." />
Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

OTORİTE VE İKTİDAR KAVRAMSAL VE KURAMSAL BİR İNCELEME

Year 2023, Issue: 1, 10 - 38, 27.12.2023

Abstract

Otorite/iktidar, tarihin her döneminde her toplumda gözlenen en yaygın sosyal organizasyondur. Zaman zaman eşanlamlı kullanılsalar da otorite ve iktidar ilişkilerinin karmaşık yapıları olduğu söylenebilir. Bu karmaşıklık hem ilişkilerin doğasında hem de bu iki kavrama yönelik kuramsal yaklaşımların çeşitliliğinde yatar. Tanımlama farklılığındaki çeşitliliği inceledikten sonra bu çalışma, otorite ve iktidar ilişkilerindeki ana sorunları ve soruları ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu bağlamda bu çalışma, otoriteye ve/ya iktidara itaatin kapsamı, öznelerin otoriteye neden itaati kabul ettikleri, otoriteye ve/ya iktidara direnmenin mümkün olup olmadığı, otoritenin ve/ya iktidarın muhatabı olan özneler üzerinde nasıl etki sağladığı, otorite/iktidar ilişkilerinin ne tür sonuçlar doğurduğu, otorite ve/ya iktidarın işleyiş sürecinin nasıl bir doğaya sahip olduğu sorularına odaklanarak kavramsal ve kuramsal bir inceleme yapmaktadır. Bu inceleme toplumsal sözleşme kuramcıları, anarşist, liberal, Marksist, feminist yaklaşımlar ve çağdaş sosyolojik yaklaşımlar bağlamında karşılaştırmalı olarak yapılmakta ve tartışılmaktadır. Bu inceleme şu sonuçlara varmaktadır: Otorite/iktidar ilişkileri kapsamındaki temel sorun ve sorulara ilişkin görüş ve tutumlar bireyler üzerinde olduğu kadar, sosyal ve siyasal hareketler, dinî hareket ve âidiyetler ve diğer kolektif kimlikler ve gruplar üzerinde de belirleyici etkiye sahiptir. İnsanlık tarihinde ortaya çıkan ve tarihte iz bırakan tüm sosyal, siyasal, dinî hareket ve cemaatlerin otorite/iktidar hakkında açık veya örtük olarak bu sorunları sorgulayıp yeni baştan yanıtlar verdikleri ya da verili yanıtları yeniden yorumladıkları söylenebilir. Elbette bu yeniden sorgulama ve yeni yanıtlar arama süreçlerinin boşlukta yer almadığını, salt entelektüel bir merakın ürünü olmadıklarını teslim etmek gerekir.

References

  • Adorno, TH. – Frankel-Brunswick, E. – Levinson, D. J. – Sanford, N. R. (1950). Authoritarian Personality. New York: Harper and Row.
  • Allen, A. (1999). The Power of Feminist Theory: Domination, Resistance, Solidarity, Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
  • Allen, A. (2016), "Feminist Perspectives on Power", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2016 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2016/entries/feminist-power/>.
  • Arendt, H. (1969). On Violence. San Diego: A Harvest Book.
  • Arendt, H. (1956). “Authority in the Twentieth Century”, The Review of Politics, Vol. 18, No. 4 (Oct., 1956), pp. 403-417.
  • Arendt, H. (2012). Geçmişle Gelecek Arasında, Çev: Bahadır Sina Şener, İletişim Yayınları, 4. Baskı, İstanbul.
  • Bachrach, P. & Baratz, M. (1970). Power and Poverty, Theory and Practice. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Bakunin, M. (1950). Marxism, Freedom and the State. London: Freedom Press.
  • Bochenski, J. M. (2015). Otorite Nedir? Otorite Mantığına Giriş, Çev. Hilal Görgün, Küre Yayınları, 1. Basım, İstanbul.
  • Boulding, K. E. (1990). Three Faces of Power. Newbury Park: Sage Publications International Educational and Professional Publisher.
  • Çetin, H. (2006). “İktidar ve Meşrûiyet” İç. Mümtaz’er Türköne (ed.). Siyaset. Ankara: Lotus yay. 4. Baskı.
  • Dahl, R. A. (1957). “The concept of power.” Behavioral Science 2: 201–215.
  • Dahl, R. A. (2002). “Power”. In: Haugaard M (ed.) Power: A Reader. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2–25.
  • De George, R. T. (1978). "Anarchism and Authority" in J. Roland Pennock, & John W. Chapman, eds., Anarchism: Nomos XIX. New York: New York University Press. http://www.ditext.com/degeorge/authority.html (erişim: 20 Ocak 2020).
  • Emmet, D. (1953). "The Concept of Power." Paper presented at the Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, London.
  • Eze, I. B. & Kabiru U. (2014). "Authority, Power, and Conflict in Organization: Analysis of the Impact of Their Functional Relationship In Organization Performance", European Journal of Business and Management www.iiste.org ISSN 2222-1905 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2839 (Online) Vol.6, No.22, 2014.
  • Follett, M. P. (1942). "Power." In Henry C. Metcalf and L. Urwick, eds., Dynamic Administration. New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers.
  • Foucault, M (1983). “Afterword: The Subject and Power” in Hubert Dreyfus and Paul Rabinow, Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics, 2nd edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Foucault, M. (2000). Hapishanenin Doğuşu. Çev. Mehmet Ali Kılıçbay, İmge Kitabevi Yay. Ankara.
  • Foucault, M. (2017). Cinselliğin Tarihi. Çev. Hülya Uğur Tanrıöver, Ayrıntı Yay. /. Baskı, İstanbul.
  • Fromm, E. (1941). Escape from Freedom. New York: Holt, Reinhart, and Winston.
  • Grcic, J. (2007). "Hobbes and Rawls on Political Power", Etica & Politica / Ethics & Politics, IX, 2007, 2, pp. 371-392.
  • Guenon, R. (1992). Maddi İktidar, Ruhanî Otorite, Çev. Birsel Uzma, Ağaç Yayıncılık, İstanbul.
  • Hartsock, N. (1983). Money, Sex, and Power: Toward a Feminist Historical Materialism, Boston: Northeastern University Press.
  • Haugaard, M. (2010). “Power: A ‘Family Resemblance’ Concept,” European Journal of Cultural Studies, 13(4): 419–438.
  • Haugaard, M. (2017). "What is authority?", Journal of Classical Sociology, 1–29.
  • Held, V. (1993). Feminist Morality: Transforming Culture, Society, and Politics, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Heywood, A. (2015). Siyasetin Temel Kavramları, Otorite Mad., Çev. Hayrettin Özler, Adres Yayınları, 3. Baskı, Ankara.
  • Hobbes, T. (2005). Leviathan, A. Martinich, ed., Ontario: Broadview Press.
  • Jessop, B. (2012). “Marxist Approaches to Power” in E. Amenta, K. Nash, A. Scott, eds, The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Political Sociology, Oxford: Blackwell, 3-14.
  • Karlberg, M. (2005). "The Power of Discourse and The Discourse of Power: Pursuing Peace Through Discourse Intervention", International Journal of Peace Studies, Volume 10, Number 1, Spring/Summer 2005.
  • Kohlberg, L. (1981). The Psychology of Moral Development: The Nature and Validity of Moral Stages. San Francisco: Harper and Row.
  • Kojeve, A. (2007). Otorite Kavramı, Çev. Murat Erşen, Bağlam Yayınları, 1. Basım, 2007, İstanbul.
  • Lakoff, R. T. (1975). Language and Woman’s Place. New York: Harper & Row.
  • Lukes, S. (1974). Power: A Radical View. London: The MacMillan Press Ltd.
  • Lukes, S. (1987). “Perspectives on Authority.” Pp. 141-154. In: Roland J. Pennock, John W. Chapman (eds.). NOMOS XXIX: Authority Revisited. New York: New York University Press.
  • Lukes, S. (2005). Power: A Radical View, 2nd expanded edition. London: Macmillan.
  • Mann, M. (2012). İktidarın Tarihi I, Başlangıcından M.S. 1760’a kadar Toplumsal İktidarın Kaynakları, Phenix Yayınları, Ankara.
  • McDougall, W. (2001). An Introduction to Social Psychology. Batoche Books, Kitchener.
  • Mendel, G. (2005). Bir Otorite Tarihi, Süreklilikler ve Değişiklikler, Çev. Işık Ergüden, İletişim Yayınları, 1. Baskı, İstanbul.
  • Milgram, S. (1974). Obedience to Authority: an Experimental View. New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc.
  • Mill, J. S. (1970). “The Subjection of Women” in Essays on Sex Equality, Alice Rossi (ed.), Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Moulton, J. (1983). “A Paradigm of Philosophy: The Adversary Method.” In Sandra Harding and Merrill Hintikka, eds., Discovering Reality: Feminist Perspectives on Epistemology, Metaphysics, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science. Boston, MA: Kluwer Boston.
  • Murray, H. (1938). Explorations in Personality. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Newman, S. (2006). Bakunin’den Lacan’a Anti-Otoriteryanizm ve İktidarın Altüst Oluşu, Ayrıntı Yayınları, Çev. Kürşad Kızıltuğ, 1. Basım, İstanbul.
  • Njegovan, B. R., Vukadinović, M., Nešić, L. G. (2011). "Characteristics and Types of Authority: the Attitudes of Young People. A Case Study", Sociológia 43, 2011, No. 6.
  • Okin, S. M. (1989). Justice, Gender and the Family, New York: Basic Books.
  • Pace, J. L. & Hemmings, A. (2006). “Understanding Classroom Authority as a Social Construction.” In J.L. Pace & A. Hemmings (ed.) (2006). Classroom Authority. Theory, Research, and Practice (p. 1-31). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Piaget, J. (1952). The Origins of Intelligence in Childhood. New York: International University Press.
  • Rawls, J. (1971). A Theory of Justice, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Raz, J. (1986). The Morality of Freedom. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Raz, J. (1990). “Authority and Justification.” In: Raz J (ed.) Authority. New York: New York, University Press, 115–141.
  • Reardon, B. (1993). Women and Peace: Feminist Visions of Global Security. New York: State University of New York Press.
  • Rigby, K. (1990). “Youth and their attitudes towards institutional authorities.” In: Patrick CL Heaven, Victor J. Callan eds.). Adolescence: Australian perspectives. Sydney: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
  • Russell, B. (1990). İktidar, Çev. Mete Ergin, Cem Yayınevi, 1. Baskı, İstanbul.
  • Salancık, G. R. & Pfeffer, J. (1989). “Who Gets Power and How They Hold on to it: A Strategic Contingency Model of Power.” Pp. 346-366. In: Harold J. Leavitt, Louis Pondy, David Boje eds.). Readings in Managerial Psychology. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
  • Sennett, R. (2011). Otorite, Çev. Kamil Durand, Ayrıntı Yay. İstanbul.
  • Spencer, M. E. (1970). “Weber on legitimate norms and authority.” The British Journal of Sociology 21 (2): 123-134.
  • Wartenberg, T. (1990). The Forms of Power: From Domination to Transformation, Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
  • Weber, M. (1978). Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology (ed G Roth & C Wittich). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
  • Wolff, R. P. (1970). In defense of anarchism. Oakland, CA: University of California Press.
  • Young, I. M. (1990). Justice and the Politics of Difference, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Zambrano, E. (2000). "Authority, social theories of", International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences. Contract No: 20851A3/15/158.
Year 2023, Issue: 1, 10 - 38, 27.12.2023

Abstract

References

  • Adorno, TH. – Frankel-Brunswick, E. – Levinson, D. J. – Sanford, N. R. (1950). Authoritarian Personality. New York: Harper and Row.
  • Allen, A. (1999). The Power of Feminist Theory: Domination, Resistance, Solidarity, Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
  • Allen, A. (2016), "Feminist Perspectives on Power", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2016 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2016/entries/feminist-power/>.
  • Arendt, H. (1969). On Violence. San Diego: A Harvest Book.
  • Arendt, H. (1956). “Authority in the Twentieth Century”, The Review of Politics, Vol. 18, No. 4 (Oct., 1956), pp. 403-417.
  • Arendt, H. (2012). Geçmişle Gelecek Arasında, Çev: Bahadır Sina Şener, İletişim Yayınları, 4. Baskı, İstanbul.
  • Bachrach, P. & Baratz, M. (1970). Power and Poverty, Theory and Practice. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Bakunin, M. (1950). Marxism, Freedom and the State. London: Freedom Press.
  • Bochenski, J. M. (2015). Otorite Nedir? Otorite Mantığına Giriş, Çev. Hilal Görgün, Küre Yayınları, 1. Basım, İstanbul.
  • Boulding, K. E. (1990). Three Faces of Power. Newbury Park: Sage Publications International Educational and Professional Publisher.
  • Çetin, H. (2006). “İktidar ve Meşrûiyet” İç. Mümtaz’er Türköne (ed.). Siyaset. Ankara: Lotus yay. 4. Baskı.
  • Dahl, R. A. (1957). “The concept of power.” Behavioral Science 2: 201–215.
  • Dahl, R. A. (2002). “Power”. In: Haugaard M (ed.) Power: A Reader. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2–25.
  • De George, R. T. (1978). "Anarchism and Authority" in J. Roland Pennock, & John W. Chapman, eds., Anarchism: Nomos XIX. New York: New York University Press. http://www.ditext.com/degeorge/authority.html (erişim: 20 Ocak 2020).
  • Emmet, D. (1953). "The Concept of Power." Paper presented at the Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, London.
  • Eze, I. B. & Kabiru U. (2014). "Authority, Power, and Conflict in Organization: Analysis of the Impact of Their Functional Relationship In Organization Performance", European Journal of Business and Management www.iiste.org ISSN 2222-1905 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2839 (Online) Vol.6, No.22, 2014.
  • Follett, M. P. (1942). "Power." In Henry C. Metcalf and L. Urwick, eds., Dynamic Administration. New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers.
  • Foucault, M (1983). “Afterword: The Subject and Power” in Hubert Dreyfus and Paul Rabinow, Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics, 2nd edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Foucault, M. (2000). Hapishanenin Doğuşu. Çev. Mehmet Ali Kılıçbay, İmge Kitabevi Yay. Ankara.
  • Foucault, M. (2017). Cinselliğin Tarihi. Çev. Hülya Uğur Tanrıöver, Ayrıntı Yay. /. Baskı, İstanbul.
  • Fromm, E. (1941). Escape from Freedom. New York: Holt, Reinhart, and Winston.
  • Grcic, J. (2007). "Hobbes and Rawls on Political Power", Etica & Politica / Ethics & Politics, IX, 2007, 2, pp. 371-392.
  • Guenon, R. (1992). Maddi İktidar, Ruhanî Otorite, Çev. Birsel Uzma, Ağaç Yayıncılık, İstanbul.
  • Hartsock, N. (1983). Money, Sex, and Power: Toward a Feminist Historical Materialism, Boston: Northeastern University Press.
  • Haugaard, M. (2010). “Power: A ‘Family Resemblance’ Concept,” European Journal of Cultural Studies, 13(4): 419–438.
  • Haugaard, M. (2017). "What is authority?", Journal of Classical Sociology, 1–29.
  • Held, V. (1993). Feminist Morality: Transforming Culture, Society, and Politics, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Heywood, A. (2015). Siyasetin Temel Kavramları, Otorite Mad., Çev. Hayrettin Özler, Adres Yayınları, 3. Baskı, Ankara.
  • Hobbes, T. (2005). Leviathan, A. Martinich, ed., Ontario: Broadview Press.
  • Jessop, B. (2012). “Marxist Approaches to Power” in E. Amenta, K. Nash, A. Scott, eds, The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Political Sociology, Oxford: Blackwell, 3-14.
  • Karlberg, M. (2005). "The Power of Discourse and The Discourse of Power: Pursuing Peace Through Discourse Intervention", International Journal of Peace Studies, Volume 10, Number 1, Spring/Summer 2005.
  • Kohlberg, L. (1981). The Psychology of Moral Development: The Nature and Validity of Moral Stages. San Francisco: Harper and Row.
  • Kojeve, A. (2007). Otorite Kavramı, Çev. Murat Erşen, Bağlam Yayınları, 1. Basım, 2007, İstanbul.
  • Lakoff, R. T. (1975). Language and Woman’s Place. New York: Harper & Row.
  • Lukes, S. (1974). Power: A Radical View. London: The MacMillan Press Ltd.
  • Lukes, S. (1987). “Perspectives on Authority.” Pp. 141-154. In: Roland J. Pennock, John W. Chapman (eds.). NOMOS XXIX: Authority Revisited. New York: New York University Press.
  • Lukes, S. (2005). Power: A Radical View, 2nd expanded edition. London: Macmillan.
  • Mann, M. (2012). İktidarın Tarihi I, Başlangıcından M.S. 1760’a kadar Toplumsal İktidarın Kaynakları, Phenix Yayınları, Ankara.
  • McDougall, W. (2001). An Introduction to Social Psychology. Batoche Books, Kitchener.
  • Mendel, G. (2005). Bir Otorite Tarihi, Süreklilikler ve Değişiklikler, Çev. Işık Ergüden, İletişim Yayınları, 1. Baskı, İstanbul.
  • Milgram, S. (1974). Obedience to Authority: an Experimental View. New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc.
  • Mill, J. S. (1970). “The Subjection of Women” in Essays on Sex Equality, Alice Rossi (ed.), Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Moulton, J. (1983). “A Paradigm of Philosophy: The Adversary Method.” In Sandra Harding and Merrill Hintikka, eds., Discovering Reality: Feminist Perspectives on Epistemology, Metaphysics, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science. Boston, MA: Kluwer Boston.
  • Murray, H. (1938). Explorations in Personality. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Newman, S. (2006). Bakunin’den Lacan’a Anti-Otoriteryanizm ve İktidarın Altüst Oluşu, Ayrıntı Yayınları, Çev. Kürşad Kızıltuğ, 1. Basım, İstanbul.
  • Njegovan, B. R., Vukadinović, M., Nešić, L. G. (2011). "Characteristics and Types of Authority: the Attitudes of Young People. A Case Study", Sociológia 43, 2011, No. 6.
  • Okin, S. M. (1989). Justice, Gender and the Family, New York: Basic Books.
  • Pace, J. L. & Hemmings, A. (2006). “Understanding Classroom Authority as a Social Construction.” In J.L. Pace & A. Hemmings (ed.) (2006). Classroom Authority. Theory, Research, and Practice (p. 1-31). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Piaget, J. (1952). The Origins of Intelligence in Childhood. New York: International University Press.
  • Rawls, J. (1971). A Theory of Justice, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Raz, J. (1986). The Morality of Freedom. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Raz, J. (1990). “Authority and Justification.” In: Raz J (ed.) Authority. New York: New York, University Press, 115–141.
  • Reardon, B. (1993). Women and Peace: Feminist Visions of Global Security. New York: State University of New York Press.
  • Rigby, K. (1990). “Youth and their attitudes towards institutional authorities.” In: Patrick CL Heaven, Victor J. Callan eds.). Adolescence: Australian perspectives. Sydney: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
  • Russell, B. (1990). İktidar, Çev. Mete Ergin, Cem Yayınevi, 1. Baskı, İstanbul.
  • Salancık, G. R. & Pfeffer, J. (1989). “Who Gets Power and How They Hold on to it: A Strategic Contingency Model of Power.” Pp. 346-366. In: Harold J. Leavitt, Louis Pondy, David Boje eds.). Readings in Managerial Psychology. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
  • Sennett, R. (2011). Otorite, Çev. Kamil Durand, Ayrıntı Yay. İstanbul.
  • Spencer, M. E. (1970). “Weber on legitimate norms and authority.” The British Journal of Sociology 21 (2): 123-134.
  • Wartenberg, T. (1990). The Forms of Power: From Domination to Transformation, Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
  • Weber, M. (1978). Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology (ed G Roth & C Wittich). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
  • Wolff, R. P. (1970). In defense of anarchism. Oakland, CA: University of California Press.
  • Young, I. M. (1990). Justice and the Politics of Difference, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Zambrano, E. (2000). "Authority, social theories of", International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences. Contract No: 20851A3/15/158.
There are 63 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Political Sociology
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Mustafa Özbaş 0000-0001-8428-1193

Publication Date December 27, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Özbaş, M. (2023). OTORİTE VE İKTİDAR KAVRAMSAL VE KURAMSAL BİR İNCELEME. Sosyal Aktörler Ve Deneyimler Dergisi(1), 10-38.