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Hizmet öncesi ve hizmet içi yabancı dil öğretmenlerinin akademik sunumlarındaki sohbet oyunları kullanımı

Year 2022, Issue: Ö11, 535 - 547, 21.07.2022
https://doi.org/10.29000/rumelide.1146709

Abstract

İkinci dil konuşma becerisinde uzman olmak, hedef dilde dilbilimsel repertuara hâkim olmanın yanı sıra iletişim inceliği bilgisine de sahip olmayı gerektirir. Dilin inceliklerine hâkim olmak günlük dilde kullanılan sohbet oyunları gibi stratejilerin kullanımını gerekli kılar. Sohbet oyunları; bir sohbeti açmak ya da bir sohbetin düzgünce akmasını sağlamak gibi belli başlı mesajları iletmeye yarayan çoklu dilbilimsel birimlerdir. Bu tarz yarı yapılandırılmış ifadeler sözlü söylemin çeşitli yönlerini vurgulamak ve etkili iletişim için zaman kazanmak amacıyla da kullanılabilir. İkinci dilde iletişim kuranlar, sohbete yeni bir fikir sunmak için açılış sohbet oyunlarına başvurabilirler. Bağlayıcı sohbet oyunları konuyu değiştirmek veya fikirleri birbirine bağlamak için kullanılabilir. Tepkisel sohbet oyunları ise belirli bir konuya dair cevapları belirtir. Sohbet oyunlarının kullanımını konu alan araştırmalar, ikinci dil öğretilen ortamlardaki müzakere ve tartışmalardaki sohbet oyunlarının kullanımının analizi ile sınırlıdır. Söylem pekiştirici olarak kabul edilseler de sohbet oyunlarının akademik sunumlarda kullanımları yeterince çalışılmamış bir alandır. Bu çalışma; Keller ve Warner’ın (2002) “sohbet oyunları” sınıflandırması çerçevesinde, hizmet öncesi ve hizmet içi yabancı dil öğretmenlerinin ses kaydı alınmış akademik sunumlarında kullandıkları sohbet oyunlarının türlerini ve sıklıklarını tanımlamayı ve karşılaştırmayı hedeflemektedir. Bulgular; hizmet içi yabancı dil öğretmenlerinin açılış, bağlayıcı ve tepkisel sohbet oyunları kullanımının eşit bir şekilde dağıldığını, ancak hizmet öncesi yabancı dil öğretmenlerinin açılış sohbet oyunlarını diğer sohbet oyunu çeşitlerinden daha sık kullandıklarını göstermektedir. Bu yabancı dil öğretmeni adayları özellikle akademik tartışmaları sürdürmede ve konuyla ilgili tamamlayıcı soru yönlendirmede önemli olan tepkisel sohbet oyunu kullanımından kaçınmaktadırlar. Bu çalışma; öğretmen yetiştiricilerine ve müfredat geliştiricilerine, yabancı dil öğretmeni adaylarının konuşma becerilerini geliştirmeleri hakkında bazı öneriler sunmaktadır.

References

  • Akbari, J. (2018). Enriching Speaking Fluency through Conversational Gambits and Routines among Iranian Intermediate EFL Learners. International Journal of Research in English Education, 3(1), 35-43.
  • Alibakhshi, G., & Padiz, D. (2011). The effect of teaching strategic competence on speaking performance of EFL learners. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 2(4), 941-947.
  • Ariani, D. (2018). Conversational Gambits used by the English Education Program Students of Graduate Program of State University of Padang in Classroom Discussion. English Franca, 2(2), 137-158.
  • Canale, M., & Swain, M. (1980). Theoretical bases of communicative approaches to second language teaching and testing. Applied Linguistics, 1(1), 1–47.
  • Celce-Murcia, M. (2008). Rethinking the role of communicative competence in language teaching. In M. Celce-Murcia, E. Alcon and M.P. Safont (Eds.). Intercultural language use and language learning (pp. 41-57). Springer, Dordrecht.
  • Celce-Murcia, M., Dörnyei. Z., & Thurrell, S. (1995) A pedagogical framework for communicative competence: A Pedagogically motivated model with content specifications. Issues in Applied Linguistics 6(2), 5-35.
  • Chalak, A., & Norouzi, Z. (2014). A Contrastive Analysis of English and Persian Native Speakers' Use of Gambits. Research in English Language Pedagogy, 2(1), 61-70.
  • Danesi, M. (2003). Second language teaching: A view from the right side of the brain. Canada: Kluwer Academia Publisher.
  • Faucette, P. (2001). A pedagogical perspective on communication strategies: Benefits of training and analysis of English language teaching materials. Second Language Studies, 19(2), 1-40.
  • Gan, Z. (2012). Understanding L2 speaking problems: Implications for ESL curriculum development in a teacher training institution in Hong Kong. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 37(1), 43-59.
  • Geçkin, V. (2022). What’s COVID19 got to do with my communicative competence? Self-reflections of pre-service English language teachers in Turkey. Indonesian Journal of English Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics, 6(2), 261-276.
  • Heredian, I., Sofyan, D., & Rahmah, M. (2021). Conversation gambits in classroom speaking activities. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 595, 375-378.
  • IBM Corp. Released 2017. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 25.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.
  • Keller, E. (1979). Gambits: Conversational strategy signals. Journal of pragmatics, 3(3-4), 219-238.
  • Keller, E. & Warner, S.T. (2002). Conversation Gambits: Real English conversation practices.2nd Ed. Boston: Language Teaching Publication.
  • Maesaroh, S. (2013). Gambits found in the conversations of Look Ahead 2. (An English textbook for junior high school students Year XI Published by Erlangga). ELT Forum: Journal of English Language Teaching, 2(1).
  • Muhlisin, M., & Widyanto, A. (2019). An analysis on teacher’s communication strategies in teaching speaking at MTs NW Bonjeruk. Journal of Languages and Language Teaching, 7(2), 154-165.
  • Nyyssönen, H. (1995). Grammar and lexis in communicative competence. In G. Cook and D. Seidlhofer (Eds.) Principle and Practice in Applied Linguistics. (pp. 159-170). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Pallawa, B. A. (2014). Conversation strategies used by students of the English department of Tadulako University. Jurnal Pendidikan Humaniora, 1(2), 159-168.
  • Pöhacker, K. (1998). Turn-taking and gambits in intercultural communication. NA.
  • Primasari, D. M. (2021). The Relationship Among Conversational Gambits on Netflix Movies, Self-Confidence and Students ‘English Speaking Fluency. Unpublished Master's thesis. Fitk uin syarif hidayatullah, Jakarta.
  • Rahayu, E. Y. (2006). Gambits Used by The English and Non-English Department Students: A Comparative Study. Unpublished Master’s thesis. Semarang State University, Indonesia.
  • Saeidi, M., & Farshchi, E. E. (2015). The effect of communication strategy teaching on EFL learners' oral production in content-based courses. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 5(1), 71-78.
  • Soerjowardhana, A. (2015). Gambits: Conversational Strategy Signals Used by Non-Native Speakers of English in Natural Conversation. LITE: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, dan Budaya, 11(2), 142-157.
  • Tatsukawa, K. (2007). Developing an assessment tool for the strategic competence of Japanese EFL learners. Journal of Asia TEFL, 4(3), 71-92.
  • Törnqvist, A. (2008). Oral communication in the English language classroom: A study of the attitudes of some English teachers and 9th grade pupils in Sweden towards oral communication in the English classroom. Unpublished Master’s thesis. Halmstad University, Sweden.
  • Wong, J. (2002). Applying conversation analysis in applied linguistics: Evaluating dialogue in English as a second language textbooks. International Journal of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 40(1), 37-60.

The use of conversational gambits in academic presentations of pre-and in-service foreign language teachers

Year 2022, Issue: Ö11, 535 - 547, 21.07.2022
https://doi.org/10.29000/rumelide.1146709

Abstract

Mastery of speaking skills in a second language (L2) necessitates not only having the full command of the linguistic repertoire but also the knowledge of tactfulness in the target language. Being a tactful communicator requires the use of strategies such as conversational gambits in everyday speech. Gambits are usually multiple linguistic units which convey certain messages such as opening a conversation or keeping it flow smoothly. Such semi-fixed expressions can also be used to highlight several aspects of spoken discourse and to gain time for effective communication. L2 speakers may resort to opening gambits to present or add a new idea to the topic of conversation. Linking gambits can be used to change the subject or connect ideas. Responding gambits signal a response regarding a specific issue. Research investigating the use of conversational gambits is limited to analyses of gambit use in discussions and debates in instructed L2 settings. Although these gambits can be viewed as discourse glues, their use in academic presentations is an understudied area. This study aims at describing and comparing the type and the frequency of conversational gambits used in the audio-recorded academic presentations of pre-and in-service foreign language teachers, within Keller and Warner’s framework (2002). The findings suggest that in-service language teachers’ use of these three categories of conversational gambits are evenly distributed; however, the pre-service foreign language teachers rely on opening gambits more often than the other gambit types. These foreign language teacher candidates refrain from using responding gambits, which are important in pursuing an academic discussion and directing further follow up questions on the topic. The study offers implications for teacher trainers and curriculum developers in developing the speaking skills of pre-service foreign language teachers.

References

  • Akbari, J. (2018). Enriching Speaking Fluency through Conversational Gambits and Routines among Iranian Intermediate EFL Learners. International Journal of Research in English Education, 3(1), 35-43.
  • Alibakhshi, G., & Padiz, D. (2011). The effect of teaching strategic competence on speaking performance of EFL learners. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 2(4), 941-947.
  • Ariani, D. (2018). Conversational Gambits used by the English Education Program Students of Graduate Program of State University of Padang in Classroom Discussion. English Franca, 2(2), 137-158.
  • Canale, M., & Swain, M. (1980). Theoretical bases of communicative approaches to second language teaching and testing. Applied Linguistics, 1(1), 1–47.
  • Celce-Murcia, M. (2008). Rethinking the role of communicative competence in language teaching. In M. Celce-Murcia, E. Alcon and M.P. Safont (Eds.). Intercultural language use and language learning (pp. 41-57). Springer, Dordrecht.
  • Celce-Murcia, M., Dörnyei. Z., & Thurrell, S. (1995) A pedagogical framework for communicative competence: A Pedagogically motivated model with content specifications. Issues in Applied Linguistics 6(2), 5-35.
  • Chalak, A., & Norouzi, Z. (2014). A Contrastive Analysis of English and Persian Native Speakers' Use of Gambits. Research in English Language Pedagogy, 2(1), 61-70.
  • Danesi, M. (2003). Second language teaching: A view from the right side of the brain. Canada: Kluwer Academia Publisher.
  • Faucette, P. (2001). A pedagogical perspective on communication strategies: Benefits of training and analysis of English language teaching materials. Second Language Studies, 19(2), 1-40.
  • Gan, Z. (2012). Understanding L2 speaking problems: Implications for ESL curriculum development in a teacher training institution in Hong Kong. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 37(1), 43-59.
  • Geçkin, V. (2022). What’s COVID19 got to do with my communicative competence? Self-reflections of pre-service English language teachers in Turkey. Indonesian Journal of English Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics, 6(2), 261-276.
  • Heredian, I., Sofyan, D., & Rahmah, M. (2021). Conversation gambits in classroom speaking activities. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 595, 375-378.
  • IBM Corp. Released 2017. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 25.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.
  • Keller, E. (1979). Gambits: Conversational strategy signals. Journal of pragmatics, 3(3-4), 219-238.
  • Keller, E. & Warner, S.T. (2002). Conversation Gambits: Real English conversation practices.2nd Ed. Boston: Language Teaching Publication.
  • Maesaroh, S. (2013). Gambits found in the conversations of Look Ahead 2. (An English textbook for junior high school students Year XI Published by Erlangga). ELT Forum: Journal of English Language Teaching, 2(1).
  • Muhlisin, M., & Widyanto, A. (2019). An analysis on teacher’s communication strategies in teaching speaking at MTs NW Bonjeruk. Journal of Languages and Language Teaching, 7(2), 154-165.
  • Nyyssönen, H. (1995). Grammar and lexis in communicative competence. In G. Cook and D. Seidlhofer (Eds.) Principle and Practice in Applied Linguistics. (pp. 159-170). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Pallawa, B. A. (2014). Conversation strategies used by students of the English department of Tadulako University. Jurnal Pendidikan Humaniora, 1(2), 159-168.
  • Pöhacker, K. (1998). Turn-taking and gambits in intercultural communication. NA.
  • Primasari, D. M. (2021). The Relationship Among Conversational Gambits on Netflix Movies, Self-Confidence and Students ‘English Speaking Fluency. Unpublished Master's thesis. Fitk uin syarif hidayatullah, Jakarta.
  • Rahayu, E. Y. (2006). Gambits Used by The English and Non-English Department Students: A Comparative Study. Unpublished Master’s thesis. Semarang State University, Indonesia.
  • Saeidi, M., & Farshchi, E. E. (2015). The effect of communication strategy teaching on EFL learners' oral production in content-based courses. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 5(1), 71-78.
  • Soerjowardhana, A. (2015). Gambits: Conversational Strategy Signals Used by Non-Native Speakers of English in Natural Conversation. LITE: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, dan Budaya, 11(2), 142-157.
  • Tatsukawa, K. (2007). Developing an assessment tool for the strategic competence of Japanese EFL learners. Journal of Asia TEFL, 4(3), 71-92.
  • Törnqvist, A. (2008). Oral communication in the English language classroom: A study of the attitudes of some English teachers and 9th grade pupils in Sweden towards oral communication in the English classroom. Unpublished Master’s thesis. Halmstad University, Sweden.
  • Wong, J. (2002). Applying conversation analysis in applied linguistics: Evaluating dialogue in English as a second language textbooks. International Journal of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 40(1), 37-60.
There are 27 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Linguistics
Journal Section World languages, cultures and litertures
Authors

Mualla Elif Durmaz 0000-0003-2615-1336

Vasfiye Geçkin This is me 0000-0001-8532-8627

Publication Date July 21, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Issue: Ö11

Cite

APA Durmaz, M. E., & Geçkin, V. (2022). The use of conversational gambits in academic presentations of pre-and in-service foreign language teachers. RumeliDE Dil Ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi(Ö11), 535-547. https://doi.org/10.29000/rumelide.1146709