Examination of Studies Aimed at Developing Map Skills in Secondary School Students: A Meta-Analysis

Abstract

In this study, it was aimed to determine the effect of map skills studies conducted for secondary school students on students' academic success and to synthesize research findings. For this purpose, the results of the experimental studies were analyzed in the research by meta-analysis method. Studies within the scope of the research were survey with the main keywords such as map, secondary school, map skill, map literacy and obtained from the database of the National Thesis Center of the Council of Higher Education. In the collection of data, the coding form prepared by the researchers in accordance with the inclusion criteria was used. As a result of the literature, 10 studies were reached on the subject, including 7 Master's and 3 doctoral theses that meet the inclusion criteria. The studies were analyzed by transferring them to the CMA 3 (Comprehensive Meta-Analysis) program. In the data analysis, standard deviation, arithmetic mean and sample size values were used from the pretest-posttest measurements of the experimental and control group of the related studies. In the study, the effect size was calculated using the random effects model due to the fact that heterogeneity was observed among the studies included in the meta-analysis. The effect size of the study was interpreted according to Thalheimer and Cook (2002), and the effect size of the study was very broad, and the studies covered by the research had a positive effect on improving academic success. The results obtained in the study showed that studies aimed at improving map skills in the teaching process increased student success.

Keywords

• Map Skills
• Secondary School Students
• Academic Achievement
• Meta-analysis

References

1. Abbak, A. C. (2016). The research of map reading and interpretation skill according to teachers and students views. (Unpublished master thesis). Çukurova University Institute of Social Sciences, Adana. Retrieved from: https://tez.yok.gov.tr
2. Aksoy, B. & Ablak, S. (2019). An evaluation of map literacy of social studies preservice teachers. Participatory Educational Research (PER), 6(2), 158-168.
3. Aksoy, B. & Akbaba, B. (2019). Skill training in social studies (Introduction). In B. Aksoy, B. Akbaba & B. Kılcan (Eds.). Skill training in Social Studies. (p. IX- XVII). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
4. Aksoy, B. & Sönmez, Ö. F. (2012). Map skills on images and texts in social sciences course books. Journal of Social Sciences, 12(48), 65-79.
5. Aksoy, B. (2013). Investigation of mapping skills of pre-service teachers as regards to various parameters. Educational Research and Reviews, 8(4), 134-143.
6. Aksoy, B. (2019). Determination of map literacy of undergraduate geography students. Review of International Geographical Education Online (RIGEO), 9(3), 591-603. Retrieved from: http://www.rigeo.org/vol9no3/Number3Winter/RIGEO-V9-N3-6.pdf
7. Aksoy, B., Kılıçoğlu, G. & Ablak, S. (2015). The relation of 11-14 years old students map skills and their achievement levels in mathematics. Journal of World of Turks, 7(2). 59-71.
8. Aktürk, V. (2012). The effects of using animation and digital map for students’ capabilities to perceive the space in social studies lesson. (Unpublished master thesis). Afyon Kocatepe Unıversıty Institute of Social Sciences, Afyonkarahisar. Retrieved from: https://tez.yok.gov.tr

9. *Aladağ, E. (2007). The effect of geographic information system (GIS) in teaching social studies to the academic achievements and motivation of 7th grade students of primary education. (Unpublished doctoral thesis). Gazi University Institute of Educational Sciences, Ankara. Retrieved from: https://tez.yok.gov.tr
10. Artvinli, E. (2010a). Configuring of geography lessons: Design of a lesson based on action research. Marmara Geographical Journal, 21, 184-218.
11. Artvinli, E. (2010b). The contribution of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to geography education and secondary school students’ attitudes related to GIS. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 10(3). 1277-1292.
12. *Balkan, A. (2007). The effectts of using maps on lesson behaviors, achievement and memorization level in social studies to the seventh grade primary students. (Unpublished master thesis). Sakarya University Institute of Social Sciences, Sakarya. Retrieved from: https://tez.yok.gov.tr
13. *Baloğlu Uğurlu, N. (2007). The effects on student attitude and achievement to teaching of geographic information systems supported subject of Turkey’s natural resources’ in social studies courses. (Unpublished doctoral thesis). Gazi University Institute of Educational Sciences, Ankara. Retrieved from: https://tez.yok.gov.tr
14. Bathurst, L. H. (1961). Developing map reading skills. Journal of Geography, 60(1), 26-32. DOI: 10.1080/00221346108982096
15. Bednarz, R. & Bednarz, S. W. (1995). Teaching geography skills. In W. Kemball (Ed.). Space and place: A geography manual for teachers. (p. 53-72). Washington, DC: Geographic Education Implementation Project (GENIP).
16. Board, C. (1978). Map reading tasks appropriate in experimental studies in cartographic communication. Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization, 15(1), 1-12. DOI: 10.3138 / AG15-V252-3726-W346
17. Brown, R. G. (1986). Map, globe, and graphing readiness activities: Developing universal thinking skills. The Social Studies, 77(6), 229-233. DOI: 10.1080/00377996.1986. 9957432
18. Buğdaycı, İ. & Selvi, H. Z. (2018). The contribution to learning skills of maps designed for primary school pupils. Ömer Halisdemir University Journal of Engineering Sciences, 7(2), 672-684.
19. Buğdaycı, İ. (2012). An evaluatıon about map use in elementary schools. (Unpublished doctoral thesis). Selçuk University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Konya. Retrieved from: https://tez.yok.gov.tr
20. Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş. & Demirel, F. (2012). Scientific research methods (Rev. Ed. 12th Edition). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
21. Cendek, M. E. (2015). The opinions of social studies teachers related to development about student’s reading maps. (Unpublished master thesis). Marmara University Institute of Educational Sciences, İstanbul. Retrieved from: https://tez.yok.gov.tr
22. Chang, C. Y. (2002). Does computer-assisted ınstruction + problem solving = ımproved science outcomes? A pioneer study. The Journal of Educational Research, 95(3), 143-150.
23. Çarkungöz, E. & Ediz. B. (2009). Meta analysis. Uludağ Univ. J. Fac. Vet. Med., 28(1), 33-37.
24. Çelikkaya, T. (2011). Transmission level of skills in the social studies curriculum: Theacher’s opinions. Kastamonu Education Journal, 19(3), 969-990.
25. Çelikkaya, T., Yıldırım, T. & Kürümlüoğlu, M. (2019). Ability hierarchies, reasons and recommendations of students and social studies teachers regardıng ability in social studies curriculum. Manas Journal of Social Studies, 8(1), 111-132.
26. *Daşdemir, İ. (2013). The effects of geographic informetion systems usage on students’ acedemic achievement in social studes teaching. (Unpublished master thesis). Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University Institute of Educational Sciences, Muğla. Retrieved from: https://tez.yok.gov.tr
27. Demiralp, N. (2006). The development of map and globe skills by the use of demonstration method in geography education. (Unpublished doctoral thesis). Gazi University Institute of Educational Sciences, Ankara. Retrieved from: https://tez.yok.gov.tr
28. Dijk, H. V., Schee, J. V. D., Trimp, H. & Zijpp, T. V. D. (1994) Map skills and geographical knowledge. International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education, 3(1), 68-80. DOI: 10.1080/10382046.1994.9964928
29. Dikmen, M. & Tuncer, M. (2018). A meta-analysis of effects of computer assisted education on students’ academic achievement: A-10-year review of achievement effect. Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education, 9(1), 97-121.
30. Dinçer, S. (2014). Applied meta-analysis in educational sciences (1st Edition). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
31. Dochy, F., Segers, M., Bossche P. V. D. & Gijbels, D. (2003). Effects of problem-based learning: A meta-analysis. Learning and Instruction, 13(5), 533-568.
32. Doğanay, H. & Sever, R. (2011). General and physical geography (10th Edition). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
33. Drumheller, S. J. (1968). Conjure up a map: A crucial but much neglected skill. Journal of Geography, 67(3), 140-146. DOI: 10.1080/00221346808980914
34. Duman, B. & Girgin, M. (2007). Views of education faculty students on map literacy. Eastern Geographical Review, 127, 185-202.
35. Duman, H. (2011). Using map in teaching of social studies and teachers’ opinions about using map. (Unpublished master thesis). Uludağ University Institute of Educational Sciences, Bursa. Retrieved from: https://tez.yok.gov.tr
36. Duval, S. & Tweedie, R. (2000) A nonparametric “trim and fill” method of accounting for publication bias in meta-analysis. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 95(449), 89-98. DOI: 10.1080/01621459.2000.10473905
37. Erol, H. (2019). Social studies preservice teachers’ mapping skills. Kastamonu Education Journal, 27(2). 737-752. DOI: 10.24106/kefdergi.2710
38. Erol, H. (2020). 8th grade students’ positioning skills on the map. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 88, 67-86.
39. Fletcher-Flinn, C. M. & Gravatt, B. (1995). The efficacy of computer assisted instruction (CAI): A meta-analysis. J. Educatıonal Computıng Research, 12(3), 219-242.
40. Geography Education Standards Project [GESP]. (1994). Geography for life: National geography standards. Washington, DC: National Geographic Society. ISBN-0-7922-2775-1
41. Gerber, R. (1984). Factors affecting the competence and performance in map language for children at the concrete level of map-reasoning, Cartography, 13(3), 205-213. DOI: 10.1080/00690805.1984.10438268
42. Gilmartin, P. P. & Patton, J. C. (1984). Comparing the sexes on spatial abilities: Map-use skills. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 74(4), 605-619. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8306.1984.tb01477.x
43. Gökçe, N. (2015). Social studies in improving students’ map skills: Teachers’ opinions. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 15(5), 1345-1362.
44. Havelková, L. & Hanus, M. (2019a). Research into map-analysis strategies: Theory- and data-driven approaches. Geografie, 124(2), 187–216.
45. Havelková, L. & Hanus, M. (2019b). Map skills in education: a systematic review of terminology, methodology, and influencing factors. Review of International Geographical Education Online (RIGEO), 9(2), 361-401. Retrieved from: http://www.rigeo.org/vol9no2/Number2Summer/RIGEO-V9-N2-6.pdf
46. Herrmann, D. & Pickle, L. W. (1996) A cognitive subtask model of statistical map reading. Visual Cognition, 3(2), 165-190. DOI: 10.1080/713756734
47. Higgins, J. P. T., Thompson, S. G., Deeks, J. J. & Altman, D. G. (2003). Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ, 327, 557–560.
48. Hirsch. P. L. & Sandberg, E. H. (2013) Development of map construction skills in childhood. Journal of Cognition and Development, 14(3), 397-423, DOI: 10.1080/15248372.2012.669219
49. İncekara, S. & Kantürk, G. (2010). The conception of maps among the teacher candidates of social sciences and their approaches to using maps. Marmara Geographical Journal, 21, 240-257.
50. İncekara, S. (2013). How do undergraduate geography students rate their map skills? Theory and practice. Hacettepe University Journal of Education, 28(1), 177-188.
51. İnel, Y. (2011). Developing skills of map scale using in teaching social studies. (Unpublished master thesis). Gazi University Institute of Educational Sciences, Ankara. Retrieved from: https://tez.yok.gov.tr
52. Johnson, D. W., Johnson, R. T. & Stanne, M. B. (2000). Cooperative learning methods: A meta-analysis. Retrieved from: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Cooperative-learning-methods%3A-A-meta-analysis.-Johnson-Johnson/93e997fd0e883cf7cceb3b1b612096c27aa40f90?sort=relevance&page=2&pdf=true
53. Kablan, Z., Topan, B. & Erkan, B. (2013). The effectiveness level of material use in classroom instruction: A meta-analysis study. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 13(3), 1638-1644.
54. Karadağ, E., İsci, S., Öztekin, S. & Anar, S. (2016). The relationship between school climate and students’ academic achievement: A meta-analysis study. Inönü University Journal of the Faculty of Education, 17(2), 107-122. DOI: 10.17679/iuefd.17294446
55. *Karatekin, K. (2006). The effect of teaching the subject of direction and finding methods according to multiple intelligence theory on students success at the 4th class of primary school. (Unpublished master thesis). Gazi University Institute of Educational Sciences, Ankara. Retrieved from: https://tez.yok.gov.tr
56. Kastens, K. A. & Liben, L. S. (2010). Children’s strategies and difficulties while using a map to record locations in an outdoor environment. International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education, 19(4), 315-340.
57. Koç, H. & Çifçi, T. (2016). An investigation into map literacy levels of elementary school teacher candidates based on various variables. Marmara Geographical Review, 34, 9-20.
58. Koç, H. (2008). The effect of the gains at the program of geography teaching on skill levels of mapping of the students. (Unpublished doctoral thesis). Gazi University Institute of Educational Sciences, Ankara. Retrieved from: https://tez.yok.gov.tr
59. Koç, H. (2013). A study on determining the relation between the level of mapping skills and learning styles. Uşak University Journal of Social Sciences, 6(4), 17-32.
60. Koç, H., Aksoy, B. & Çifçi, T. (2017). An examination of map literacy levels of students from various undergraduate programmes according to several variables: Cumhuriyet University sample. Erzincan University Education Journal, 19(3), 301-321. DOI: 10.17556/erziefd.331083
61. Kulik, C. L. C. & Kulik, J. A. (1991). Effectiveness of computer-based instruction: An updated analysis. Computers in Human Behavior, 7, 75-94. Kuşcu, Ö. (2011). Developing the position and coordinate determination skill in social sciences course. (Unpublished master thesis). Gazi University Institute of Educational Sciences, Ankara. Retrieved from: https://tez.yok.gov.tr
62. Larwin, K. & Larwin, D. (2011). A meta-analysis examining the impact of computerassisted instruction on postsecondary statistics education: 40 years of research. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 43(3), 253-278.
63. Lee, J. & Bednarz, R. (2012). Components of spatial thinking: Evidence from a spatial thinking ability test. Journal of Geography, 111(1), 15-26. DOI: 10.1080 / 00221341.2011.583262
64. Lıebenberg, E. C. (1998). Teaching map use in a multicultural environment. South African Geographical Journal, 80(2), 111-117. DOI: 10.1080/03736245.1998.9713654
65. Long, J. (2001, February). An introduction to and generalization of the “fail-safe n”. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Southwest Educational Research Association, New Orleans, LA. Retrieved from: https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED449210.pdf
66. Malik, T. (2015). Enhancing mapping skills - problems and possibilities. Indian Journal Of Applied Research, 5(4), 183-185.
67. McClure, R. W. (1992). A conceptual model for map skills curriculum development based upon a cognitive field theory philosophy. (Unpublished doctoral thesis). Oklahoma State University, Oklahoma.
68. Miles, M. B. & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook (2nd Ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
69. MoNE [Ministry of National Education] (2018). Secondary School Geography Curriculum (9th, 10th, 11th and 12th Grades). Retrieved from: http://mufredat.meb.gov.tr /Dosyalar/2018120203724482-Cografya%20dop%20pdf.pdf
70. Muehrecke, P. C. (1981). Whatever happened to geographıc cartography?. Professional Geographer, 33(4), 397-405. DOI: 10.1111 / j.0033-0124.1981.00397.x
71. National Geographic. (n.d). Geographic skills index. Retrieved from: https://www.nationalgeographic.org /geographic-skills/
72. Nuñez, J. J. R (2002, August). Teaching maps in Portuguese and Hungarian elementary schools: A study. Paper presented at the Cartography and Children and Caryografia Para Escolares, Diamantina, Brazil. Retrieved from: http://ishm.elte.hu/ccc/10years/ ea/jesus2.pdf
73. Öğütveren, M. (2014). The influence of Google Earth software on the success of teachıng geographical topics for the 6th grade students. (Unpublished master thesis). Giresun University Institute of Social Sciences, Giresun. Retrieved from: https://tez.yok.gov.tr
74. Özcan, F. (2015). Social studies pre-service teachers’ self-efficacy and achievement levels on map reading. (Unpublished master thesis). Aksaray University Institute of Social Sciences, Aksaray. Retrieved from: https://tez.yok.gov.tr
75. Rautenbach, V., Coetzee, S. & Çöltekin, A. (2016). Development and evaluation of a specialized task taxonomy for spatial planning: A map literacy experiment with topographic maps. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 127, 1-11.
76. Rosenthal, R. (1979). The “file drawer problem” and tolerance for null results. Psychological Bulletin, 86(3), 638-641.
77. Safaraliyeva, N., Al Hosani N. & Nuñez, J. J. R. (2019) Teaching basic map concepts in three countries: Azerbaijan, Hungary and United Arab Emirates. International Journal of Cartography, 5(2-3), 285-303. DOI: 10.1080/23729333.2019.1614308
78. Sezer, A. & İnel, Y. (2017). The effect of the usage of instructional materials on student achievement in teaching geography: A meta-analytic study. Journal of History Culture and Art Research, 6(3), 473-491. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7596/taksad.v6i3.913
79. Shachar, M. & Neumann, Y. (2003). Differences between traditional and distance education academic performances: A meta-analytic approach. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 4(2), 1-20.
80. Smith, F. G. (2002) Thinking skills: The question of generality. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 34(6), 659-678. DOI: 10.1080/00220270110119905
81. Sönmez, Ö. F. (2010). Map skills in primary school social studıes education. (Unpublished doctoral thesis). Gazi University Institute of Educational Sciences, Ankara. Retrieved from: https://tez.yok.gov.tr
82. Sönmez, Ö. F. (2019). Map literacy. In B. Aksoy, B. Akbaba & B. Kılcan (Eds.). Skill training in Social Studies. (p. 219-232). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
83. *Şendil, S. (2011). The effect of the use of 3-d plastic relief map on learning in primary education 7th grade social sciences lesson. (Unpublished master thesis). Gazi University Institute of Educational Sciences, Ankara. Retrieved from: https://tez.yok.gov.tr
84. *Şimşek, N. (2007). The influence of applications and activities based on GIS in the teaching of social studies on student's succes and attitudes to the socail studies. (Unpublished doctoral thesis). Gazi University Institute of Educational Sciences, Ankara. Retrieved from: https://tez.yok.gov.tr
85. Tabanlı, C. B. (2014). The effect of using gis in seventh grade social studies class on students’ academical success. (Unpublished master thesis). Giresun University Institute of Social Sciences, Giresun. Retrieved from: https://tez.yok.gov.tr
86. Taşkıran, C., Baş, K. & Bulut, B. (2016). The level of acquired social studies specific skills. Journal of Social Sciences, 6(11). 1-19.
87. Thalheimer, W. & Cook, S. (2002). How to calculate effect size from published research: A simplified methodology. Retrieved from: http://www.bwgriffin.com/gsu/courses /edur9131/content/Effect_Sizes_pdf5.pdf
88. Turan, R. (2018). A general evaluation on 2017 primary and middle school social studies curriculum. Dialectology National Journal of Social Sciences, 19, 295-328.
89. Turkish Language Institution Dictionaries [TDK]. (n.d). Current Turkish dictionary. Retrieved from: https://sozluk.gov.tr/
90. Tutal, Ö. (2019). The effect of active learning approach on students’ academic achievement, attitudes towards the course and retention: A meta-analysis study. (Unpublished doctoral thesis). Dicle University Institute of Educational Sciences, Diyarbakır. Retrieved from: https://tez.yok.gov.tr
91. *Türel, A. (2019). The effect of using google earth towards students’ avhievement and attiudes in social studies course of seven graders. (Unpublished master thesis). Akdeniz University Institute of Educational Sciences, Antalya. Retrieved from: https://tez.yok.gov.tr
92. *Ünal, B. (2012). The impact of the education of the social studies which is geographic information systems assisted on the students’ success and the attitude. (Unpublished master thesis). Akdeniz University Institute of Social Sciences, Antalya. Retrieved from: https://tez.yok.gov.tr
93. *Üzümcü, N. O. (2007). The acquisition of the ability of reading map using the technic of active learning in the 6th grade of primary school. (Unpublished master thesis). Gazi University Institute of Educational Sciences, Ankara. Retrieved from: https://tez.yok.gov.tr
94. Vernon, D. T. A. & Blake, R. L. (1993). Does problem-based learning work? A meta-analysis of evaluative research. Academic Medicine, 68(7), 550-563.
95. Yıldırım, İ., Çırak Kurt, S. & Şen, S. (2019). The effect of teaching “learning strategies” on academic achievement: A meta-analysis study. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 79, 87-114. DOI: 10.14689/ejer.2019.79.5
96. Yıldırım, N. (2015). Meta analysis. In M. Metin (Ed.). Scientific research methods in education. (p. 138-158). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.