çoğunlukla alıkonma sebeplerinden ve haklarından bihaber, dış dünya ile iletişimleri yasaklanmış, yeterli su, gıda ve tıbbi yardıma ulaşamadıkları koşullarda tutulmakta; sıklıkla yargısız infazlara, zorla kaybedilmeye, işkenceye ve kötü muameleye maruz kalmakta ve korunamamaktadır. Bunun sebebi çoğunlukla ilgili hukuk normlarına uyulmaması, hukukun bilinmemesi ya da kapasite eksikliği ve fiziki olanaksızlıklar olmakla birlikte; uluslararası silahlı çatışmalara oranla uluslararası nitelikte olmayan silahlı çatışmalarda bu hususlara ilişkin detaylandırılmış hukuki normların eksikliği bu kişilerin yaşamı, onuru ve sağlığının korunamamasında önemli bir etkendir. Bu çalışma günümüz çatışmalarının temel bir karakteristiği haline gelen Uluslararası Nitelikte Olmayan Silahlı Çatışmalar bağlamında İnsancıl Hukuku, çatışma taraflarının yoğun bir şekilde uyguladığı ‘özgürlükten yoksun bırakma’ hususu açısından ele almayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu kapsamda, Uluslararası Nitelikte Olmayan Çatışmalar Hukukunda özgürlükten yoksun bırakma/ alıkoyma kavramına dair hükümlerin kişilere yeterli koruma sağlayıp sağlamadığı ve bu husustaki hukuki boşluklar irdelenecek; alıkoyma durumlarında kişilerin korunması açısından İnsancıl Hukukun geliştirilmesi gereken alanları ile bu alanların güçlendirilmesine dair çabalar ve çözüm önerilerine yer verilecektir.

Supporting Institution

Yazar bu çalışma için finansal destek almamıştır.

References

  • Amnesty International, End the Horror in Syria’s Torture Prisons, <https://www.amnesty.org/en/ latest/campaigns/2016/08/syria-torture-prisons/> (03.11.2018)
  • Bernard V., ‘Out Of Sight, Out Of Mind? Exposing The Human Cost Of Detention, Detention: Addressing the Human Cost’ (2018) 98 (3) International Review of the Red Cross 725-735
  • Debuf E., ‘Tools To Do The Job: The ICRC’s Legal Status, Privileges and Immunities, Principles Guiding Humanitarian Action’ (2016) Vol. 97 No. 897/898 International Review of the Red Cross 319–344
  • Debuf E., Expert Meeting on Procedural Safeguards for Security Detention in Non-International Armed Conflict, ICRC Report, (Chatham House & ICRC, London, 22-23 September 2008) <https://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/other/security-detention-chatham-icrc-report-091209. pdf> (02.10.2017)
  • European Union Agency For Fundamental Rights, Scope Of The Principle Of Non-Refoulement In Contemporary Border Management, Evolving Areas Of Law (Luxemburg, 2016) <http://www. refworld.org/docid/5857b3bb4.html> (20.10.2018)
  • Henckaerts J. M, Beck L. D, Customary International Humanitarian Law, Volume I, Rules, (Cambridge University Press, New York, 2009)
  • Henckaerts J. M, Beck L. D, Uluslararası İnsancıl Teamül (Örf-Adet) Hukuku, Cilt I: Kurallar, Çev: ÖKTEM vd. (Galatasaray Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Yayınları)
  • Horowitz J., ‘The Copenhagen Process Principles and Guidelines on the Handling of Detainees in International Military Operations’ (2012) 51(6)
  • International Legal Materials <https:// www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-legal-materials/article/copenhagen-processprinciples-and-guidelines-on-the-handling-of-detainees-in-international-military-operations/ E6FB65B7E9ACB4E7A50231FAE57A7922 > (29.09.2018)
  • Human Rights Watch, Children Detained in War Zones: Thousands Held Without Charge Tortured, (28 July 2016) <www.hrw.org/news/2016/07/28/childrendetained-war-zones.> (03.11.2018)
  • ICRC – GSÜ, 12 Ağustos 1949 Tarihli Cenevre Sözleşmeleri ve Ek Protokolleri, (Galatasaray Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Yayınları, İstanbul)
  • ICRC, Concluding Report, Strengthening International Humanitarian Law in Protecting Persons Deprived of Their Liberty, 32nd International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent (32IC/15/19.1)(ICRC, 2015) <http://rcrcconference.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/32ICConcluding-report-on-persons-deprived-of-their-liberty_EN.pdf >(10.10.2018)
  • ICRC, International Humanitarian Law and the Challenges of Contemporary Armed Conflicts, 32nd International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent, (32IC/15/11) (ICRC, December 2015) <http://rcrcconference.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/32IC-Report-on-IHL-andchallenges-of-armed-conflicts.pdf > (10.12.2018)
  • ICRC, Strengthening Legal Protection for Victims of Armed Conflict, 31st International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent (31IC/11/5.1.1) (ICRC, October 2011) <https://www.icrc.org/ en/doc/assets/files/red-cross-crescent-movement/31st-international-conference/31-int-conferencestrengthening-legal-protection-11-5-1-1-en.pdf > (10.12.2018) ICRC, Protecting People Deprived of Liberty, (Geneva, May 2016) <https://www.icrc.org/sites/ default/files/topic/file_plus_list/0685_002_people-deprived-liberty_web.pdf > (20.09.2018)
  • ICRC, Strengthening International Humanitarian Law Protecting Persons Deprived Of Their Liberty, Synthesis Report From Regional Consultations Of Government Experts, (ICRC, Geneva, November 2013)
  • ICRC, Children in Detention, report (2017) <www.icrc.org/en/publication/ 4201-children-anddetention> (05.08.2018)
  • Melzer N., Kuster E., International Humanitarian Law, A Comprehensive Introduction, (ICRC, Geneva, Agust 2016)
  • Oswald B., ‘Some Controversies of Detention in Multinational Operations and the Contributions of the Copenhagen Principles, Multinational Operations and the Law’ (2013) Vol.95 No. (891/892) International Review of the Red Cross
  • Oswald B., ‘The Copenhagen Principles, International Military Operations and Detentions’ (2013) Vol 17 Journal of International Peacekeeping (12 Agustos 2014’te revize edilmiş olarak) Melbourne Legal Studies Research Paper No. 692, Melbourne Law School, University of Belbourne. <https:// papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2478519> (19.08.2018)
  • Pejic J., ‘Procedural Principles and Safeguards for Internment/ Administrative Detention in Armed Conflict and Other Situations Of Violence’ (2005) Vol. 87 No. 858 International Review of Red Cross
  • Rodenhauser T., ‘Strengthening IHL Protecting Persons Deprived of Their Liberty: Main Aspects of The Consultations and Discussions Since 2011’ “ Detention: addressing the human cost” (2018) Vol. 98 (3) International Review of the Red Cross
  • Sassoli M., Bouvier, A. A., Quintin, Anne, How Does Law Protect in War, E-Kitap. < https://www. icrc.org/eng/assets/files/publications/icrc-0739-part-i.pdf> (05.05.2019)
  • Sassoli M., ‘Taking Armed Groups Seriously, Ways to Improve Their Compliance with IHL’ (2010) Vol. 1 No. (1) International Humanitarian Legal Studies
  • Teferra Z. M., ‘National Security and the Right to Liberty in Armed Conflict: The Legality And Limits Of Security Detention in International Humanitarian Law’ “Detention: addressing the human cost” (2018) Vol. 98 (3) International Review of the Red Cross
  • Tuck D., ‘Detention by Armed Groups: Overcoming Challenges to Humanitarian Action’ (2011) Vol.93 No. 883 International Review of the Red Cross
  • Walmsley R., World Female Imprisonment List, (ICPR, London, 2017) <www.prisonstudies.org/ news/world-female-imprisonment-list-fourth-edition> (03.11.2018)
  • Weisbrodt D. and Hortreiter I., ‘The Principle of Non-Refoulement: Article 3 of the Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment in Comparison with the Non-Refoulement Provisions of Other International Human Rights Treaties’ (1999) (1) Human Rights Law Review <http://scholarship.law.umn.edu/faculty_articles/362.> (20.09.2018)
  • Winkler T. and Oswald B. O., ‘Copenhagen Process Principles and Guidelines on the Handling of Detainees in International Military Operations’ (2012) Vol.16 No.39 American Society in International Law <https://www.asil.org/insights/volume/16/issue/39/copenhagen-processprinciples-and-guidelines-handling-detainees> (02.08.2018)
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  • <https://www.icrc.org/customary-ihl .> (05.12.2018)
  • <https://www.penalreform.org/priorities/prison-conditions/standard-minimum-rules/> (29.09.2018)
  • <https://www.unodc.org/documents/justice-and-prison-reform/GA-RESOLUTION/E_ebook.pdf> (29.10.2018)
  • <https://www.icrc.org/en/document/detention-non-international-armed-conflict-icrcs-workstrengthening-legal-protection-0> (09.01.2019)
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Protection of Persons Deprived of Their Liberty in Contemporary Armed Conflicts

Year 2020, Volume: 40 Issue: 1, 1 - 23, 30.06.2020

Abstract

In the contemporary armed conflicts of today, deprivation of liberty has become a widely used method by both states and non-state armed groups. The conditions in which those vulnerable persons are detained by the parties of conflict are extremely severe and quite tragic. They are often held in conditions where they are unaware of the reasons for their detention and their rights, their communication with the outside world is banned and they have inadequate access to water, food and medical assistance. They are often subjected to extrajudicial killings, enforced disappearance, torture and ill-treatment, and cannot be protected. Although this is mostly due to the failure to comply with relevant legal norms, lack of knowledge of the law or lack of capacity and physical disabilities; the lack of detailed legal norms in noninternational armed conflicts compared to international armed conflicts is an important factor in the inability to protect their life, dignity and health. This study aims to address humanitarian law in terms of the ‘deprivation of liberty’ which is commonly applied by the parties to the conflict in the context of the Non-International Armed Conflicts which has become a fundamental characteristic of contemporary armed conflicts. Within this scope, whether the provisions on deprivation of liberty/detention in the law of Non-International Armed Conflicts provide adequate protection or not and the legal gaps in this respect will be examined. Additionally, in cases of detention, the areas of Humanitarian Law need to be improved alongside efforts and solution proposals to strengthen these areas will be included.

References

  • Amnesty International, End the Horror in Syria’s Torture Prisons, <https://www.amnesty.org/en/ latest/campaigns/2016/08/syria-torture-prisons/> (03.11.2018)
  • Bernard V., ‘Out Of Sight, Out Of Mind? Exposing The Human Cost Of Detention, Detention: Addressing the Human Cost’ (2018) 98 (3) International Review of the Red Cross 725-735
  • Debuf E., ‘Tools To Do The Job: The ICRC’s Legal Status, Privileges and Immunities, Principles Guiding Humanitarian Action’ (2016) Vol. 97 No. 897/898 International Review of the Red Cross 319–344
  • Debuf E., Expert Meeting on Procedural Safeguards for Security Detention in Non-International Armed Conflict, ICRC Report, (Chatham House & ICRC, London, 22-23 September 2008) <https://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/other/security-detention-chatham-icrc-report-091209. pdf> (02.10.2017)
  • European Union Agency For Fundamental Rights, Scope Of The Principle Of Non-Refoulement In Contemporary Border Management, Evolving Areas Of Law (Luxemburg, 2016) <http://www. refworld.org/docid/5857b3bb4.html> (20.10.2018)
  • Henckaerts J. M, Beck L. D, Customary International Humanitarian Law, Volume I, Rules, (Cambridge University Press, New York, 2009)
  • Henckaerts J. M, Beck L. D, Uluslararası İnsancıl Teamül (Örf-Adet) Hukuku, Cilt I: Kurallar, Çev: ÖKTEM vd. (Galatasaray Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Yayınları)
  • Horowitz J., ‘The Copenhagen Process Principles and Guidelines on the Handling of Detainees in International Military Operations’ (2012) 51(6)
  • International Legal Materials <https:// www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-legal-materials/article/copenhagen-processprinciples-and-guidelines-on-the-handling-of-detainees-in-international-military-operations/ E6FB65B7E9ACB4E7A50231FAE57A7922 > (29.09.2018)
  • Human Rights Watch, Children Detained in War Zones: Thousands Held Without Charge Tortured, (28 July 2016) <www.hrw.org/news/2016/07/28/childrendetained-war-zones.> (03.11.2018)
  • ICRC – GSÜ, 12 Ağustos 1949 Tarihli Cenevre Sözleşmeleri ve Ek Protokolleri, (Galatasaray Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Yayınları, İstanbul)
  • ICRC, Concluding Report, Strengthening International Humanitarian Law in Protecting Persons Deprived of Their Liberty, 32nd International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent (32IC/15/19.1)(ICRC, 2015) <http://rcrcconference.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/32ICConcluding-report-on-persons-deprived-of-their-liberty_EN.pdf >(10.10.2018)
  • ICRC, International Humanitarian Law and the Challenges of Contemporary Armed Conflicts, 32nd International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent, (32IC/15/11) (ICRC, December 2015) <http://rcrcconference.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/32IC-Report-on-IHL-andchallenges-of-armed-conflicts.pdf > (10.12.2018)
  • ICRC, Strengthening Legal Protection for Victims of Armed Conflict, 31st International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent (31IC/11/5.1.1) (ICRC, October 2011) <https://www.icrc.org/ en/doc/assets/files/red-cross-crescent-movement/31st-international-conference/31-int-conferencestrengthening-legal-protection-11-5-1-1-en.pdf > (10.12.2018) ICRC, Protecting People Deprived of Liberty, (Geneva, May 2016) <https://www.icrc.org/sites/ default/files/topic/file_plus_list/0685_002_people-deprived-liberty_web.pdf > (20.09.2018)
  • ICRC, Strengthening International Humanitarian Law Protecting Persons Deprived Of Their Liberty, Synthesis Report From Regional Consultations Of Government Experts, (ICRC, Geneva, November 2013)
  • ICRC, Children in Detention, report (2017) <www.icrc.org/en/publication/ 4201-children-anddetention> (05.08.2018)
  • Melzer N., Kuster E., International Humanitarian Law, A Comprehensive Introduction, (ICRC, Geneva, Agust 2016)
  • Oswald B., ‘Some Controversies of Detention in Multinational Operations and the Contributions of the Copenhagen Principles, Multinational Operations and the Law’ (2013) Vol.95 No. (891/892) International Review of the Red Cross
  • Oswald B., ‘The Copenhagen Principles, International Military Operations and Detentions’ (2013) Vol 17 Journal of International Peacekeeping (12 Agustos 2014’te revize edilmiş olarak) Melbourne Legal Studies Research Paper No. 692, Melbourne Law School, University of Belbourne. <https:// papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2478519> (19.08.2018)
  • Pejic J., ‘Procedural Principles and Safeguards for Internment/ Administrative Detention in Armed Conflict and Other Situations Of Violence’ (2005) Vol. 87 No. 858 International Review of Red Cross
  • Rodenhauser T., ‘Strengthening IHL Protecting Persons Deprived of Their Liberty: Main Aspects of The Consultations and Discussions Since 2011’ “ Detention: addressing the human cost” (2018) Vol. 98 (3) International Review of the Red Cross
  • Sassoli M., Bouvier, A. A., Quintin, Anne, How Does Law Protect in War, E-Kitap. < https://www. icrc.org/eng/assets/files/publications/icrc-0739-part-i.pdf> (05.05.2019)
  • Sassoli M., ‘Taking Armed Groups Seriously, Ways to Improve Their Compliance with IHL’ (2010) Vol. 1 No. (1) International Humanitarian Legal Studies
  • Teferra Z. M., ‘National Security and the Right to Liberty in Armed Conflict: The Legality And Limits Of Security Detention in International Humanitarian Law’ “Detention: addressing the human cost” (2018) Vol. 98 (3) International Review of the Red Cross
  • Tuck D., ‘Detention by Armed Groups: Overcoming Challenges to Humanitarian Action’ (2011) Vol.93 No. 883 International Review of the Red Cross
  • Walmsley R., World Female Imprisonment List, (ICPR, London, 2017) <www.prisonstudies.org/ news/world-female-imprisonment-list-fourth-edition> (03.11.2018)
  • Weisbrodt D. and Hortreiter I., ‘The Principle of Non-Refoulement: Article 3 of the Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment in Comparison with the Non-Refoulement Provisions of Other International Human Rights Treaties’ (1999) (1) Human Rights Law Review <http://scholarship.law.umn.edu/faculty_articles/362.> (20.09.2018)
  • Winkler T. and Oswald B. O., ‘Copenhagen Process Principles and Guidelines on the Handling of Detainees in International Military Operations’ (2012) Vol.16 No.39 American Society in International Law <https://www.asil.org/insights/volume/16/issue/39/copenhagen-processprinciples-and-guidelines-handling-detainees> (02.08.2018)
  • <https://www.icrc.org/en/document/what-we-do-detainees> (01.03.2019)
  • < www.coe.int/en/web/cpt/visits#2017.> (05.05.2018)
  • <https://www.icrc.org/customary-ihl .> (05.12.2018)
  • <https://www.penalreform.org/priorities/prison-conditions/standard-minimum-rules/> (29.09.2018)
  • <https://www.unodc.org/documents/justice-and-prison-reform/GA-RESOLUTION/E_ebook.pdf> (29.10.2018)
  • <https://www.icrc.org/en/document/detention-non-international-armed-conflict-icrcs-workstrengthening-legal-protection-0> (09.01.2019)
  • <http://iihl.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Copenhagen-Process-Principles-and-Guidelines.pdf> (05.05.2019)
  • <https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/vwTreaties1949.xsp>(10.05.2019)
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Law in Context
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Rezzan Katılmış This is me 0000-0002-3330-185X

Publication Date June 30, 2020
Submission Date May 6, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 40 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Katılmış, R. (2020). Günümüz Çatışmalarında Özgürlüğünden Yoksun Bırakılmış Kişilerin Korunması. Public and Private International Law Bulletin, 40(1), 1-23.
AMA Katılmış R. Günümüz Çatışmalarında Özgürlüğünden Yoksun Bırakılmış Kişilerin Korunması. PPIL. June 2020;40(1):1-23.
Chicago Katılmış, Rezzan. “Günümüz Çatışmalarında Özgürlüğünden Yoksun Bırakılmış Kişilerin Korunması”. Public and Private International Law Bulletin 40, no. 1 (June 2020): 1-23.
EndNote Katılmış R (June 1, 2020) Günümüz Çatışmalarında Özgürlüğünden Yoksun Bırakılmış Kişilerin Korunması. Public and Private International Law Bulletin 40 1 1–23.
IEEE R. Katılmış, “Günümüz Çatışmalarında Özgürlüğünden Yoksun Bırakılmış Kişilerin Korunması”, PPIL, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 1–23, 2020.
ISNAD Katılmış, Rezzan. “Günümüz Çatışmalarında Özgürlüğünden Yoksun Bırakılmış Kişilerin Korunması”. Public and Private International Law Bulletin 40/1 (June 2020), 1-23.
JAMA Katılmış R. Günümüz Çatışmalarında Özgürlüğünden Yoksun Bırakılmış Kişilerin Korunması. PPIL. 2020;40:1–23.
MLA Katılmış, Rezzan. “Günümüz Çatışmalarında Özgürlüğünden Yoksun Bırakılmış Kişilerin Korunması”. Public and Private International Law Bulletin, vol. 40, no. 1, 2020, pp. 1-23.
Vancouver Katılmış R. Günümüz Çatışmalarında Özgürlüğünden Yoksun Bırakılmış Kişilerin Korunması. PPIL. 2020;40(1):1-23.