Relationship Between Cognitive Functions and Choline

Abstract

Cognitive functions form the basis of development and learning for humans. These functions are formed through the interaction process of hereditary and environmental factors. This process, which the brain manages by creating synapse connections, develops with experience. With advancing age, cognitive functions are also negatively affected. Nutrition is one of the important issues emphasized in terms of cognitive functions in neurodegenerative diseases that occur with age. In recent years, the relationship between cognitive functions and certain nutrients such as choline has attracted attention. Choline is a nutrient that has important functions in the body. These include functions such as neurotransmitter synthesis, transport and metabolism of fats, and providing methyl groups to various molecules. The effect of choline on cognitive functions is controversial and evaluations are made through various mechanisms such as homocysteine metabolism, its metabolites and effects on betaine and obesity and diabetes. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of choline on cognitive dysfunctions by evaluating studies examining the relationship between choline and cognitive functions.

Keywords

• Cognitive Dysfunction
• Choline
• Neurodegenerative Diseases

Bilişsel İşlevler ve Kolin İlişkisi

Abstract

Bilişsel işlevler, insanlar için gelişimin ve öğrenmenin temelini oluşturmaktadır. Bu işlevler kalıtsal ve çevresel faktörlerin etkileşim süreci ile oluşmaktadırlar. Beynin sinaps bağlantıları oluşturarak yönettiği bu süreç, deneyimleme ile gelişmektedir. İlerleyen yaşla birlikte bilişsel işlevler de olumsuz etkilenmeler görülmektedir. Yaşla birlikte ortaya çıkan nörodejeneratif hastalıklarda beslenme, bilişsel işlevler açısından üzerinde durulan önemli konulardan bir tanesidir. Son yıllarda bilişsel işlevler ve kolin gibi belirli besin ögeleri arasındaki ilişki ilgi çekmektedir. Kolin, vücutta önemli işlevlere sahip bir besin ögesidir. Bunların arasında nörotransmitter sentezi, yağların taşınması ve metabolizması, çeşitli moleküllere metil grubu sağlama gibi işlevler bulunur. Kolinin bilişsel işlevler üzerindeki etkisi ise tartışmalıdır ve homosistein metabolizması, metabolitleri ve betain ile obezite ve diyabet üzerindeki etkileri gibi çeşitli mekanizmalar ile değerlendirmeler yapılmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, kolin ve bilişsel işlevler arasındaki ilişkiyi inceleyen çalışmaları değerlendirerek kolinin bilişsel işlev bozukluklarına etkisini incelemektir.

Keywords

• Bilişsel disfonksiyon
• Kolin
• Nörodejeneratif Hastalıklar

References

1. Dhakal A, Bobrin BD. Cognitive Deficits. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; February 14, 2023.
2. Kurashige H, Kaneko J, Yamashita Y, et al. Revealing relationships among cognitive functions using functional connectivity and a large-scale meta-analysis database. Front Hum Neurosci. 2019;13:457.
3. Güney M, Baran G. Bilişsel İşlevler Üzerine Yapılan Çalışmalarda Gelişimsel Yönelimin Belirlenmesi. Samsun Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2022;7(3):807-22.
4. Demircioğlu Y, Yabancı N. Beslenmenin bilişsel gelişim ve fonksiyonları ile ilişkisi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi. 2003;24(24):170-9.
5. Langa KM, Levine DA. The diagnosis and management of mild cognitive impairment: a clinical review. Jama. 2014;312(23):2551-61.
6. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. Ölüm ve Ölüm Nedenleri İstatistikleri 2021. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=İstatistiklerle-Yaşlılar-2022-49667&dil=1#:~:text=Alzheimer%20hastalığından%20ölen%20yaşlıların%20oranı,oranı%20%253%2C8%20oldu (Erişim: 01.01.2024)
7. Zeisel SH, da Costa K-A. Choline: an essential nutrient for public health. Nutrition Reviews. 2009;67(11):615-23.
8. Zeisel SH, Klatt KC, Caudill MA. Choline. Advances in Nutrition. 2018;9(1):58-60.

9. Rajan KB, Weuve J, Barnes LL, Wilson RS, Evans DA. Prevalence and incidence of clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease dementia from 1994 to 2012 in a population study. Alzheimers Dement. 2019;15(1):1-7.
10. Mayeux R, Stern Y. Epidemiology of Alzheimer disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2012;2(8).
11. Blusztajn JK, Mellott TJ. Choline nutrition programs brain development via DNA and histone methylation. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem. 2012;12(2):82-94.
12. Zeisel SH, Da Costa KA, Franklin PD, et al. Choline, an essential nutrient for humans. FASEB J. 1991;5(7):2093-8.
13. Zeisel SH. Choline: critical role during fetal development and dietary requirements in adults. Annu Rev Nutr. 2006;26:229-50.
14. Jiang X, Yan J, West AA, et al. Maternal choline intake alters the epigenetic state of fetal cortisol-regulating genes in humans. FASEB J. 2012;26(8):3563-74.
15. Kempson SA, Montrose MH. Osmotic regulation of renal betaine transport: transcription and beyond. Pflugers Arch. 2004;449(3):227-34.
16. Fischer LM, Da Costa KA, Kwock L, et al. Sex and menopausal status influence human dietary requirements for the nutrient choline. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85(5):1275-85.
17. Ganz AB, Klatt KC, Caudill MA. Common Genetic Variants Alter Metabolism and Influence Dietary Choline Requirements. Nutrients. 2017;9(8):837.
18. Zeisel SH, Mar MH, Howe JC, Holden JM. Concentrations of choline-containing compounds and betaine in common foods. J Nutr. 2003;133(5):1302-7.
19. Kansakar U, Trimarco V, Mone P, Varzideh F, Lombardi A, Santulli G. Choline supplements: An update. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023;14:1148166.
20. Zhang LC, Jin X, Huang Z, et al. Protective effects of choline against hypoxia-induced injuries of vessels and endothelial cells. Exp Ther Med. 2017;13(5):2316-24.
21. Rees G, Brough L, Orsatti GM, Lodge A, Walker S. Do Micronutrient and Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplements Affect Human Maternal Immunity during Pregnancy? A Scoping Review. Nutrients. 2022;14(2):367.
22. Velazquez R, Ferreira E, Knowles S, et al. Lifelong choline supplementation ameliorates Alzheimer's disease pathology and associated cognitive deficits by attenuating microglia activation. Aging Cell. 2019;18(6):e13037.
23. Velazquez R, Ferreira E, Winslow W, et al. Maternal choline supplementation ameliorates Alzheimer's disease pathology by reducing brain homocysteine levels across multiple generations. Mol Psychiatry. 2020;25(10):2620-9.
24. Wortmann SB, Mayr JA. Choline-related-inherited metabolic diseases-A mini review. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2019;42(2):237-42.
25. Moon J, Chen M, Gandhy SU, et al. Perinatal choline supplementation improves cognitive functioning and emotion regulation in the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome. Behav Neurosci. 2010;124(3):346-61.
26. Velazquez R, Ash JA, Powers BE, et al. Maternal choline supplementation improves spatial learning and adult hippocampal neurogenesis in the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome. Neurobiology of Disease. 2013;58:92-101.
27. Powers BE, Kelley CM, Velazquez R, et al. Maternal choline supplementation in a mouse model of Down syndrome: Effects on attention and nucleus basalis/substantia innominata neuron morphology in adult offspring. Neuroscience. 2017;340:501-14.
28. Caudill MA, Strupp BJ, Muscalu L, Nevins JEH, Canfield RL. Maternal choline supplementation during the third trimester of pregnancy improves infant information processing speed: a randomized, double-blind, controlled feeding study. FASEB J. 2018;32(4):2172-80.
29. Bahnfleth CL, Strupp BJ, Caudill MA, Canfield RL. Prenatal choline supplementation improves child sustained attention: A 7-year follow-up of a randomized controlled feeding trial. FASEB J. 2022;36(1):e22054.
30. Bottom RT, Abbott CW, 3rd, Huffman KJ. Rescue of ethanol-induced FASD-like phenotypes via prenatal co-administration of choline. Neuropharmacology. 2020;168:107990.
31. Warton FL, Molteno CD, Warton CMR, et al. Maternal choline supplementation mitigates alcohol exposure effects on neonatal brain volumes. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2021;45(9):1762-74.
32. Nguyen TT, Risbud RD, Mattson SN, Chambers CD, Thomas JD. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of choline supplementation in school-aged children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016;104(6):1683-92.
33. Liu L, Qiao S, Zhuang L, et al. Choline Intake Correlates with Cognitive Performance among Elder Adults in the United States. Behav Neurol. 2021;2021:2962245.
34. Nakazaki E, Mah E, Sanoshy K, Citrolo D, Watanabe F. Citicoline and Memory Function in Healthy Older Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. J Nutr. 2021;151(8):2153-60.
35. Yamashita S, Kawada N, Wang W, et al. Effects of egg yolk choline intake on cognitive functions and plasma choline levels in healthy middle-aged and older Japanese: a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled parallel-group study. Lipids in Health and Disease. 2023;22(1):75.
36. Schoen MS, Ramakrishnan U, Alvarez JA, Ziegler TR, Cui X, Singh RH. Characterization of Choline Nutriture among Adults and Children with Phenylketonuria. Nutrients. 2022;14(19):4056.