Görsel-işitsel çeviri eğitiminde mizah modülü önerisi

Öz

Bu çalışmada, görsel-işitsel çeviri eğitimi içerisinde verilebilecek bir mizah çevirisi modülünde kullanılabilecek ders materyali ve yöntemi önermek amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, çeviribilim bölümlerinde lisans eğitiminde görsel-işitsel çeviri derslerinde öncelenen dublaj ve altyazı çevirisi türlerinden yola çıkarak durum komedileri ele alınmıştır. Makalenin giriş bölümünde mizah, çeviri, görsel-işitsel ürün ve benzeri alanların birbiri ile iç içe geçişleri tartışılmıştır. Bu girişi takiben kısaca mizah çalışmaları, mizahın tanımı ve farklı mizah türleri açıklanmıştır. Bir sonraki bölümde ise, görsel- işitsel çeviriye odaklanılmış ve tanımı yapıldıktan sonra kısaca çalışma kapsamında ele alınacak iki çeviri türü anlatılmış, çalışmanın bakış açısı ortaya konmuştur. Yöntem bölümünde ise çalışmanın dayandığı kuramsal çerçeve ve özellikle çalışmada benimsenen Wallace modeli açıklanmıştır. Çalışmanın lisans düzeyinde görsel-işitsel çeviri derslerinde mizah çevirisi konusuna odaklanılacak bir ders içi modül için bir öneri olduğu ve neden önerildiği anlatılmıştır. Araştırma ve örnekler bölümü altında sınıf içinde kullanılabilecek birçok farklı boyutu ortaya koyan mizah içerikli görsel-işitsel çeviri zorlukları ele alınmış ve bir ders materyali bütüncesi örneği sunulmuştur. Sonuç bölümünde ise tüm bu veriler değerlendirilmiş, ortaya konan model ve model içinde kullanılabilecek örneklerden yola çıkarak önerinin eğitim açısından verimliliği tartışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Görsel-işitsel çeviri
• çeviri eğitimi
• mizah
• kültür
• dil.

A suggestion for a module on humor in audio visual translation training

Abstract

The aim of the study is to propose course material and a method that can be used in a humor translation module within the audio-visual translation (AVT) education. Situation comedies form the examples in the study. The scope includes dubbing and subtitling which are prioritized in AVT courses in undergraduate education. Initially, the interconnectedness of humor, translation, AV products and similar fields is discussed. A overview of humor including various defintions and types of humor is provided. In the next section, the focus is on AVT and the perspective of the study. In the section on the method, pragmatics, the theoretical framework on which the study is based, and the Wallace model adopted in the study are explained. The necessity for such a module and its’ aims are presented. Under the analysis, challanges of translating humorous content in AV products, is presented through examples that can be used in the classroom to reveal different dimensions of the subject. These are discussed and explained under headings. An example of a course material corpus is presented. In the conclusion, the efficiency of the proposed module in terms of translation training is discussed based on the model and the examples provided.

Keywords

• Audio-visual translation
• translation training
• humor
• culture
• language.

References

1. Alexander, R. J. (1997). Aspects of Verbal Humour in English. Tubingen: Narr.
2. Antonini, R. (2005). The perception of subtitled humour in Italy: An empirical study. In D. Chiaro, (ed.), HUMOR: International Journal of Humor Research, Special Issue Humor and Translation, 18(2), 209–225.
3. Archakis, A. & Tsakona, V. (2005). Analysing conversational data in GTVH terms: a new approach to the ıssue of ıdentity construction via humour. Humour: International Journal of Humour Research 18 (1), 41–68.
4. Attardo, S. (1994). Linguistic Theories of Humour. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
5. Attardo, S. (2001). Humorous texts: A semantic and pragmatic analysis. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
6. Baker, M. (1992). In other words: a coursebook on translation. New York: Routledge.
7. Bateson, G. (1972). Steps to an Ecology of Mind. New York: Ballatine Books.
8. Berger, A. A. (1976). Anatomy of the joke. Journal of Communication, 26(3), 113-115.

9. Berlyne, D. (1972). Humor and its kin. In J. H. Goldstein & P. E. McGhee (Eds.), The psychology of humor (pp.43-60). New York: Academic Press.
10. Bruti, S. & Perego, E. (2008). Vocatives in subtitles: A survey across genre. In C. Taylor (Ed.), Ecolingua. The role of e-corpora in translation, language learning and testing (pp. 11–51). Trieste: EUT.
11. Bucaria, C. (2007). Top 10 Signs Your Humour has been Subtitled: The Case of the Late Show with David Letterman. In D. Popa &Attardo, S. (Eds.). New approaches to the linguistic of humour (pp.72–87).Galati: Editura Academina
12. Bucaria, C. (2008). Manipulation and creativity in the adaptation of humour: The case of Will & Grace. Textus, 1: 47–64.
13. Bucaria, C. (2017). Audiovisual translation of humor. In S. Attardo, (Ed.). The routledge handbook of language and humour. (pp.430–443). London and New York: Routledge.
14. Chaume Valera, F. (2004). Synchronization in dubbing: A translational approach. In P. Orero, (Ed.), Topics in audiovisual translation (pp. 35–52). Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
15. Chiaro, D. (1992). The language of jokes. Analysing verbal play. London and New York: Routledge.
16. Chiaro, D. (2000). “‘Servizio completo’? On the (un)translatability of puns on screen”. In R. Bollettieri Bosinelli, et al. (eds.). La traduzione multimediale: Quale traduzione per quale testo? (pp.27–42). Bologna: CLUEB.
17. Chiaro, D. (2005). Foreword: Verbally expressed humour and translation: an overview of a neglected field. Humour. International Journal of Humour Research 18(2), 135–145.
18. Chiaro, D. (2006). Verbally expressed humour on screen: Reflections on translation and reception. The Journal of Specialised Translation, 6, 198-208.
19. Chiaro, D. (2007). The Effect of Translation on Humour Response: The Case of Dubbed Comedy in Italy. In Y. Gambier, M. Shlesinger, & R. Stolze, (Eds.), Doubts and directions in translation studies (pp.137–152). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
20. Chiaro, D. (2009). Issues in audiovisual translation. In J. Munday, (Ed.), The Routledge companion to translation studies (pp. 141–165). London and New York: Routledge
21. Chiaro, D., & Norrick, N. (2009). Humor in ınteraction. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
22. Chiaro, D. (2010). Translating humour in the media. In D. Chiaro (Ed.), Translation, humor and the media (pp. 1-16). London & New York: Continuum.
23. Chiaro, D. & Piferi, R. (2010). ‘It’s green! It’s cool! It’s Shrek!’ Italian children, laughter and subtitles. In E. Di Giovanni, C. Elefante & R. Pederzoli (Eds.), Écrire et traduire pour les enfants – Writing and translating for children (pp. 283–301). Brussels: Peter Lang.
24. Critchley, S. (2002). On Humour. London: Tourledge.
25. De Rosa, G. L. (2014). Back to Brazil: humor and sociolinguistic variation in Rio. In G. L. De Rosa, F. Bianchi, A. De Laurentiis & E. Perego (Eds.). Translating humour in audiovisual texts (pp105-128). Bern: Peter Lang.
26. De Rosa, G. L., Bianchi, F., De Laurentiis, A. & Perego, E (eds.). (2014). Translating humour in audiovisual texts. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang Publishing.
27. Delabastita, D. (1993). There ıs a double tongue: an ınvestigation into the translation of shakespeare’s wordplay, with special reference to hamlet. Amsterdam; Atlanta: Editions Rodopi.
28. Delabastita, D. (1994). Focus on the pun: Wordplay as a special problem in translation studies. Target 6(2), 223–243.
29. Delabastita, D. (Ed.) (1996). Wordplay and translation. Special issue of the translator. Studies in intercultural communication, 2(2).
30. Delabastita, D. (1997). Introduction. In D. Delabastita (Ed.) Traductio: Essays on punning and translation (pp.1–22). Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing,
31. Díaz Cintas, J., & Remael, A. (2007). Audiovisual translation: Subtitling. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing
32. Díaz Cintas, J., & Pereira, A. M. (2007). Audiovisual translation: subtitling translation practices explained. SENDEBAR: Revista de Traducicón e Interpretación, 19.
33. Díaz Cintas, Jorge. (2009). Introduction - Audiovisual Translation: An overview of ıts potential. In J. Díaz Cintas (Ed.), New trends ın audiovisual translation (pp. 1–18). Buffalo; NY: Multilingual Matters.
34. Dore, M. (2019). Target language influences over source texts: A novel dubbing approach in The Simpsons, first series”. In F.Federici, (Ed.) Translating regionalised voices in audiovisual (pp.137–156). Rome: ARACNE. Dore, M. (2010a). The audiovisual translation of fixed expressions and ıdiom-based puns. In C. M. Valero Garcés. (ed.) Humour and aspects related to linguistics and translation, cultural studies and literature. (pp.361–386).Valencia: University of Valencia Press.
35. Dore, M. (2010b). “Manipulation of Humorous Culture-Specific Allusions in AVT”. In S.A. Harding, & A. Elimam (eds.) CTIS Occasional Papers 4, (pp. 5–28). Manchester: Manchester University Press,
36. Fairclough, N. (1995). Critical discourse analysis: The critical study of language. Longman: London and New York.
37. Finch, G. (2000). Linguistic Terms and Concepts. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
38. Gambier, Y. & Suomela-Salmi, E. (1994). Subtitling: A Type of Transfer. In F. Eguíluz et al. (Eds.). Trasvases culturales: literatura, cine, traducción (pp. 243-252). Vitoria: Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea.
39. Gambier, Y. (2007). Sous-titrage et apprentissage des langues. Linguistica Antverpiensia, 6, 97-113.
40. Gambier, Y. (2008). Recent developments and challenges in audiovisual translation research. In D. Chiaro, C. Heiss & C. Bucaria (Eds.), Between text and image. Updating research in screen translation (pp. 11–33). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
41. Gick, M.L. (1986). Problem-solving strategies. Educational psychologist, 21(1 & 2), 99–120.
42. Gottlieb, H. (2001). Subtitling: visualizing filmic dialogue. In L. Garcia, & A. M. Pereira Rodríguez (Eds.), Traducción subordinada (II) (pp. 85–110). Vigo: Servicio de la Universidad de Vigo,
43. Iaia, P. L. (2015). The dubbing translation of humorous audiovisual texts. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
44. Kovacic, I. (1994). Relevance as a factor in subtitling reductions. In A. Lindegaard & K. Dollewp, (Eds). Teaching translation and interpretation 2, (pp 245-251). Amsterdam: John Benjamins,.
45. Kussmaul, P. (1995) Training the Translator. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
46. Laurian, A.-M. (1992). Possible/impossible translation of jokes. Humor - International journal of humor reasearch, 5(1–2), 111–128.
47. Leppihalme, R. (1997). Culture bumps. an empirical approach to the translation of allusions. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
48. Lörscher, W. (1991). Translation performance, translation process, and translation. strategies. a psycholinguistic ınvestigation. Tübingen: Gunter Narr.
49. Lubart, T.I. (2001). Models of the creative process: Past, present and future. Creativity research journal, 13 (3–4) 295–308.
50. Luyken, G-M. et al. (1991). Overcoming language barriers in television: Dubbing and subtitling for the European audience. Manchester: European Institute for the Media.
51. Malmkjær, K. (2004). Pragmatics. In K. Malmkjær (Ed.), The linguistics encyclopedia (2nd ed.). London: Routledge.
52. Marleau, L. (1982). Les sous-titres... un mal nécessaire. Meta, 27(3), 271-285.
53. Martin, R. A. (2007). The psychology of humor. an ıntegrative approach. Burlington, MA: Elsevier.
54. Martínez-Sierra, J. J. (2009). Translating audiovisual humour. A case study. Perspectives: studies in translatology 13(4), 289–296.
55. Morreall, J. (1983). Taking laughter seriously. Albany: State University of New York
56. Orero, P. (2004). Topics in audiovisual translation. Chapel Hill: John Benjamins Publishing Co.
57. Oring, E. (2003). Engaging humour. Urbana &Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
58. Palmer, J. (1994). Taking humour seriously. Taylor & Francis e-Library.
59. Raskin, V. (1979). Semantic mechanisms of humor. Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society. (pp. 325-335. ss.). Berkeley, CA: University of California.
60. Raskin, V. (1985). Semantic mechanisms of humour. Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing Company.
61. Reyes, A., Rosso,P., & Buscaldi, D. (2012). From humor recognition to irony detection: The figurative language of social media. Journal data & knowledge engineering 74, 1-12.
62. Ruch, W. (1998). Foreword and overview. Sense of humor: A new look at an old concept. In W. Ruch (Ed.), The sense of humor: explorations of a personality characteristic (pp.3-14). Berlin ve New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
63. Schjoldager, A., Gottlieb, H., & Klitgård, I. (Eds.). (2008). Understanding translation. Århus: Systime Academic.
64. Schröter, T. (2003). Quantity and quality in screen translation. Perspectives: studies in translatology, 11(2), 105–124.
65. Spangler, L. C. (2003). Television women from Lucy to Friends: Fifty years of sitcoms and feminism. Westport: Praeger.
66. Vandaele, J. (2002). Humor mechanisms in film comedy: Incongruity and superiority. Poetics Today, 23(2), 221–249.
67. Vandaele, J. (2010). Humor in translation. In Y. Gambier (Ed.), Handbook of translation studies (pp.147–52). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing.
68. Wallace, G. (1926). The art of thought. New York: Harcourt Brace.
69. Wolfram, W. & Schilling-Estes, N. (1998). American English. Dialects and variation. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers
70. Zabalbeascoa, P. (2005). Humor and translation: An interdiscipline. Humor, 18(2), 185–207.
71. Zabalbeascoa, P. (2008). The nature of the audiovisual text and its parameters. In J. Díaz Cintas (Ed.), The didactics of audiovisual translation (pp.21-37). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
72. Zabalbeascoa, P. (2012). Translating heterolingual audiovisual humor: beyond the blinkers of traditional thinking. In J.Muñoz-Basols, C. Fouto, L. Soler-González,. & T. Fisher (Eds.) The limits of literary translations:expanding frontiers in Iberian languages (pp.317–338). Kassel: Edition Reichenberger,.
73. Ziv, A. (1984). Personality and sense of humor. New York: Springer