Dindarlık ve Kumar Bağımlılığı Arasındaki ilişki Üzerine Sistematik Bir İnceleme

Öz

Bu araştırmanın konusunu kumar bağımlılığı ile dindarlık arasındaki ilişki oluşturmaktadır. Daha önce yapılan çalışmalarda dindarlığın kumar bağımlılığı ile ilişkili olduğu ve kumar bağımlılığına karşı koruyucu ya da risk faktörü olabileceğine dair çeşitli bulgular elde edilmiştir. Ancak hem Türkiye’de hem de yurt dışında bu iki değişken arasındaki ilişkiyi sistematik bir biçimde inceleyen herhangi bir literatür taramasının yapılmadığı görülmektedir. Bu bağlamda yürütülen bu araştırma, kumar bağımlılığı ile dindarlık ilişkisini sistematik olarak ele alan ilk çalışma olması açısından önem arz etmektedir. Çalışmada kumar bağımlılığı ile dindarlık arasındaki ilişkiyi inceleyen araştırmaların analiz edilmesi ve bu ilişkinin doğasının (negatif, pozitif veya nötr) belirlenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Çalışma, sistematik literatür taraması yöntemiyle yürütülmüş ve PRISMA modeli (Sistematik Derleme ve Meta-Analizler için Tercih Edilen Raporlama Öğeleri) temel alınarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma sürecinde PubMed, DOAJ, Journal of Gambling Studies ve ScienceDirect veri tabanlarında dindarlık ve kumar bağımlılığı konularıyla ilgili çalışmalar taranmıştır. Bu kapsamda toplam 3.705 çalışmaya ulaşılmıştır. Başlık ve özetler incelendikten sonra, konuyu doğrudan ele alan ya da dindarlık ile kumar bağımlılığı arasındaki ilişkiye dair analizler içeren 28 çalışma belirlenmiştir. Bu 28 çalışma; örneklem özellikleri, araştırma yöntemleri, kumar bağımlılığı ve dindarlık tanımları, kullanılan ölçme araçları ve analiz teknikleri açısından detaylı bir şekilde incelenmiştir. İnceleme sonucunda, 13 çalışmanın kumar bağımlılığını ölçmek için farklı araçlar kullandığı, 9’unun South Oaks Kumar Tarama Envanteri’ni (SOKT) kullandığı ve 6 çalışmanın ise standart bir ölçüm aracı kullanmaksızın, araştırmacılar tarafından geliştirilen sorularla ölçüm yaptığı görülmüştür. Daha tutarlı ve güvenilir bir analiz yapılabilmesi adına, kumar bağımlılığını ölçmede en yaygın ve geçerli araç olan South Oaks Kumar Tarama Envanteri’ni kullanan 9 çalışma incelemenin merkezine alınmıştır. Ayrıca, standart bir ölçüm aracı kullanmayan çalışmalarla karşılaştırmalar yapılarak, iki grup arasında farklılık olup olmadığı analiz edilmiştir. Bu doğrultuda toplam 15 makale analize dahil edilmiş ve iki amaç belirlenmiştir: 1) Kumar bağımlılığı ile dindarlık arasındaki ilişkiyi belirlemek, 2) Kumar bağımlılığını ölçmek için geçerli ölçüm aracı kullanan çalışmalar ile kullanmayan çalışmaların bulgularını karşılaştırmak. South Oaks Kumar Tarama Envanterini kullanan 9 makalenin 7’sinde kumar bağımlılığı ile dindarlık arasında negatif bir ilişki bulunmuş, 2’sinde ise nötr bir ilişki tespit edilmiştir. Standart bir ölçüm aracı kullanmayan 6 çalışmanın 4’ünde negatif, 2’sinde nötr ilişki saptanmıştır. Araştırmada elde edilen bulgular incelendiğinde, dindarlık ile kumar bağımlılığı arasındaki ilişkinin negatif yönde olabileceği çıkarımı yapılabilir. Yapılabilecek bir diğer çıkarım ise gerek South Oaks Kumar Tarama Envanterini kullanan ve araştırmacılar tarafından geliştirilen sorularla ölçümleme yapılan çalışmaların kumar bağımlılığı ile dindarlık ilişkisi açısından benzer sonuçlar elde ettiğidir. Bu durum, dindarlığın kumar bağımlılığı üzerinde tutarlı bir şekilde azaltıcı etkisi olabileceğini düşündürmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Din Psikolojisi
• Kumar Bağımlılığı
• Dindarlık
• Koruyucu ve Risk Faktörler

A Systematic Review on the Relationship Between Religiosity and Gambling Addiction

Öz

The focus of this study is the relationship between gambling addiction and religiosity. Previous research has suggested that religiosity may be associated with gambling addiction, either as a protective or a risk factor. However, both in Turkey and internationally, no systematic review has been conducted to examine the relationship between these two variables in a structured and comprehensive manner. In this context, the present study is significant as it constitutes the first systematic review addressing the link between gambling addiction and religiosity. The aim of this study is to analyze previous research that has investigated the association between gambling addiction and religiosity, and to determine the nature of this relationship—whether it is negative, positive, or neutral. The study was carried out using the method of systematic literature review and was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA model (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses). During the research process, studies related to religiosity and gambling addiction were scanned in the PubMed, DOAJ, Journal of Gambling Studies, and ScienceDirect databases. A total of 3,705 studies were initially identified. After reviewing the titles and abstracts, 28 studies that directly addressed the topic or provided analyses of the relationship between religiosity and gambling addiction were selected. These 28 studies were examined in detail in terms of their sample characteristics, research methods, definitions of gambling addiction and religiosity, measurement tools, and analysis techniques. The review revealed that 13 studies used various instruments to measure gambling addiction, 9 studies employed the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS), and 6 studies measured gambling behavior using researcher-developed, non-standardized questions without employing a validated assessment tool. In order to ensure a more consistent and reliable analysis, the 9 studies using the most widely adopted and validated tool—the South Oaks Gambling Screen—were placed at the center of the systematic review. In addition, comparisons were made between these and the studies that did not utilize a standardized instrument, to assess whether there were any notable differences between the two groups. Accordingly, a total of 15 articles were included in the final analysis, with two main objectives:1) To identify the relationship between gambling addiction and religiosity, and 2) To compare the findings of studies using validated measurement tools with those that did not.Among the 9 studies using the South Oaks Gambling Screen, 7 found a negative relationship between religiosity and gambling addiction, while 2 reported a neutral relationship. Of the 6 studies that did not employ a standardized instrument, 4 found a negative association, and 2 found a neutral one. Based on these findings, it may be inferred that there is likely a negative relationship between religiosity and gambling addiction. Another notable conclusion is that the majority of studies—regardless of whether they used the South Oaks Gambling Screen or researcher-developed questions—produced similar results concerning this relationship. This consistency suggests that religiosity may have a stable and potentially protective effect against gambling addiction.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Pscychology of Religion
• Gambling Addiction
• Religiosity
• Protective and Risk Factors

Kaynakça

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