Year 2018,
, 179 - 205, 15.12.2018
Lars G. Björk
Tricia Browne-ferrigno
,
Theodore J. Kowalski
References
- Adler, P. S., & Borys, B. (1996). Two types of bureaucracy: Enabling and coercive. Administrative Science Quarterly, 41(1), 61-89.
Axley, S. R. (1996). Communication at work: Management and the communication-intensive organization. Westport, CT: Quorum Books.
Barth, R. S. (2003). Lessons learned: Shaping relations and the culture of the workplace. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
Björk, L. G. (2001). The role of the central office in decentralization. In T. J. Kowalski & G. Perreault (Eds.), 21st century challenges for school administrators (pp. 286-309). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press.
Björk, L. G. (2005). Superintendent-board relations: An historical overview of the dynamics of change and sources of conflict and collaboration. In G. J. Petersen & L. D. Fusarelli (Eds.), The district superintendent and school board relations: Trends in policy development and implementation (pp. 1-22). Charlotte, NC: Information Age.
Björk, L. G., & Gurley, D. K. (2005). Superintendent as educational statesman and political strategist. In L. G. Björk & T. Kowalski (Eds.), The contemporary superintendent: Preparation, practice, and development (pp.163-185). Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
Björk, L. G., Kowalski, T. J., & Browne-Ferrigno, T. (2014). The school district superintendent in the United States of America. In A. E. Nir (Ed.), The educational superintendent: Between trust and regulation. An international perspective (pp. 17-38). Hauppauge, NY: Nova.
Björk, L., & Lindle, J. C. (2001). Superintendents and interest groups. Educational Policy, 15(1), 76-91.
Bolman, L. G., & Deal, T. E. (2017). Reframing organizations: Artistry, choice, and leadership (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Browne-Ferrigno, T., & Glass, T. E. (2005). Superintendent as organizational manager. In L. G. Björk and T. J. Kowalski (Eds.), The contemporary superintendent: Preparation, practice, and development (pp. 137-161). Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
Brunner, C. C., Grogan, M., & Björk, L. G. (2002). Shifts in the discourse defining the superintendency: Historical and current foundations of the position. In J. Murphy (Ed.), The educational leadership challenge: Redefining leadership for the 21st century (pp. 211-238). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Burgoon, J. K., & Hale, J. L. (1984). The fundamental topoi of relational communication. Communication Monographs, 51(3), 193-214.
Callahan, R. E. (1962). Education and the cult of efficiency: A study of the social forces that have shaped the administration of public schools. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Callahan, R. E. (1966). The superintendent of schools: A historical analysis. Unpublished manuscript, Graduate Institute of Education, Washington University, St. Louis, Mo. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 0104 410).
Cappella, J. N. (1987). Interpersonal communication: Definitions and fundamental questions. In C. R. Berger & S. H. Chaffee (Eds.), Handbook of communication science (pp. 184-238). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Cibulka, J. G. (1999). Ideological lenses for interpreting political and economic changes affecting schooling. In J. Murphy & K. S. Louis (Eds.), Handbook of research on educational administration: A project of the American Educational Research Association (2nd ed., pp. 163-182). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Clark, S. N., Clark, D. C., & Irvin, J. L (1997). Collaborative decision making. Middle School Journal, 28(5), 54-56.
Conrad, C. (1994). Strategic organizational communication: Toward the twenty-first century (3rd ed.). Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace College.
Cuban, L. (1976). The urban school superintendent: A century and a half of change. Bloomington, IN: Phi Delta Kappa Educational Foundation.
Cronin, J. M. (1973). The control of urban schools: Perspective on the power of educational reformers. New York, NY: Free Press.
Datnow, A. (2002). Can we transplant educational reform, and does it last? Journal of Educational Change, 3(3-4), 215-239.
De Dreu, C. K. W., & Gelfand, M. E. (Eds.). The psychology of conflict and conflict management in organizations. New York, NY: Taylor & Francis Group.
Deal, T. E., & Perterson, K. D. (1999). Shaping school culture: The heart of leadership. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Edmonson, A. C. (2012). Teaming: How organizations learn, innovate, and compete in the knowledge economy. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Etzioni, A. (1993). The spirit of community: The reinvention of American society. New York, NY: Touchstone/Simon & Schuster.
Fullan, M. (2003). Change forces with a vengeance. New York, NY: Routledge.
Fusarelli, B. C., & Fusarelli, L. D. (2005). Reconceptualizing the superintendency: Superintendents as social scientists and social activists. In L. G. Björk & T. J. Kowalski (Eds.), The contemporary superintendent: Preparation, practice, and development (pp. 187-206). Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
Getzels, J. W. (1977). Educational administration twenty years later, 1954-1974. In L. L. Cunningham, W. G. Hack, & R. O. Nystrand (Eds.), Educational administration: The developing decades: Proceedings of a career development conference (pp. 3-24). Berkeley, CA: McCutchan.
Glass, G. V. (2008). Fertilizers, pills, and magnetic strips: The fate of public education in America. Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing.
Glass, T. E., Björk, L. G., & Brunner, C. C. (2000). The study of the American superintendency 2000: A look at the superintendent in the new millennium. Arlington, VA: American Association of School Administrators.
Goldring, E., & Greenfield, W. (2002). Understanding the evolving concept of leadership in education: Roles, expectations, and dilemmas. In J. Murphy (Ed.), The educational leadership challenge: Redefining leadership for the 21st century (pp. 1-19). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Goodlad, J. I., & McMannon, T. J. (Eds.). (1997). The public purpose of education and schooling. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Grunig, J. E. (1989). Symmetrical presuppositions as a framework for public relations theory. In C. H. Botan (Ed.), Public relations theory (pp. 17–44). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Grunig, J. E., & Huang, Y. H. (2000). Antecedents of relationships and outcomes. In J. Ledingham & S. Bruning (Eds.), Public relations as relationship management (pp. 23–54). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Hargreaves, A., & Fullan, M. (2012). Professional capital: Transforming teaching in every school. New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
Heckman, P. E. (1993). School restructuring in practice: Reckoning with the culture of school. International Journal of Educational Reform, 2(3), 263-272.
Hirokawa, R. Y. (1990). The role of communication in group decision-making efficacy: A task-contingency perspective. Small Group Research: An International Journal of Theory, Investigation, and Application, 21(2), 190-204.
Janis, I. L. (1982). Groupthink (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
Katzenback, J. R., & Smith, D. K. (2004). The discipline of teams. In Harvard Business Review on teams that succeed (pp. 1-25). Boston, MA: Harvard Business School.
Kirst, M. W., & Wirt, F. M. (2009). The political dynamics of American education (4thed.). Berkeley, CA: McCutchan.
Kowalski, T. J. (1999). The school superintendent: Theory, practice, and cases. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill, Prentice Hall.
Kowalski, T. J. (2000). Cultural change paradigms and administrator communication. Contemporary Education, 71(2), 5-10.
Kowalski, T. J. (2001). The future of local school governance: Implications for board members and superintendents. In C. C. Brunner & L. G. Björk (Eds.), The new superintendency (pp. 183-201). Oxford, UK: JAI Press.
Kowalski, T. J. (2003). Contemporary school district administration: An introduction (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
Kowalski, T. J. (2005). Evolution of the school superintendent as communicator. Communication Education, 54(2), 101-117.
Kowalski, T. J. (2013). The school superintendent: Theory, practices, and cases (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks CA: Sage
Kowalski, T. J., & Björk, L. G. (2005). Role expectations of district superintendents: Implications for deregulating preparation and licensing. Journal of Thought, 40(2), 73-96.
Kowalski, T. J., & Glass, T. E. (2002). Preparing superintendents in the 21st century. In B. S. Cooper & L. D. Fusarelli (Eds.), The promises and perils facing today’s school superintendent (pp. 41-60). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Education.
Kowalski, T. J., McCord, R. S., Petersen, G. J., Young, I. P., & Ellerson, N. M. (2011). The American school superintendent: 2010 decennial study. Lanham, MD: Rowan & Littlefield Education.
Kowalski, T. J., Peterson, G. J., & Fusarelli, L. D. (2007). Effective communication for school administrators: A necessity in an information age. Lanham, MD: Rowan & Littlefield.
Kwalwasser, H. (2012). Renewal: Remaking America’s schools for the twenty-first century. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
Lambkin, M. L. (2006). Challenges and changes faced by rural superintendents. The Rural Educator, 28(2), 17-24.
Lencioni, P. (2002). The five dysfunctions of a team: A leadership fable. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Levin, H. M. (1999). The public-private nexus in education. The American Behavioral Scientist, 43(1), 124-137.
Littlejohn, S. W. (1992). Theories of human communication (4th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Marion, R., & Gonzalez, L. D. (2014). Leadership in education: Organizational theory for the practitioner (2nd ed.). Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press.
McGregor, D. (1967). The professional manager. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Millar, F. E., & Rogers, L. E. (1976). A relational approach to interpersonal communication. In G. Miller (Ed.), Explorations in interpersonal communication (pp. 87–103). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Mintzberg, H. (1980/2016). Structure in 5’s: A synthesis of the research on organizational design. In J. M. Shafritz, J. S. Ott, & Y. S. Jang (Eds.), Classics of organizational theory (8th ed., pp. 189-200). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.
Mohr, N., & Dichter, A. (2001). Building a learning organization. Phi Delta Kappan, 82(10), 744-747.
National Commission on Excellence in Education. (1983, April). A nation at risk: The imperative for educational reform. Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Education.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2007). PISA 2006: Science competencies for tomorrow’s world (Vol. 1). Paris, France: Author.
Ogawa, R. T., Crowson, R. L., & Goldring, E. B. (1999). Enduring dilemmas of school organization. In J. Murphy & K. S. Louis (Eds.), Handbook of research on educational administration (2nd ed., pp. 277-295). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Owens, E. R., & Valesky, R. E. (2015). Organizational behavior in education: Leadership and school reform (11th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.
Patton, B. R., & Downs, T. M. (2003). Decision-making group interaction (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
Pulliam, J. D., & Van Patten, J. D. (2007). History of education in America (9th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.
Reitz, H. J. (1987). Behavior in organizations (3rd ed.). Homewood, IL: Irwin.
Risku, M., Karnervio, P., & Björk, L. G. (2014). Finnish superintendents: Leading in a changing education policy context. Leadership and Policy in Schools, 13(4), 383-406.
Sahlberg, P. (2011). Finnish lessons: What can the world learn from educational change in Finland? New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
Schein, E. H. (1992). Organizational culture and leadership (2nd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Schlechty, P. C. (1997). Inventing better schools: An action plan for educational reform. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Scott, W. R., & Davis, G. R. (2007). Organizations and organizing: Rational, natural, and open system perspectives. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
Sergiovanni, T. J. (2006). The principalship: A reflective practice perspective (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
Shafritz, J. M., Ott, J. S., & Jang, Y. S. (Eds.). (2016). Classics of organization theory (8th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.
Starratt, R. K. (1991). Building an ethical school: A theory for practice in educational leadership. Educational Administration Quarterly, 27(2), 185-202.
Thayer, L. O. (1961). Administrative communication. Homewood, IL: Irwin.
Ubben, G., Hughes, L., & Norris, C. (2004). The principal: Creative leadership for effective schools (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
Wilson, G. L. (2004). Groups in context: Leadership and participation in small groups (7th ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw Hill.
Wirt, F., & Kirst, M. (2001). The political dynamics of American education. Berkeley, CA: McCutchan.
Van Til, W. (1971). Prologue: Is progressive education obsolete? In W. Van Til (Ed.), Curriculum: Quest for Relevance (pp. 9-17). Boston, MA: Houghton-Mifflin.
W. K. Kellogg Foundation. (1961). Toward improved school administration: A decade of professional effort to heighten administrative understanding and skills. Battle Creek, MI: Author.
Superintendent Roles as CEO and Team Leader
Year 2018,
, 179 - 205, 15.12.2018
Lars G. Björk
Tricia Browne-ferrigno
,
Theodore J. Kowalski
Abstract
The complexity and intensity of reforms over
several decades in the United States of America led to large-scale systemic
reform and shifted superintendent roles from emphasis on management tasks to
pivotal actions in the complex algorithm for managing and leading change initiatives.
National commissions, task force reports, and nationwide research on the
American superintendency informed need for changes in school-district
leadership. This article provides a scholarly and objective analysis of issues
surrounding five roles superintendents assume and the emergent need for
district-level team leadership to address successfully diverse and complex
challenges in contemporary education.
References
- Adler, P. S., & Borys, B. (1996). Two types of bureaucracy: Enabling and coercive. Administrative Science Quarterly, 41(1), 61-89.
Axley, S. R. (1996). Communication at work: Management and the communication-intensive organization. Westport, CT: Quorum Books.
Barth, R. S. (2003). Lessons learned: Shaping relations and the culture of the workplace. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
Björk, L. G. (2001). The role of the central office in decentralization. In T. J. Kowalski & G. Perreault (Eds.), 21st century challenges for school administrators (pp. 286-309). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press.
Björk, L. G. (2005). Superintendent-board relations: An historical overview of the dynamics of change and sources of conflict and collaboration. In G. J. Petersen & L. D. Fusarelli (Eds.), The district superintendent and school board relations: Trends in policy development and implementation (pp. 1-22). Charlotte, NC: Information Age.
Björk, L. G., & Gurley, D. K. (2005). Superintendent as educational statesman and political strategist. In L. G. Björk & T. Kowalski (Eds.), The contemporary superintendent: Preparation, practice, and development (pp.163-185). Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
Björk, L. G., Kowalski, T. J., & Browne-Ferrigno, T. (2014). The school district superintendent in the United States of America. In A. E. Nir (Ed.), The educational superintendent: Between trust and regulation. An international perspective (pp. 17-38). Hauppauge, NY: Nova.
Björk, L., & Lindle, J. C. (2001). Superintendents and interest groups. Educational Policy, 15(1), 76-91.
Bolman, L. G., & Deal, T. E. (2017). Reframing organizations: Artistry, choice, and leadership (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Browne-Ferrigno, T., & Glass, T. E. (2005). Superintendent as organizational manager. In L. G. Björk and T. J. Kowalski (Eds.), The contemporary superintendent: Preparation, practice, and development (pp. 137-161). Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
Brunner, C. C., Grogan, M., & Björk, L. G. (2002). Shifts in the discourse defining the superintendency: Historical and current foundations of the position. In J. Murphy (Ed.), The educational leadership challenge: Redefining leadership for the 21st century (pp. 211-238). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Burgoon, J. K., & Hale, J. L. (1984). The fundamental topoi of relational communication. Communication Monographs, 51(3), 193-214.
Callahan, R. E. (1962). Education and the cult of efficiency: A study of the social forces that have shaped the administration of public schools. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Callahan, R. E. (1966). The superintendent of schools: A historical analysis. Unpublished manuscript, Graduate Institute of Education, Washington University, St. Louis, Mo. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 0104 410).
Cappella, J. N. (1987). Interpersonal communication: Definitions and fundamental questions. In C. R. Berger & S. H. Chaffee (Eds.), Handbook of communication science (pp. 184-238). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Cibulka, J. G. (1999). Ideological lenses for interpreting political and economic changes affecting schooling. In J. Murphy & K. S. Louis (Eds.), Handbook of research on educational administration: A project of the American Educational Research Association (2nd ed., pp. 163-182). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Clark, S. N., Clark, D. C., & Irvin, J. L (1997). Collaborative decision making. Middle School Journal, 28(5), 54-56.
Conrad, C. (1994). Strategic organizational communication: Toward the twenty-first century (3rd ed.). Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace College.
Cuban, L. (1976). The urban school superintendent: A century and a half of change. Bloomington, IN: Phi Delta Kappa Educational Foundation.
Cronin, J. M. (1973). The control of urban schools: Perspective on the power of educational reformers. New York, NY: Free Press.
Datnow, A. (2002). Can we transplant educational reform, and does it last? Journal of Educational Change, 3(3-4), 215-239.
De Dreu, C. K. W., & Gelfand, M. E. (Eds.). The psychology of conflict and conflict management in organizations. New York, NY: Taylor & Francis Group.
Deal, T. E., & Perterson, K. D. (1999). Shaping school culture: The heart of leadership. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Edmonson, A. C. (2012). Teaming: How organizations learn, innovate, and compete in the knowledge economy. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Etzioni, A. (1993). The spirit of community: The reinvention of American society. New York, NY: Touchstone/Simon & Schuster.
Fullan, M. (2003). Change forces with a vengeance. New York, NY: Routledge.
Fusarelli, B. C., & Fusarelli, L. D. (2005). Reconceptualizing the superintendency: Superintendents as social scientists and social activists. In L. G. Björk & T. J. Kowalski (Eds.), The contemporary superintendent: Preparation, practice, and development (pp. 187-206). Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
Getzels, J. W. (1977). Educational administration twenty years later, 1954-1974. In L. L. Cunningham, W. G. Hack, & R. O. Nystrand (Eds.), Educational administration: The developing decades: Proceedings of a career development conference (pp. 3-24). Berkeley, CA: McCutchan.
Glass, G. V. (2008). Fertilizers, pills, and magnetic strips: The fate of public education in America. Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing.
Glass, T. E., Björk, L. G., & Brunner, C. C. (2000). The study of the American superintendency 2000: A look at the superintendent in the new millennium. Arlington, VA: American Association of School Administrators.
Goldring, E., & Greenfield, W. (2002). Understanding the evolving concept of leadership in education: Roles, expectations, and dilemmas. In J. Murphy (Ed.), The educational leadership challenge: Redefining leadership for the 21st century (pp. 1-19). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Goodlad, J. I., & McMannon, T. J. (Eds.). (1997). The public purpose of education and schooling. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Grunig, J. E. (1989). Symmetrical presuppositions as a framework for public relations theory. In C. H. Botan (Ed.), Public relations theory (pp. 17–44). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Grunig, J. E., & Huang, Y. H. (2000). Antecedents of relationships and outcomes. In J. Ledingham & S. Bruning (Eds.), Public relations as relationship management (pp. 23–54). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Hargreaves, A., & Fullan, M. (2012). Professional capital: Transforming teaching in every school. New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
Heckman, P. E. (1993). School restructuring in practice: Reckoning with the culture of school. International Journal of Educational Reform, 2(3), 263-272.
Hirokawa, R. Y. (1990). The role of communication in group decision-making efficacy: A task-contingency perspective. Small Group Research: An International Journal of Theory, Investigation, and Application, 21(2), 190-204.
Janis, I. L. (1982). Groupthink (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
Katzenback, J. R., & Smith, D. K. (2004). The discipline of teams. In Harvard Business Review on teams that succeed (pp. 1-25). Boston, MA: Harvard Business School.
Kirst, M. W., & Wirt, F. M. (2009). The political dynamics of American education (4thed.). Berkeley, CA: McCutchan.
Kowalski, T. J. (1999). The school superintendent: Theory, practice, and cases. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill, Prentice Hall.
Kowalski, T. J. (2000). Cultural change paradigms and administrator communication. Contemporary Education, 71(2), 5-10.
Kowalski, T. J. (2001). The future of local school governance: Implications for board members and superintendents. In C. C. Brunner & L. G. Björk (Eds.), The new superintendency (pp. 183-201). Oxford, UK: JAI Press.
Kowalski, T. J. (2003). Contemporary school district administration: An introduction (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
Kowalski, T. J. (2005). Evolution of the school superintendent as communicator. Communication Education, 54(2), 101-117.
Kowalski, T. J. (2013). The school superintendent: Theory, practices, and cases (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks CA: Sage
Kowalski, T. J., & Björk, L. G. (2005). Role expectations of district superintendents: Implications for deregulating preparation and licensing. Journal of Thought, 40(2), 73-96.
Kowalski, T. J., & Glass, T. E. (2002). Preparing superintendents in the 21st century. In B. S. Cooper & L. D. Fusarelli (Eds.), The promises and perils facing today’s school superintendent (pp. 41-60). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Education.
Kowalski, T. J., McCord, R. S., Petersen, G. J., Young, I. P., & Ellerson, N. M. (2011). The American school superintendent: 2010 decennial study. Lanham, MD: Rowan & Littlefield Education.
Kowalski, T. J., Peterson, G. J., & Fusarelli, L. D. (2007). Effective communication for school administrators: A necessity in an information age. Lanham, MD: Rowan & Littlefield.
Kwalwasser, H. (2012). Renewal: Remaking America’s schools for the twenty-first century. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
Lambkin, M. L. (2006). Challenges and changes faced by rural superintendents. The Rural Educator, 28(2), 17-24.
Lencioni, P. (2002). The five dysfunctions of a team: A leadership fable. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Levin, H. M. (1999). The public-private nexus in education. The American Behavioral Scientist, 43(1), 124-137.
Littlejohn, S. W. (1992). Theories of human communication (4th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Marion, R., & Gonzalez, L. D. (2014). Leadership in education: Organizational theory for the practitioner (2nd ed.). Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press.
McGregor, D. (1967). The professional manager. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Millar, F. E., & Rogers, L. E. (1976). A relational approach to interpersonal communication. In G. Miller (Ed.), Explorations in interpersonal communication (pp. 87–103). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Mintzberg, H. (1980/2016). Structure in 5’s: A synthesis of the research on organizational design. In J. M. Shafritz, J. S. Ott, & Y. S. Jang (Eds.), Classics of organizational theory (8th ed., pp. 189-200). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.
Mohr, N., & Dichter, A. (2001). Building a learning organization. Phi Delta Kappan, 82(10), 744-747.
National Commission on Excellence in Education. (1983, April). A nation at risk: The imperative for educational reform. Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Education.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2007). PISA 2006: Science competencies for tomorrow’s world (Vol. 1). Paris, France: Author.
Ogawa, R. T., Crowson, R. L., & Goldring, E. B. (1999). Enduring dilemmas of school organization. In J. Murphy & K. S. Louis (Eds.), Handbook of research on educational administration (2nd ed., pp. 277-295). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Owens, E. R., & Valesky, R. E. (2015). Organizational behavior in education: Leadership and school reform (11th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.
Patton, B. R., & Downs, T. M. (2003). Decision-making group interaction (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
Pulliam, J. D., & Van Patten, J. D. (2007). History of education in America (9th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.
Reitz, H. J. (1987). Behavior in organizations (3rd ed.). Homewood, IL: Irwin.
Risku, M., Karnervio, P., & Björk, L. G. (2014). Finnish superintendents: Leading in a changing education policy context. Leadership and Policy in Schools, 13(4), 383-406.
Sahlberg, P. (2011). Finnish lessons: What can the world learn from educational change in Finland? New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
Schein, E. H. (1992). Organizational culture and leadership (2nd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Schlechty, P. C. (1997). Inventing better schools: An action plan for educational reform. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Scott, W. R., & Davis, G. R. (2007). Organizations and organizing: Rational, natural, and open system perspectives. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
Sergiovanni, T. J. (2006). The principalship: A reflective practice perspective (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
Shafritz, J. M., Ott, J. S., & Jang, Y. S. (Eds.). (2016). Classics of organization theory (8th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.
Starratt, R. K. (1991). Building an ethical school: A theory for practice in educational leadership. Educational Administration Quarterly, 27(2), 185-202.
Thayer, L. O. (1961). Administrative communication. Homewood, IL: Irwin.
Ubben, G., Hughes, L., & Norris, C. (2004). The principal: Creative leadership for effective schools (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
Wilson, G. L. (2004). Groups in context: Leadership and participation in small groups (7th ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw Hill.
Wirt, F., & Kirst, M. (2001). The political dynamics of American education. Berkeley, CA: McCutchan.
Van Til, W. (1971). Prologue: Is progressive education obsolete? In W. Van Til (Ed.), Curriculum: Quest for Relevance (pp. 9-17). Boston, MA: Houghton-Mifflin.
W. K. Kellogg Foundation. (1961). Toward improved school administration: A decade of professional effort to heighten administrative understanding and skills. Battle Creek, MI: Author.