Modeling and Experimental Analysis of Bias Voltage Effects on Hardness and Thickness of TiN Coatings Produced by PVD Process
Year 2025,
Volume: 29 Issue: 1, 113 - 124, 28.02.2025
Ahmet Uğur Kaya
Abstract
This study examines the impact of bias voltage on the mechanical properties and film thickness of TiN coatings deposited on cold work tool steel via the PVD process. TiN coatings, known for their excellent hardness and wear resistance, were deposited at varying bias voltages (100–300 V). Hardness measurements and SEM analyses were conducted to evaluate the relationship between bias voltage, hardness, and film thickness. Theoretical models, including hardness-load and indentation hardness relationships, were developed to provide a comprehensive understanding of these trends. The results demonstrate that increasing the bias voltage enhances coating hardness up to 250 V due to improved atomic mobility and nucleation density. However, beyond this threshold, grain coarsening and defect formation contribute to a reduction in hardness. A monotonic decrease in film thickness was observed with higher bias voltages, attributed to ion bombardment and re-sputtering effects. The developed models showed strong alignment with experimental results, particularly for indentation hardness behavior, while discrepancies in the hardness-load relationship were noted under high loads and higher bias voltages. These findings underscore the importance of precise bias voltage control and theoretical modeling in enhancing TiN coating performance for industrial applications.
Ethical Statement
This study does not require ethics committee permission or any special permission.
Thanks
This study is derived from the master's thesis completed in the Department of Physics at the Institute of Natural Sciences, Kocaeli University. I would like to take this opportunity to thank my thesis advisors, Prof. Dr. Yüksel Bektöre (retired) and Dr. Hasan Alanyalı (retired). Additionally, I would like to thank Brisa Inc. for providing the SEM images and OPAŞ Inc., for their assistance in the implementation of the coatings.
References
- A. Ali, M. Hamzah, “Effects of bias voltage on TiN coatings,” Surface and Coating Technology, vol. 204, no. 5, pp. 1234–1240, 2008
- K. M. Gupta, K. Ramdev, S. Dharmateja, S. Sivarajan., “Microstructure and mechanical properties of PVD TiN coatings,” Thin Solid Films, vol. 516, pp. 450–457, 2018
- J. M. Wilson, A. T. Alpas, “Wear mechanisms of PVD TiN coatings,” Wear, vol. 225, pp. 126–133, 1999.
- H. Malik, R. Bradley, B. Mills, “PVD coatings on high-speed steels,” Thin Solid Films, vol. 374, pp. 254–263, 2000
- X. Zheng, L. Yu, “Enhancement of TiN coatings with yttrium,” Journal of Coatings Technology, vol. 82, pp. 142–148, 2010
- E. Yiğit, İ. Şenocak, “Bias voltage effects on PVD coatings,” Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 452–460, 2022
- A. F. Rousseau, J. G. Partridge, E. L. H. Mayes, J. T. Toton, M. Kracica, D. G. McCulloch, E. D. Doyle, “Duplex coatings on tool steels,” Surface Engineering, vol. 31, pp. 86–95, 2015
- J. L. Endrino, G. S. Fox-Rabinovich, C. Gey, “Mechanical properties of duplex PVD coatings,” Surface and Coating Technology, vol. 198, pp. 181–187, 2005
- M. A. Çakır, “Katodik ark PVD yöntemi ile TiN kaplanmış 316L paslanmaz çelik implant malzemesinin elektrokimyasal ve ıslanabilirlik özelliklerinin belirlenmesi”, Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 13. pp. 106-115, 2023
- B. Jonsson, S. Hogmark, "Hardness measurements of thin films", Thin Solid Films, vol. 114, no. 2, pp. 257-269, 1984
- D. Tabor, Hardness of Metals, 1st ed. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1951
- M. Pharr, "Measurement of thin film mechanical properties using nanoindentation," MRS Bulletin, vol. 17, no. 7, pp. 28-33, 1992
- S. Suresh, A. E. Giannakopoulos, "A new method for estimating residual stresses by instrumented sharp indentation," Acta Materialia, vol. 46, no. 16, pp. 5755-5767, 1998
- A. Thornton, "Influence of apparatus geometry and deposition conditions on the structure and topography of thick sputtered coatings," Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 3059-3065, 1986
- S. M. Rossnagel, J. Hopwood, "Magnetron sputter deposition with high levels of metal ionization," Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 449-453, 1994
- R. F. Bunshah, Handbook of Deposition Technologies for Films and Coatings, 1 st ed. Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1994
- A, Hörling, L. Hultman, M. Odenb, J. Sjölen, L. Karlsson, “Mechanical properties and machining performance of Ti1-xAlxN-coated cutting tools”, Surface &
Coatings Technology, vol. 191, pp. 384-392, 2005
- M. Ö. Öteyaka, M. M. Yıldırım, “Investigation of the Surface properties of hardened and PVD coated DIN 115CRV3 steel for cutting tools application”, Journal of Science and Technology of Dumlupınar University, vol, 032, pp. 91-102, 2013
- R. H. N. Reddy, M. Alphonse, V. K. B. Raja, K. Palanikumar, D. R. S. Krishna, “Evaluating the wear studies and tool characteristics of coated and uncoated HSS drill bit, A review”, Materials Today Proceedings, vol. 46, pp. 3779-3785, 2021
- L. Urtekin, Ö. Keleş, “Biyomedikal Uygulamalar İçin TiN Kaplı Ti6Al4V Alaşımının Mekanik Özelliklerinin Araştırılması”, Savunma Bilimleri Dergisi The Journal of Defense Sciences, vol.18, pp. 91-108, 2019
- H. Dempwolf, M. Proft, A. Baumann, S. Malz, O. Keßler, “The impact of bias and nitrogen pressure on TiNbN coatings in Arc-PVD processes-A multifactorial study”, Coatings, vol. 12, pp. 935-953, 2022
- D. K. Devarajan, B. Rangasamy, K. K. Amirtharaj Mosas, “State-of-the-art developments in advanced hard ceramic coatings using PVD techniques for high-temperature tribological applications”, vol. 6, pp. 301-329, 2023
- M. Piska, P. Sliwkova, “Surface parameters, tribological tests and cutting performance of coated HSS taps” 25th DAAAM International Symposium on Intelligent Manufacturing and Automation, DAAAM, Austria, 2015, 125-234
- H. Hoche, S. Groß, T. Troßmann, J. Schmidt, M. Oechsner, “PVD coating and substrate pretreatment concepts for magnesium alloys by multinary coatings based on Ti(X)N” Surface and Coatings Technology, 228(Supplement 1), 336-341, 2013
- M. Sahin, C. Misirli, D. Özkan, “Characteristic properties of AlTiN and TiN coated HSS materials” Industrial Lubrication and Tribology. 67/2, pp.172–180, 2015
- A. Carabas depitedillo, F. Sordetti, A. Querini, M. Magnan, O. Azzolini, L. Fedrizzi, Lanzutti, M “Tribological optimization of titanium-based PVD multilayer hard coatings deposited on steels used for cold rolling applications” Materials today Communitacations, vol. 34, pp. 105043-105053, 2022
- A. E. Bülbül, H. Dilipak, M. Sarıkaya, V. Yılmaz, “Optimization of the wear behavior of uncoated, TiN and AlTiN coated cold work tool steel 1.2379 using response surface methodology”, Materials Testing, vol. 58, pp. 12-19, 2016
- C. Ould, X. Badiche, P, Monmitonnet, Y. Gachon, “PVD coated mill rolls for cold rolling of stainlesssteel strips-Tribological and mechanical laboratory tests”, Journal of Manufacturing Processes, vol.15, pp. 77-86, 2013
- W. C. Oliver, G. M. Pharr, “An improved technique for determining hardness and elastic modulus using load and displacement sensing indentation experiments” Journal of Materials Research”, 7(6), pp. 1564–1583, 1992
- S. J. Bull, T. F. Page, “Contact phenomena in nanoindentation studies”, Surface and Coatings Technology, 54–55, pp. 173–181, 1992
PVD Prosesiyle Üretilen TiN Kaplamaların Sertlik ve Kalınlığı Üzerindeki Bias Voltajı Etkilerinin Modellemesi ve Deneysel Analizi
Year 2025,
Volume: 29 Issue: 1, 113 - 124, 28.02.2025
Ahmet Uğur Kaya
Abstract
Bu çalışma, Fiziksel Buhar Biriktirme (PVD) yöntemi kullanılarak soğuk iş takım çeliği üzerine uygulanan titanyum nitrür (TiN) kaplamaların mekanik özellikleri ve film kalınlığı üzerindeki bias voltajı etkilerini incelemektedir. Mükemmel sertlik ve aşınma direnciyle bilinen TiN kaplamalar, 100–300 V arasında değişen bias voltajlarında biriktirilmiştir. Bias voltajı, sertlik ve film kalınlığı arasındaki ilişkiyi değerlendirmek için sertlik ölçümleri ve SEM analizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ayrıca, gözlemlenen eğilimleri kapsamlı bir şekilde anlamak için sertlik-yük ve indentasyon sertliği ilişkilerini içeren teorik modeller geliştirilmiştir. Sonuçlar, bias voltajındaki artışın, 250 V seviyesine kadar artırılmış atom hareketliliği ve nükleasyon yoğunluğu sayesinde kaplama sertliğini iyileştirdiğini göstermektedir. Ancak, bu eşik değerinin ötesinde, tane büyümesi ve kusur oluşumu sertliğin azalmasına neden olmaktadır. Daha yüksek bias voltajlarında iyon bombardımanı ve yeniden püskürtme etkilerine bağlı olarak film kalınlığında monotonic bir azalma gözlenmiştir. Geliştirilen modeller, özellikle indentasyon sertliği davranışında deneysel sonuçlarla güçlü bir uyum göstermiş, ancak yüksek yükler ve daha yüksek bias voltajları altında sertlik-yük ilişkisinde bazı uyumsuzluklar tespit edilmiştir. Bu bulgular, kaplama performansını optimize etmek için bias voltajının hassas kontrolünün ve teorik modellemenin kritik rolünü vurgulamaktadır.
Ethical Statement
Bu çalışma etik kurul izni veya herhangi bir özel izin gerektirmemektedir.
Thanks
Bu çalışma Kocaeli Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Fizik Anabilim Dalı'nda tamamlanan yüksek lisans tezinden türetilmiştir. Bu vesileyle tez danışmanlarım Prof Dr. Yüksel Bektöre (emekli) ve Dr. Hasan Alanyalı'ya (emekli) teşekkür ederim. Ayrıca, SEM görüntülerini sağlayan Brisa A.Ş.'ye ve kaplamaların uygulanmasındaki yardımları için OPAŞ A.Ş.'ye teşekkür ederim.
References
- A. Ali, M. Hamzah, “Effects of bias voltage on TiN coatings,” Surface and Coating Technology, vol. 204, no. 5, pp. 1234–1240, 2008
- K. M. Gupta, K. Ramdev, S. Dharmateja, S. Sivarajan., “Microstructure and mechanical properties of PVD TiN coatings,” Thin Solid Films, vol. 516, pp. 450–457, 2018
- J. M. Wilson, A. T. Alpas, “Wear mechanisms of PVD TiN coatings,” Wear, vol. 225, pp. 126–133, 1999.
- H. Malik, R. Bradley, B. Mills, “PVD coatings on high-speed steels,” Thin Solid Films, vol. 374, pp. 254–263, 2000
- X. Zheng, L. Yu, “Enhancement of TiN coatings with yttrium,” Journal of Coatings Technology, vol. 82, pp. 142–148, 2010
- E. Yiğit, İ. Şenocak, “Bias voltage effects on PVD coatings,” Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 452–460, 2022
- A. F. Rousseau, J. G. Partridge, E. L. H. Mayes, J. T. Toton, M. Kracica, D. G. McCulloch, E. D. Doyle, “Duplex coatings on tool steels,” Surface Engineering, vol. 31, pp. 86–95, 2015
- J. L. Endrino, G. S. Fox-Rabinovich, C. Gey, “Mechanical properties of duplex PVD coatings,” Surface and Coating Technology, vol. 198, pp. 181–187, 2005
- M. A. Çakır, “Katodik ark PVD yöntemi ile TiN kaplanmış 316L paslanmaz çelik implant malzemesinin elektrokimyasal ve ıslanabilirlik özelliklerinin belirlenmesi”, Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 13. pp. 106-115, 2023
- B. Jonsson, S. Hogmark, "Hardness measurements of thin films", Thin Solid Films, vol. 114, no. 2, pp. 257-269, 1984
- D. Tabor, Hardness of Metals, 1st ed. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1951
- M. Pharr, "Measurement of thin film mechanical properties using nanoindentation," MRS Bulletin, vol. 17, no. 7, pp. 28-33, 1992
- S. Suresh, A. E. Giannakopoulos, "A new method for estimating residual stresses by instrumented sharp indentation," Acta Materialia, vol. 46, no. 16, pp. 5755-5767, 1998
- A. Thornton, "Influence of apparatus geometry and deposition conditions on the structure and topography of thick sputtered coatings," Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 3059-3065, 1986
- S. M. Rossnagel, J. Hopwood, "Magnetron sputter deposition with high levels of metal ionization," Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 449-453, 1994
- R. F. Bunshah, Handbook of Deposition Technologies for Films and Coatings, 1 st ed. Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1994
- A, Hörling, L. Hultman, M. Odenb, J. Sjölen, L. Karlsson, “Mechanical properties and machining performance of Ti1-xAlxN-coated cutting tools”, Surface &
Coatings Technology, vol. 191, pp. 384-392, 2005
- M. Ö. Öteyaka, M. M. Yıldırım, “Investigation of the Surface properties of hardened and PVD coated DIN 115CRV3 steel for cutting tools application”, Journal of Science and Technology of Dumlupınar University, vol, 032, pp. 91-102, 2013
- R. H. N. Reddy, M. Alphonse, V. K. B. Raja, K. Palanikumar, D. R. S. Krishna, “Evaluating the wear studies and tool characteristics of coated and uncoated HSS drill bit, A review”, Materials Today Proceedings, vol. 46, pp. 3779-3785, 2021
- L. Urtekin, Ö. Keleş, “Biyomedikal Uygulamalar İçin TiN Kaplı Ti6Al4V Alaşımının Mekanik Özelliklerinin Araştırılması”, Savunma Bilimleri Dergisi The Journal of Defense Sciences, vol.18, pp. 91-108, 2019
- H. Dempwolf, M. Proft, A. Baumann, S. Malz, O. Keßler, “The impact of bias and nitrogen pressure on TiNbN coatings in Arc-PVD processes-A multifactorial study”, Coatings, vol. 12, pp. 935-953, 2022
- D. K. Devarajan, B. Rangasamy, K. K. Amirtharaj Mosas, “State-of-the-art developments in advanced hard ceramic coatings using PVD techniques for high-temperature tribological applications”, vol. 6, pp. 301-329, 2023
- M. Piska, P. Sliwkova, “Surface parameters, tribological tests and cutting performance of coated HSS taps” 25th DAAAM International Symposium on Intelligent Manufacturing and Automation, DAAAM, Austria, 2015, 125-234
- H. Hoche, S. Groß, T. Troßmann, J. Schmidt, M. Oechsner, “PVD coating and substrate pretreatment concepts for magnesium alloys by multinary coatings based on Ti(X)N” Surface and Coatings Technology, 228(Supplement 1), 336-341, 2013
- M. Sahin, C. Misirli, D. Özkan, “Characteristic properties of AlTiN and TiN coated HSS materials” Industrial Lubrication and Tribology. 67/2, pp.172–180, 2015
- A. Carabas depitedillo, F. Sordetti, A. Querini, M. Magnan, O. Azzolini, L. Fedrizzi, Lanzutti, M “Tribological optimization of titanium-based PVD multilayer hard coatings deposited on steels used for cold rolling applications” Materials today Communitacations, vol. 34, pp. 105043-105053, 2022
- A. E. Bülbül, H. Dilipak, M. Sarıkaya, V. Yılmaz, “Optimization of the wear behavior of uncoated, TiN and AlTiN coated cold work tool steel 1.2379 using response surface methodology”, Materials Testing, vol. 58, pp. 12-19, 2016
- C. Ould, X. Badiche, P, Monmitonnet, Y. Gachon, “PVD coated mill rolls for cold rolling of stainlesssteel strips-Tribological and mechanical laboratory tests”, Journal of Manufacturing Processes, vol.15, pp. 77-86, 2013
- W. C. Oliver, G. M. Pharr, “An improved technique for determining hardness and elastic modulus using load and displacement sensing indentation experiments” Journal of Materials Research”, 7(6), pp. 1564–1583, 1992
- S. J. Bull, T. F. Page, “Contact phenomena in nanoindentation studies”, Surface and Coatings Technology, 54–55, pp. 173–181, 1992