A Current Overview of HPV Infection: Causes, Effects and Prevention

Abstract

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a significant public health problem. The prevalence of HPV around the world has been reported as 43% in adults aged 18-59 years. The main risk factors for the transmission of HPV infection are; sexual intercourse at an early age, having an uncircumcised male sexual partner, having more than one sexual partner, low socioeconomic level, multiparity, long-term use of oral contraceptives, immune deficiency, and smoking. HPV can be transmitted directly or indirectly from contaminated surfaces, lesions on the skin and mucous membranes, and the birth canal. However, the most common transmission is sexual. Definite protection from HPV is achieved with the HPV vaccine. Since the risk of HPV infection is high in adolescence, it is essential to get the vaccine in early adolescence, especially before the person starts sexual intercourse. The HPV vaccine program is available in 81 countries around the world. While vaccination programs are common in Europe and America, they are relatively low in other continents. In Turkey, the HPV vaccine is not included in the national vaccination calendar and individuals have access to the vaccine on their own. Especially in developing societies, the level of awareness about HPV prevention, screening, treatment, and vaccination is low. It is critical to identify risky behaviors to be protected from HPV infection, prevent transmission, and raise public awareness. Nurses, who are in close contact with the community, play a key role as educators and consultants in raising public awareness of HPV infection and vaccination.

Keywords

• Human Papilloma Virüs
• Cervical Cancer
• Nursing

HPV Enfeksiyonuna Güncel Bir Bakış: Nedenleri, Etkileri ve Korunma

Abstract

Human papilloma virüs (HPV) enfeksiyonu toplum sağlığını tehdit eden önemli bir sorunudur. Dünyada HPV prevalansı 18-59 yaş arası yetişkinlerde %43 olarak bildirilmiştir. HPV enfeksiyonunun bulaşması ile ilgili başlıca risk faktörleri; erken yaşta cinsel ilişki, sünnetsiz erkek cinsel partnere sahip olma, birden fazla cinsel partnere sahip olma, düşük sosyoekonomik düzey, multiparite, uzun süreli oral kontraseptif kullanımı, immün sistem yetmezliği ve sigara kullanımı olarak gösterilmektedir. HPV kontamine yüzeylerden, cilt ve mukozadaki lezyonlardan ve doğum kanalından olmak üzere direkt veya indirekt olarak bulaşabilmektedir. Bununla birlikte en yaygın bulaş cinsel yolladır. HPV’den tam ve kesin korunma HPV aşısı ile olmaktadır. HPV enfeksiyonun yerleşme riski adölesan dönemde yüksek olması nedeniyle, aşının özellikle kişi cinsel ilişkiye başlamadan ve HPV’ye maruz kalmadan, erken adölesan dönemde yapılması önemlidir. HPV aşı programı dünyada 81 ülkede bulunmaktadır. Avrupa ve Amerika kıtalarında aşılama programları yaygınken, diğer kıtalarda nispeten daha düşüktür. Türkiye’de ise HPV aşısı ulusal aşı takviminde yer almamaktadır ve bireyler kendi teminleriyle aşıya erişim sağlamaktadır. Özellikle gelişmekte olan toplumlarda, HPV’nin önlenmesi, taranması, tedavisi ve aşı hakkında farkındalık düzeyi düşüktür. HPV enfeksiyonundan korunmada riskli davranışları belirlemek, bulaşı önlemek ve toplumun aşıya ilişkin bilinçlenmesini sağlamak önemlidir. Sağlık ekibinin bir üyesi olarak toplumla yakın temas halinde olan hemşireler HPV enfeksiyonu ve aşı konusunda toplumsal farkındalığı artırmada eğitimci ve danışman olarak anahtar rol oynamaktadır.

Keywords

• Human Papilloma Virüs
• Serviks Kanseri
• Hemşire.
• Cervical Cancer
• Nursing.

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