Dindarlık ve Kumar Bağımlılığı Arasındaki ilişki Üzerine Sistematik Bir İnceleme

Abstract

Bu araştırmanın konusunu kumar bağımlılığı ile dindarlık arasındaki ilişki oluşturmaktadır. Daha önce yapılan çalışmalarda dindarlığın kumar bağımlılığı ile ilişkili olduğu ve kumar bağımlılığına karşı koruyucu ya da risk faktörü olabileceğine dair çeşitli bulgular elde edilmiştir. Ancak hem Türkiye’de hem de yurt dışında bu iki değişken arasındaki ilişkiyi sistematik bir biçimde inceleyen herhangi bir literatür taramasının yapılmadığı görülmektedir. Bu bağlamda yürütülen bu araştırma, kumar bağımlılığı ile dindarlık ilişkisini sistematik olarak ele alan ilk çalışma olması açısından önem arz etmektedir. Çalışmada kumar bağımlılığı ile dindarlık arasındaki ilişkiyi inceleyen araştırmaların analiz edilmesi ve bu ilişkinin doğasının (negatif, pozitif veya nötr) belirlenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Çalışma, sistematik literatür taraması yöntemiyle yürütülmüş ve PRISMA modeli (Sistematik Derleme ve Meta-Analizler için Tercih Edilen Raporlama Öğeleri) temel alınarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma sürecinde PubMed, DOAJ, Journal of Gambling Studies ve ScienceDirect veri tabanlarında dindarlık ve kumar bağımlılığı konularıyla ilgili çalışmalar taranmıştır. Bu kapsamda toplam 3.705 çalışmaya ulaşılmıştır. Başlık ve özetler incelendikten sonra, konuyu doğrudan ele alan ya da dindarlık ile kumar bağımlılığı arasındaki ilişkiye dair analizler içeren 28 çalışma belirlenmiştir. Bu 28 çalışma; örneklem özellikleri, araştırma yöntemleri, kumar bağımlılığı ve dindarlık tanımları, kullanılan ölçme araçları ve analiz teknikleri açısından detaylı bir şekilde incelenmiştir. İnceleme sonucunda, 13 çalışmanın kumar bağımlılığını ölçmek için farklı araçlar kullandığı, 9’unun South Oaks Kumar Tarama Envanteri’ni (SOKT) kullandığı ve 6 çalışmanın ise standart bir ölçüm aracı kullanmaksızın, araştırmacılar tarafından geliştirilen sorularla ölçüm yaptığı görülmüştür. Daha tutarlı ve güvenilir bir analiz yapılabilmesi adına, kumar bağımlılığını ölçmede en yaygın ve geçerli araç olan South Oaks Kumar Tarama Envanteri’ni kullanan 9 çalışma incelemenin merkezine alınmıştır. Ayrıca, standart bir ölçüm aracı kullanmayan çalışmalarla karşılaştırmalar yapılarak, iki grup arasında farklılık olup olmadığı analiz edilmiştir. Bu doğrultuda toplam 15 makale analize dahil edilmiş ve iki amaç belirlenmiştir: 1) Kumar bağımlılığı ile dindarlık arasındaki ilişkiyi belirlemek, 2) Kumar bağımlılığını ölçmek için geçerli ölçüm aracı kullanan çalışmalar ile kullanmayan çalışmaların bulgularını karşılaştırmak. South Oaks Kumar Tarama Envanterini kullanan 9 makalenin 7’sinde kumar bağımlılığı ile dindarlık arasında negatif bir ilişki bulunmuş, 2’sinde ise nötr bir ilişki tespit edilmiştir. Standart bir ölçüm aracı kullanmayan 6 çalışmanın 4’ünde negatif, 2’sinde nötr ilişki saptanmıştır. Araştırmada elde edilen bulgular incelendiğinde, dindarlık ile kumar bağımlılığı arasındaki ilişkinin negatif yönde olabileceği çıkarımı yapılabilir. Yapılabilecek bir diğer çıkarım ise gerek South Oaks Kumar Tarama Envanterini kullanan ve araştırmacılar tarafından geliştirilen sorularla ölçümleme yapılan çalışmaların kumar bağımlılığı ile dindarlık ilişkisi açısından benzer sonuçlar elde ettiğidir. Bu durum, dindarlığın kumar bağımlılığı üzerinde tutarlı bir şekilde azaltıcı etkisi olabileceğini düşündürmektedir.

Keywords

• Din Psikolojisi
• Kumar Bağımlılığı
• Dindarlık
• Koruyucu ve Risk Faktörler

A Systematic Review on the Relationship Between Religiosity and Gambling Addiction

Abstract

The focus of this study is the relationship between gambling addiction and religiosity. Previous research has suggested that religiosity may be associated with gambling addiction, either as a protective or a risk factor. However, both in Turkey and internationally, no systematic review has been conducted to examine the relationship between these two variables in a structured and comprehensive manner. In this context, the present study is significant as it constitutes the first systematic review addressing the link between gambling addiction and religiosity. The aim of this study is to analyze previous research that has investigated the association between gambling addiction and religiosity, and to determine the nature of this relationship—whether it is negative, positive, or neutral. The study was carried out using the method of systematic literature review and was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA model (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses). During the research process, studies related to religiosity and gambling addiction were scanned in the PubMed, DOAJ, Journal of Gambling Studies, and ScienceDirect databases. A total of 3,705 studies were initially identified. After reviewing the titles and abstracts, 28 studies that directly addressed the topic or provided analyses of the relationship between religiosity and gambling addiction were selected. These 28 studies were examined in detail in terms of their sample characteristics, research methods, definitions of gambling addiction and religiosity, measurement tools, and analysis techniques. The review revealed that 13 studies used various instruments to measure gambling addiction, 9 studies employed the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS), and 6 studies measured gambling behavior using researcher-developed, non-standardized questions without employing a validated assessment tool. In order to ensure a more consistent and reliable analysis, the 9 studies using the most widely adopted and validated tool—the South Oaks Gambling Screen—were placed at the center of the systematic review. In addition, comparisons were made between these and the studies that did not utilize a standardized instrument, to assess whether there were any notable differences between the two groups. Accordingly, a total of 15 articles were included in the final analysis, with two main objectives:1) To identify the relationship between gambling addiction and religiosity, and 2) To compare the findings of studies using validated measurement tools with those that did not.Among the 9 studies using the South Oaks Gambling Screen, 7 found a negative relationship between religiosity and gambling addiction, while 2 reported a neutral relationship. Of the 6 studies that did not employ a standardized instrument, 4 found a negative association, and 2 found a neutral one. Based on these findings, it may be inferred that there is likely a negative relationship between religiosity and gambling addiction. Another notable conclusion is that the majority of studies—regardless of whether they used the South Oaks Gambling Screen or researcher-developed questions—produced similar results concerning this relationship. This consistency suggests that religiosity may have a stable and potentially protective effect against gambling addiction.

Keywords

• Pscychology of Religion
• Gambling Addiction
• Religiosity
• Protective and Risk Factors

References

1. Abbott, M. W. “The Changing Epidemiology of Gambling Disorder and Gambling-Related Harm: Public Health Implications.” Public Health. Elsevier B.V., 184 (July 1, 2020),41-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2020.04.003
2. Ajzen, Icek. “The Theory of Planned Behavior.” Organizational behavior and human decision processes 50/2 (1991), 179-211.
3. Auriol, Emmanuelle et al. “Betting on the Lord: Lotteries and Religiosity in Haiti.” World Development 144 (August 1, 2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105441
4. Hoffmann, John P. Religion and Problem Gambling in the U.S. Source: Review of Religious Research (2000). 488–509. https://about.jstor.org/terms
5. Ayten, Ali. “Din ve Sağlık: Bireysel Dindarlık, Sağlık Davranışları ve Hayat Memnuniyeti İlişkisi Üzerine Bir Araştırma.” Din bilimleri Akademik Araştırma Dergisi, 13/3 (2013), 7-31.
6. Beyerlein, Kraig - Sallaz, Jeffrey J. “Faith’s Wager: How Religion Deters Gambling.” Social Science Research 62 (February 1, 2017), 204–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2016.07.007
7. Billah, Muhammad Asyiiq et al. “The Relationship Between Religiosity and Self-Control with Online Gambling Addiction in Online Gamblers.” Journal of Scientific Research 4/1(2025), 279-288.
8. Chalmers, Heather - Willoughby, Teena. “Do Predictors of Gambling Involvement Differ across Male and Female Adolescents?” Journal of Gambling Studies 22/4 (December 2006), 373–392. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-006-9024-6

9. Chan, Victor K.Y. “The General Relationship between Universal Human Values and Adolescents’ Problem/Pathological Gambling in Macao: A Parsimonious, Quantitative Model.” Substance Use and Misuse 49/1–2 (January 2014), 189–201. https://doi.org/10.3109/10826084.2013.824475
10. Connors, Gerard J et al. A “Measure of Religious Background and Behavior for Use in Behavior Change Research”. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors (1996). 90–96.
11. Coulter, Ronald L. et al. “Religiosity and Generational Effects on Gambling: Support for and Opposition to Introducing Casino Gambling in a Non-Gambling Tourist Entertainment Environment.” Journal of Business Research 66/9 (September 2013), 1682–1688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2012.12.015
12. Çakici, Mehmet et al. “Prevalence of Gambling Behavior, Risk Factors and Relations with Cultural Attitudes in TRNC: 2007-2014.” Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi 20/4 (2019), 395–403. https://doi.org/10.5455/apd.7939
13. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders : DSM-5. (American Psychiatric Association, 2013),485-489.
14. Eitle, David. “Religion and Gambling Among Young Adults in the United States: Moral Communities and the Deterrence Hypothesis.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 50/1 (March 2011), 61–81. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5906.2010.01552.x
15. Erdem, Ekrem. “Helal Kazanç, İnsan Onuru ve Erdemli Toplum İnşası: İlgili Hadisler Üzerinden İktisadi Bir Değerlendirme.” Helal ve Etik Araştırmalar Dergisi 4/1 (June 23, 2022), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.51973/head.1111960
16. Gavriel-Fried, Belle. “Attitudes of Jewish Israeli Adults towards Gambling.” International Gambling Studies 15/2 (May 4, 2015), 196–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/14459795.2015.1012178
17. Ghandour, Lilian A. - Sayed, Donna S. El. “Gambling Behaviors among University Youth: Does One’s Religious Affiliation and Level of Religiosity Play a Role?” Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 27/1 (March 2013), 279–286. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030172
18. Gillis, Phoenix. “Problem Gambling as a Response to Social and Occupational Stressors : Exploring a Moderation Model of Stress and Coping”. Library and Archives Canada = Bibliothèque et Archives Canada, (2013).
19. Goodman, Avıel. “Addiction: Definition and Implications.” British Journal of Addiction, 1990. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1990.tb01620.x
20. Grant, Jon E. et al. “Neural and Psychological Underpinnings of Gambling Disorder: A Review.” Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry. Elsevier Inc., (February 2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.10.007
21. Hodge, David R et al. The Protective Influence of Spiritual-Religious Lifestyle Profiles on Tobacco Use, Alcohol Use, and Gambling. Work Research (2007). 211–219. https://about.jstor.org/terms
22. Hong, Song Iee et al. “An Empirical Typology of Lifetime and Current Gambling Behaviors: Association with Health Status of Older Adults.” Aging and Mental Health 13/2 (March 2009), 265–273. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607860802459849
23. Joseph Hraba - Gang Lee, Problem Gambling and Policy Advice: The Mutability and Relative Effects of Structural, Associational and Attitudinal Variables, Journal of Gambling Studies 11/2 (1995), 105-121.
24. Joseph Waiman Hraba et al., “Lottery Play and Problem Gambling” Journal of Gambling Studies 6 (1990), 355-377.
25. Koenig, Harold G. et al. “Religious Involvement Is Associated with Greater Purpose, Optimism, Generosity and Gratitude in Persons with Major Depression and Chronic Medical Illness.” Journal of Psychosomatic Research 77/2 (2014), 135–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2014.05.002
26. Kunhibava, Sherin. “Reasons on the Similarity of Objections with Regards to Gambling and Speculation in Islamic Finance and Conventional Finance.” Journal of Gambling Studies, March 2011. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-010-9201-5
27. Lam, Desmond. “The Influence of Religiosity on Gambling Participation.” Journal of Gambling Studies 22/3 (2006), 305–320. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-006-9018-4
28. Lee, Grace P. et al. “Investigating the Association between Strategic and Pathological Gambling Behaviors and Substance Use in Youth: Could Religious Faith Play a Differential Role?” American Journal on Addictions 23/3 (2014), 280–287. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1521-0391.2014.12101.x
29. Lee, Heung Pyo et al. “The Five-Factor Gambling Motivation Model.” Psychiatry Research 150/1 (February 28, 2007), 21–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2006.04.005
30. Lee, Hyung Seok. “Predicting and Understanding Undergraduate Students’ Intentions to Gamble in a Casino Using an Extended Model of the Theory of Reasoned Action and the Theory of Planned Behavior.” Journal of Gambling Studies 29/2 (June 2013), 269–288. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-012-9302-4
31. Mishra, Sandeep et al. “Risk and Protective Factors in Problem Gambling: An Examination of Psychological Resilience.” International Gambling Studies 19/2 (May 4, 2019), 241–264. https://doi.org/10.1080/14459795.2018.1545242
32. Mutti-Packer, Seema et al. “The Protective Role of Religiosity against Problem Gambling: Findings from a Five-Year Prospective Study.” BMC Psychiatry 17/1 (November 6, 2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-017-1518-5
33. Noussair, Charles N. et al. “Risk Aversion and Religion.” Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 47/2 (October 2013), 165–183. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11166-013-9174-8
34. Oei, Tian P.S. - Gordon, Leon M. “Psychosocial Factors Related to Gambling Abstinence and Relapse in Members of Gamblers Anonymous.” Journal of Gambling Studies 24/1 (March 2008), 91–105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-007-9071-7
35. Paloutzian, R. F., & Park, C. L. (Eds.). Handbook of The Psychology Of Relıgıon And Spırıtualıty. (New York City: The Guilford Press, 2014),380-385.
36. Randy Stinchfield, “Reliability, Validity, and Classification Accuracy of the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS)” Addictive behaviors, 27 (1997),1.
37. Rash, Carla J. - Petry, Nancy M. “Psychological Treatments for Gambling Disorder,” Psychology Research and Behavior Management (October 2014),285-295. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S40883
38. Stolz, Jörg. “Explaining Religiosity: Towards a Unified Theoretical Model.” British Journal of Sociology 60/2 (June 2009), 345–376. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-4446.2009.01234.x
39. Sussman, Steve - Sussman, Alan N. “Considering the Definition of Addiction.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 8/10 (2011), 4025–4038. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8104025
40. Uecker, Jeremy E. - Stokes, Charles E. “Religious Background and Gambling Among Young Adults in the United States.” Journal of Gambling Studies 32/1 (March 1, 2016), 341–361. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-015-9532-3
41. Uygur, Abdullah Burak. “Kumar Oynama Bozukluğunun Davranışsal İnhibisyon-Aktivasyon Sistemleri ve Sosyodemografik Etkenler Ile İlişkisi.” Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi 17/1 (March 21, 2022), 36–45. https://doi.org/10.17517/ksutfd.862992
42. Vayısoğlu, Sümbüle Köksoy et al. “The Frequency of Gambling among University Students and Its Relationships to Their Sensation-Seeking Behaviors” Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions 6/1 (2019), 69–90. https://doi.org/10.15805/addicta.2019.6.1.0041
43. Venuleo, Claudia et al. “Towards a Cultural Understanding of Addictive Behaviours. The Image of the Social Environment among Problem Gamblers, Drinkers, Internet Users and Smokers.” Addiction Research and Theory 24/4 (July 3, 2016), 274–287. https://doi.org/10.3109/16066359.2015.1126257
44. Villani, Daniela et al. “The Role of Spirituality and Religiosity in Subjective Well-Being of Individuals with Different Religious Status.” Frontiers in Psychology 10/JULY (2019). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01525
45. Welte, John W. et al. “Predictors of Problem Gambling in the U.S.” Journal of Gambling Studies 33/2 (June 1, 2017), 327–342. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-016-9639-1
46. Winters, Ken C. et al. “A Prospective Study of Youth Gambling Behaviors.” Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 16/1 (2002), 3–9. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-164X.16.1.3
47. Yapıcı, Asım.” Yeni bir dindarlık ölçeği ve üniversiteli gençlerin dinin etkisini hissetme düzeyi: Çukurova Üniversitesi örneği.” Çukurova Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi (ÇÜİFD) 6/1 (2006), 66-116.
48. Yau, Yvonne H.C. - Potenza, Marc N. “Gambling Disorder and Other Behavioral Addictions: Recognition and Treatment.” Harvard Review of Psychiatry. (March 18, 2015). https://doi.org/10.1097/HRP.0000000000000051
49. Zilberman, Noam et al. “Personality Profiles of Substance and Behavioral Addictions.” Addictive Behaviors 82 (July 1, 2018), 174–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.03.007