Geographical Education in Primary School Curriculum in Turkey Between 1923-2018

Year 2020, , 639 - 663, 31.12.2020

Nihal Yıldız Yılmaz , Ali Meydan

https://doi.org/10.33403/rigeo.710465

Abstract

This study aims to examine the change and transformation of geographical education in the Turkish primary school curriculum between 1923-2018. The research uses a qualitative document review method and a descriptive analysis process to analyse the data. Nine primary school programs created by the Ministry of National Education (MoNE) are identified as research documents. Dates of primary school curricula in Turkey between 1923-2018 are analysed: 1924, 1926, 1936, 1948, 1962, 1968, 1997, 2005 and 2018. The 1924 Boys' Primary School curriculum is a continuation of the pre-republic program and geographical education was included in Grades three, four and five under the name “Geography”. The 1926 Primary School curriculum, and the 1936 Primary School curriculum, and the 1948 Primary School curriculum all include the name “Geography”. The 1962 Primary School curriculum includes geographical education as “Society and Country Studies” and “Science and Nature” in Grades Four and Five. The lesson information in the 1968 Primary School curriculum and also in 1997, 2005 and 2018 show geographical education as “Social Studies”, “Science (1968 and 1997), “Science and Technology” (2005) and “Science” (2018) for Grades Four and Five. From the 1926 Primary School curriculum to the 2018 Primary School curriculum, it is evident that geographical education occurs in Grades One, Two, and Three and Geography was included under the name of “life knowledge, which is a combination of Geography, History, Civics, Nature, and Science. It was determined the course hours differed from program. Purpose/objectives related to geographical education have gradually decreased. Given the importance of geographical education from the primary school level, achievements related to geography education can be increased.

Keywords

Geographical Education, Primary School Curriculum, Purpose / Objectives, Turkey

References

• Akınoğlu, O. (2005). The Effectiveness of and problems in geography education. International Journal of Geography and Geography Education, (12), 77-96. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/marucog/issue/459/3682
• Arslan, M. (2000). Cumhuriyet dönemi ilköğretim programları ve belli başlı özellikleri. Milli Eğitim Dergisi, 146, 42-48. Retrieved from http://dhgm.meb.gov.tr/Yayimlar /dergiler/Milli_ Egitim_Dergisi/146/aslan.htm
• Aslan, E. (2011). The First primary school curriculum of the Turkish Republic: “1924 İlk Mektepler Müfredat Programı” Elementary Education Online, 10(2), 717-734, Retrieved from http://ilkogretim-online.org.tr/index.php/io/article/viewFile/1616/1453
• Bonnett, A. (2008). What is geography?. London, Sage Publication. Retrieved from https://books.google.com.tr/books?hl=tr&lr=&id=G_491U8PQFEC&oi=fnd&pg=PP2&dq=what+is+geography&ots=LUmlIxsjpC&sig=JuBojQjMMasDzCHaCgkohQJrAns&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=what%20is%20geography&f=false
• Bowen, G. A. (2009). Document analysis as a qualitative research method. Qualitative research journal, 9(2), 27-40. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Glenn_ Bowen/publication/240807798_Document_Analysis_as_a_Qualitative_Research_Method/links/59d807d0a6fdcc2aad065377/Document-Analysis-as-a-Qualitative-Research-Method.pdf
• Daşcan, Ö. (2018). 2018 İlkokul programı 1-4 sınıflar. Ankara, Anı Yayıncılık.
• Doğanay, H. (1998). Coğrafyaya giriş. Konya, Çizgi Kitabevi
• Engin, İ., Akbaş, Y., & Gençtürk, E. (2003). I. Coğrafya kongresinden günümüze liselerimizde müfredat programlarındaki değişimler. Milli Eğitim Dergisi, 157, 103-114. Retrieved from http://dhgm.meb.gov.tr/yayimlar/dergiler/milli_egitim_dergisi/157/ergin.htm
• Erinç, S. (2000). Jeomorfoloji I. İstanbul, Der yayınları.
• İlhan Beyaztaş, D., Kaptı, S. B. & Senemoğlu, N. (2013). An Analysis of elementary school curricula since the foundation of Republic of Turkey. Ankara University, Journal of Faculty of Educational Sciences, 46(2), 319-344. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1501/Egifak_0000001308
• Kapluhan, E. (2012). Atatürk period (1923–1938) of geography education in primary school. lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education, 25, 152-170. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/11424/2658
• Karasar, N. (2011). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi. Ankara, Nobel Yayıncılık.
• Kızılçaoğlu, A. (2006). Geographic education in elementary schools. lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education, 14, 81-106. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/11424/2505
• The Ministry of Culture (1936). İlkokul programı. İstanbul, Devlet Basımevi,
• Ministry of Education (1924). İlk mekteplerin müfredat programı. İstanbul, Matbaa-i Amire.
• Ministry of Education (1926). İlk mekteplerin müfredat programı. İstanbul, Millî Matbaa.
• Maxwell, J. (1992). Understanding and validity in qualitative research. Harvard Educational Review, 62(3), 279-301. Retrieved from http://matt-koehler.com/hybridphd/hybridphd_summer_2010/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/maxwell92.pdf
• Ministry of National Education. (1948). İlkokul programı. İstanbul, Milli Eğitim Basımevi.
• Ministry of National Education. (1968). İlkokul programı. İstanbul, Milli Eğitim Basımevi.
• Ministry of National Education. (1998a). İlköğretim okulu haftalık ders çizelgesi. Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı Tebliğler Dergisi, 61(2492), 1012. Retrieved from file:///C:/Users/pc/Downloads/2492-eylul-1-1998.pdf
• Ministry of National Education. (1998b). İlköğretim okulu hayat bilgisi programı. Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı Tebliğler Dergisi, 61(2484), 5-120. Retrieved from file:///C:/Users/pc/Downloads/2484-ocak1998.pdf
• Ministry of National Education. (1998c). İlköğretim okulu sosyal bilgiler dersi öğretim programı. Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı Tebliğler Dergisi, 61(2487), 531-568. Retrieved from file:///C:/Users/pc/Downloads/2487-nisan1998.pdf
• Ministry of National Education. (1998d). İlköğretim okulu fen bilgisi programı. Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı Tebliğler Dergisi, 61(2484), 130-198. Retrieved from file:///C:/Users/pc/Downloads/2484-ocak1998.pdf
• Ministry of National Education. (2005a). İlköğretim hayat bilgisi dersi öğretim programı. Ankara, Devlet Kitaplar, Müdürlüğü
• Ministry of National Education. (2005b). İlköğretim sosyal bilgiler dersi öğretim programı. Ankara, Devlet Kitapları Müdürlüğü.
• Ministry of National Education. (2005c). İlköğretim fen ve teknoloji dersi öğretim programı. Ankara, Devlet Kitapları Müdürlüğü.
• Ministry of National Education. (2005d). İlköğretim okulu haftalık ders çizelgesi. Retrieved from https://www.turkegitimsen.org.tr/1mevzuatword/ttkb_192_sayili_karari.doc
• Ministry of National Education. (2018a). İlköğretim Kurumlari (İlkokul Ve Ortaokul) Haftalik Ders Çizelgesi. T.C. Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı. Retrieved from http://ttkb.meb.gov.tr/www/haftalik-ders-cizelgeleri/kategori/7
• Ministry of National Education. (2018b). Hayat Bilgisi Dersi Öğretim Programı (İlkokul 1, 2 ve 3. Sınıflar). T.C. Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı. Retrieved from http://mufredat.meb.gov.tr/ProgramDetay.aspx?PID=326
• Ministry of National Education. (2018c). Fen Bilimleri Dersi Öğretim Programı (İlkokul ve Ortaokul 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 ve 8. Sınıflar). T.C. Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı. Retrieved from http://mufredat.meb.gov.tr/ProgramDetay.aspx?PID=325
• Ministry of National Education. (2018d). Sosyal Bilgiler Dersi Öğretim Programı (İlkokul ve Ortaokul 4, 5, 6 ve 7. Sınıflar). T.C. Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı. Retrieved from http://mufredat.meb.gov.tr/ProgramDetay.aspx?PID=354
• Ministry of National Education. (2018e). Ortaöğretim Coğrafya Dersi (9, 10, 11 ve 12. Sınıflar) Öğretim Programı. T.C. Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı. Retrieved from http://mufredat.meb.gov.tr/Dosyalar/2018120203724482-Cografya%20dop%20pdf.pdf
• Meydan, A. (2017). Coğrafya nedir?. Hakkı Yazıcı & Nusret Koca (Ed.). Ankara, Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık. Örs, H., (2007). The investigation on the program of geography subjects in the sixth grade of the primary schools social studies course. Retrieved from file:///C:/Users/pc/Downloads/214506.pdf (AAT 214506)
• Özdemir, T. (1997). Coğrafya terimine etimolojik bir yaklaşım ve ötesi. Eastern Geographical Review, 2, 219-226. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ataunidcd/issue/2430/31031
• Özçağlar, A. (2000). Coğrafyaya giriş. Ankara, Hilmi Usta Matbaacılık.
• Pınar, A., & Tuncer, T. (2019). A Potential outdoor laboratory in geography education: Bolluk Lake and its environment. Future Visions Journal, 3(3), 24-40. Retrieved from DOI: 10.29345/futvis.72
• Roberts, P. & Priest, H. (2006). Reliability and validity in research. Nursing Standard, 20, 41-45. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306332255_Reliability_ and_validity_in_research
• Sağdıç, M. (2020). Historical development of geography teaching in elementary schools in Turkey. International Journal of Turkish Literature Culture Education, 9(1), 395-412. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1025468
• Sönmez, V. & Alacapınar, G. A. (2016). Örneklendirilmiş bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara, Anı Yayıncılık.
• Taşlı, İ. (2000). Günümüz coğrafya öğretiminde öğrenci aktivitelerinin bilgi üretimine dönüştürülmesinde olgular, kavramlar ve genellemelerin sistematik kullanımının sağlanması. Milli Eğitim Dergisi, 145, 31-33. Retrieved from http://dhgm.meb.gov.tr/yayimlar/dergiler/Milli_Egitim_Dergisi/145/tasli.htm
• Ünlü, M. (2001). The Geography education and teaching in of primary school. lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education, 3 (2), 31-48. Retrieved from http://dspace.marmara.edu.tr/handle/11424/2425
• Yıldırım, A. & Şimşek, H. (2018). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara, Seçkin Yayıncılık.