Research Article
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CONFLICT MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY ON INTERNAL AUDITORS

Year 2021, Issue: 120, 9 - 34, 25.04.2021

Abstract

Findings on why integrating, dominating, compromising, obliging and avoiding strategies are preferred in conflict management vary according to the sample group of the research and the demographic characteristics of the sample. This study sought an answer to the question of which strategies internal auditors, who perform their duties in intensive interaction with their stakeholders, prefer in conflict management. In this framework, it aimed to determine the effects of the demographic characteristics and conflict sources on their strategy choices. In this context, the survey data collected from 132 auditors were statistically analyzed. The study was found that women participating in the study adopted obliging and dominating strategies, while men adopted more integrative, avoiding and compromising strategies. Education status had no effect on the choice of conflict management strategy, whereas the integrative strategy was adopted most in all education levels. The working period influenced the choice of conflict management strategy. The internal auditors working more than five years tended to adopt the integrating strategy, while auditors working more than 15 years tended to be avoiding. Finally, it was found that the internal auditors, who only experienced a task conflict during their  interactions, used the integrative strategy more than those that had relationship conflicts

References

  • Al-Hamdan, Zaid (2009), Nurse Managers, Diversity and Conflict Management, Diversity in Health and Care, 6, s. 31-43.
  • Amason, Allen (1996), Distinguishing the Effects of Functional and Dysfunctional Conflict on Strategic Decision Making: Resolving a Paradox for Top Management Teams, Academy of Management Journal”, 39 (1), s. 123–148.
  • Blake, Robert, Jane Mouton (1964), The Managerial Grid. Houston, TX: Gulf.
  • Bordean, Ovidiu Niculae, Dalma Szonja Rácz, Sebastian Ion Ceptureanu, Eduard Gabriel Ceptureanu, Zenovia Cristiana (2020), Gender Diversity and the Choice of Conflict Management Styles in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises, Sustainability, 12, s. 1-11.
  • Brahnam, Sheryl D., Thomas M. Margavio, Michael A. Hignite, Tonya B. Barrier, Jerry M. Chin (2005), A Gender-based Categorization for Conflict Resolution, Journal of Management Development. 24(3), s. 197-208.
  • Chea, Ashford (2006), Organizational Conflict: Strategy, Leadership, Resolution Framework, and Managerial Implications, Journal of Business & Leadership: Research, Practice, and Teaching, 2(2), s. 261-278.
  • Chou, Huey-Wen, Ying-Jung Yeh (2007), Conflict, Conflict Management, and Performance in ERP Teams, Social Behavior and Personality, 35(8), s. 1035-1047.
  • Chusmir, Leonard H., Joan Mills (1989), Gender Differences in Conflict Resolution Styles of Managers: At Work and at Home, Sex Roles, 20, s.149–163.
  • De Clercq, Dirk, Narongsak Thongpapan, & Dimo Dimov (2009), When Good Conflict Gets Better and Bad Conflict Becomes Worse: The Role of Social Capital in the Conflict-Innovation Relationship, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 37(3), s. 283-297.
  • De Dreu, K. W. Carsten, Laurie R. Weingart (2003), Task versus Relationship Conflict, Team Performance and Team Member Satisfaction: A Meta-Analysis, Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(4), s. 741–749.
  • De Janazs, C. Suzanne, Karen O. Dowd, Beth Z. Schneider (2002), Interpersonal Skills in Organizations, Boston: McGraw-Hill.
  • Dildar, Saadia, Naumana Amjad (2017), Gender Differences in Conflict Resolution Styles (CRS) in Different Roles: A Systematic Review, Pakistan Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 15, 2, s. 37-41.
  • Gbadamosi, Oluwakemi, Abbas Ghanbari Baghestan, Khalil Al-Mabrouk (2014), Gender, Age and Nationality: Assessing Their Impact on Conflict Resolution Styles, Journal of Management Development, 33(3), s. 245-257.
  • Geyskens, Inge, Jan-Benedict Steenkamp, Nirmalya Kumar (1999), A Meta-Analysis of Satisfaction in Marketing Channel Relationships, Journal of Marketing Research, 36 (2), s. 223–238.
  • Guetzkow, Harold, John Gyr (1954). An Analysis of Conflict in Decision-making Groups, Human Relations, 7, s. 367–382.
  • Howell, Sally Erin (2014), Conflict Management: A Literature Review and Study, Radiology Management, September-October, s.14-22.
  • İDKK (2020), İç Denetim Koordinasyon Kurulu, 2019 Yılı Kamu İç Denetim Genel Raporu. https://ms.hmb.gov.tr/uploads/2021/01/2019KamuicDenetimGenelRaporu.pdf (Erişim tarihi:21.03.2021)
  • İslamoğlu, Güler, Deniz Börü, Melek Birsel (2008), Conflict Management Styles in Relation to Demographics, Boğaziçi Journal, 22(1-2), s. 107-140.
  • Jameson, Jessica Katz (1999), Toward a Comprehensive Model for the Assessment and Management of Intraorganizational Conflict: Developing the Framework, International Journal of Conflict Management, 10, s. 268-294.
  • Jehn, Karen A. (1995), A Multimethod Examination of the Benefits and Determinants of Intragroup Conflict, Administrative Science Quarterly, 40, s. 256–282.
  • Jehn, Karen A. (1997). “A Qualitative Analysis of Conflict Types and Dimensions in Organizational Groups”. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42, 530–557.
  • Jehn, Karen A., Corinne Bendersky (2003), Intragroup Conflict in Organizations: A Contingency Perspective on the Conflict-Outcome Relationship, Research in Organizational Behavior, 25, s. 187-242.
  • Jehn, Karen A., Elizabeth A. Mannix (2001), The Dynamic Nature of Conflict: A Longitudinal Study of Intragroup Conflict and Group Performance. Academy of Management Journal, 44, s. 238-251.
  • Karabacak, Hakan (2020), “İç Denetimde Çatışma Yönetimi”, İç Denetim – Kuruma Değer Katmak, Halis Kıral (der), Ankara: Seçkin Yayınları.
  • Katz, Daniel, Robert L. Kahn (1966), The Social Psychology of Organizations. New York: Wiley.
  • Kezsbom, Deborah (1992), Re-opening Pandora’s Box: Sources of Project Conflict in the 90s, Industrial Engineering, 24 (5), s. 54-59.
  • Kıral, Halis, Esra Satıcı (2020), “İç Denetim Birimlerinin Denetim Paydaşlarıyla İlişkilerini Belirleyen Faktörler – Türkiye Kamu Sektörü Örneği”, İç Denetim – Kuruma Değer Katmak, Halis Kıral (der.), Ankara: Seçkin Yayınları.
  • Kustienė, Aurelija, Angelina Tjurina (2019), Managing Conflicts in Internal and External Audit Process, Public Security and Public Order, 19, s. 68-81.
  • March, James, Herbert Simon (1958), Organizations, New York: Wiley.
  • Marques, Francisca, Paulo Lourenço, Isabel Dimas, Teresa Rebelo (2015), The Relationship between Types of Conflict, Conflict Handling Strategies and Group Effectiveness, Journal of Spatial and Organizational Dynamics, 3(1), s. 58-77.
  • Massey, Graham R., Philip L. Dawes (2007), “The Antecedents and Consequences of Functional and Dysfunctional Conflict between Marketing Managers and Sales Managers”. Industrial Marketing Management, 36 (8), s. 1118 – 1129.
  • Menon, Anil, Sundar G. Bharadwaj, Roy Howell (1996), “The Quality and Effectiveness of Marketing Strategy: Effects of Functional and Dysfunctional Conflict in Intraorganizational Relationships”. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 24(4), s. 299-313.
  • Miao, Min-Chih, Ching-Ting Tien, Huo-Tsan Chang, Yu-Yuan Ko (2010), “The Effect of Dysfunctional Conflict On Learning Performance: The Role of Cognitive Style”. Social Behavior and Personality, 38(2), s. 169-186.
  • Mitroff, I. Ian (1998), Smart Thinking for Crazy Times: The Art of Solving The Right Problems. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.
  • Pondy, Louis R. (1967), Organizational Conflict: Concepts and Models, Administrative Science Quarterly, 12, s. 296–320.
  • Rahim, M. Afzalur (1990), “Moderating Effects of Hardiness and Social Support on the Relationships of Conflict and Stress to Job Burnout and Performance”. Rahim M. Afzalur (der.), Theory and Research in Conflict Management, New York: Praeger.
  • Rahim, M. Afzalur (2001), Managing Conflict in Organizations. Westport, Conn: Quorum Books.
  • Rahim, M. Afzalur (2002), Toward a Theory of Managing Organizational Conflict. International Journal of Conflict Management, 13, s. 206-235.
  • Rahim, M. Afzalur, Thomas V. Bonoma (1979), Managing Organizational Conflict: A Model for Diagnosis and Intervention. Psychological Reports, 44, s. 1323–1344.
  • Rognes, Jørn K., Vidar Schei (2010), Understanding the Integrative Approach to Conflict Management, Journal of Managerial Psychology, 25(1), s. 82-97
  • Roussy, Melanie (2015), Welcome to the Day-to-Day of Internal Auditors: How Do They Cope with Conflicts? Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 34 (2), s. 237–264.
  • Savran, Mustafa, Hakan Sunay (2017), Investigation of conflict strategies of physical education teachers working in public and private high schools (Sample of Ankara province), International Journal of Human Sciences, 14(4), 4995-5007.
  • Schmidt, Stuart M., Thomas A. Kochan (1972), Conflict: Toward Conceptual Clarity, Administrative Science Quarterly, 17, s. 359–370.
  • Shbail, Mohannad Al, Salleh Zalailah, Mohd Nazli Nor (2018), Antecedents of Burnout and its Relationship to Internal Audit Quality, Business and Economic Horizons, 14(4), s. 789- 817.ba
  • Smith, Clagett G. (1966), A Comparative Analysis of Some Conditions and Consequences of Intra-Organizational Conflict, Administrative Science Quarterly, 10(4), s. 504-529.
  • Smith, Gene (2005), Communication Skills are Critical for Internal Auditors, Managerial Auditing Journal, 20(5), s. 513–519.
  • Temkin, Terrie H., Wayland H. Cummings (1986), The Use of Conflict Management Behaviors in Voluntary Organizations: An Exploratory Study, Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 15(1), s. 5-18.
  • The Institute of Internal Auditors (2004), International Standards for the Professional Practice of Internal Auditing. https://na.theiia.org/standards-guidance/Public%20Documents/IPPF-Standards-2017.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 14.03.2021)
  • Vokić, Nina Pološki, Sanja Sontor (2010), The Relationship between Individual Characteristics and Conflict Handling Styles – the Case of Croatia, Problems and Perspectives in Management, 8(3), s. 56-67.
  • Wall, James. A. Jr., Ronda Roberts Callister (1995), Conflict and its Management, Journal of Management, 21, s. 515–558.
  • Wall, Victor D., Linda L. Nolan (1986), Perceptions of Inequity, Satisfaction, and Conflict in TaskOriented Groups. Human Relations, 39, s. 1033–1052.
  • West, Michael A., Neil R. Anderson (1996), Innovation in Top Management Teams. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(6), s. 680–693.
  • Zupova, Eliska (2019), Conflict Handling Styles within Local Self-Government Managers in the Slovak Republic, MEST Journal, s. 156-163.

ÇATIŞMA YÖNETİMİ STRATEJİLERİ: İÇ DENETÇİLER ÜZERİNE AMPİRİK BİR ARAŞTIRMA

Year 2021, Issue: 120, 9 - 34, 25.04.2021

Abstract

Çatışma yönetiminde bütünleştirici, rekabetçi, uzlaşmacı, uyuşmacı veya kaçınmacı stratejilerin neden tercih edildiğine dair bulgular araştırmaların hedef aldığı örneklem grubuna ve bu grubun demografik özelliklerine göre değişim göstermektedir. Bu çalışma, paydaşlarıyla yoğun etkileşim içerisinde görevlerini yerine getiren iç denetçilerin çatışma yönetiminde hangi stratejileri tercih ettikleri sorusuna cevap aramakta ve bu çerçevede iç denetçilerin demografik özelliklerinin ve çatışma kaynaklarının strateji tercihlerine etkilerini belirlemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu çerçevede iç denetim birimlerinde görev yapan 132 iç denetçiden toplanan anket verileri istatistiksel olarak analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmada, kadın iç denetçilerin uyuşmacı ve rekabetçi stratejileri, erkek iç denetçilerin ise bütünleştirici, kaçınmacı ve uzlaşmacı stratejileri daha fazla benimsedikleri tespit edilmiştir. Öğrenim durumunun çatışma yönetim stratejisi tercihine etkisi bulunmamaktadır. Bununla birlikte, tüm öğrenim durumlarında en fazla bütünleştirici stratejinin benimsendiği belirlenmiştir. İç denetçilerin kıdeminin, çatışma yönetim stratejisi tercihi üzerinde etkili olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Buna göre, 5 yıldan fazla kıdeme sahip iç denetçilerin bütünleştirici stratejiyi tercih etme ve 15 yıldan fazla kıdeme sahip iç denetçilerin ise kaçınmacı stratejiyi tercih etme eğiliminde oldukları bulgusuna ulaşılmıştır. Son olarak paydaşlarıyla etkileşimleri çerçevesinde sadece görev çatışması yaşadığını bildiren iç denetçilerin, ilişki çatışması yaşayan iç denetçilere göre bütünleştirici stratejiyi daha fazla benimsedikleri tespit edilmiştir.

References

  • Al-Hamdan, Zaid (2009), Nurse Managers, Diversity and Conflict Management, Diversity in Health and Care, 6, s. 31-43.
  • Amason, Allen (1996), Distinguishing the Effects of Functional and Dysfunctional Conflict on Strategic Decision Making: Resolving a Paradox for Top Management Teams, Academy of Management Journal”, 39 (1), s. 123–148.
  • Blake, Robert, Jane Mouton (1964), The Managerial Grid. Houston, TX: Gulf.
  • Bordean, Ovidiu Niculae, Dalma Szonja Rácz, Sebastian Ion Ceptureanu, Eduard Gabriel Ceptureanu, Zenovia Cristiana (2020), Gender Diversity and the Choice of Conflict Management Styles in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises, Sustainability, 12, s. 1-11.
  • Brahnam, Sheryl D., Thomas M. Margavio, Michael A. Hignite, Tonya B. Barrier, Jerry M. Chin (2005), A Gender-based Categorization for Conflict Resolution, Journal of Management Development. 24(3), s. 197-208.
  • Chea, Ashford (2006), Organizational Conflict: Strategy, Leadership, Resolution Framework, and Managerial Implications, Journal of Business & Leadership: Research, Practice, and Teaching, 2(2), s. 261-278.
  • Chou, Huey-Wen, Ying-Jung Yeh (2007), Conflict, Conflict Management, and Performance in ERP Teams, Social Behavior and Personality, 35(8), s. 1035-1047.
  • Chusmir, Leonard H., Joan Mills (1989), Gender Differences in Conflict Resolution Styles of Managers: At Work and at Home, Sex Roles, 20, s.149–163.
  • De Clercq, Dirk, Narongsak Thongpapan, & Dimo Dimov (2009), When Good Conflict Gets Better and Bad Conflict Becomes Worse: The Role of Social Capital in the Conflict-Innovation Relationship, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 37(3), s. 283-297.
  • De Dreu, K. W. Carsten, Laurie R. Weingart (2003), Task versus Relationship Conflict, Team Performance and Team Member Satisfaction: A Meta-Analysis, Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(4), s. 741–749.
  • De Janazs, C. Suzanne, Karen O. Dowd, Beth Z. Schneider (2002), Interpersonal Skills in Organizations, Boston: McGraw-Hill.
  • Dildar, Saadia, Naumana Amjad (2017), Gender Differences in Conflict Resolution Styles (CRS) in Different Roles: A Systematic Review, Pakistan Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 15, 2, s. 37-41.
  • Gbadamosi, Oluwakemi, Abbas Ghanbari Baghestan, Khalil Al-Mabrouk (2014), Gender, Age and Nationality: Assessing Their Impact on Conflict Resolution Styles, Journal of Management Development, 33(3), s. 245-257.
  • Geyskens, Inge, Jan-Benedict Steenkamp, Nirmalya Kumar (1999), A Meta-Analysis of Satisfaction in Marketing Channel Relationships, Journal of Marketing Research, 36 (2), s. 223–238.
  • Guetzkow, Harold, John Gyr (1954). An Analysis of Conflict in Decision-making Groups, Human Relations, 7, s. 367–382.
  • Howell, Sally Erin (2014), Conflict Management: A Literature Review and Study, Radiology Management, September-October, s.14-22.
  • İDKK (2020), İç Denetim Koordinasyon Kurulu, 2019 Yılı Kamu İç Denetim Genel Raporu. https://ms.hmb.gov.tr/uploads/2021/01/2019KamuicDenetimGenelRaporu.pdf (Erişim tarihi:21.03.2021)
  • İslamoğlu, Güler, Deniz Börü, Melek Birsel (2008), Conflict Management Styles in Relation to Demographics, Boğaziçi Journal, 22(1-2), s. 107-140.
  • Jameson, Jessica Katz (1999), Toward a Comprehensive Model for the Assessment and Management of Intraorganizational Conflict: Developing the Framework, International Journal of Conflict Management, 10, s. 268-294.
  • Jehn, Karen A. (1995), A Multimethod Examination of the Benefits and Determinants of Intragroup Conflict, Administrative Science Quarterly, 40, s. 256–282.
  • Jehn, Karen A. (1997). “A Qualitative Analysis of Conflict Types and Dimensions in Organizational Groups”. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42, 530–557.
  • Jehn, Karen A., Corinne Bendersky (2003), Intragroup Conflict in Organizations: A Contingency Perspective on the Conflict-Outcome Relationship, Research in Organizational Behavior, 25, s. 187-242.
  • Jehn, Karen A., Elizabeth A. Mannix (2001), The Dynamic Nature of Conflict: A Longitudinal Study of Intragroup Conflict and Group Performance. Academy of Management Journal, 44, s. 238-251.
  • Karabacak, Hakan (2020), “İç Denetimde Çatışma Yönetimi”, İç Denetim – Kuruma Değer Katmak, Halis Kıral (der), Ankara: Seçkin Yayınları.
  • Katz, Daniel, Robert L. Kahn (1966), The Social Psychology of Organizations. New York: Wiley.
  • Kezsbom, Deborah (1992), Re-opening Pandora’s Box: Sources of Project Conflict in the 90s, Industrial Engineering, 24 (5), s. 54-59.
  • Kıral, Halis, Esra Satıcı (2020), “İç Denetim Birimlerinin Denetim Paydaşlarıyla İlişkilerini Belirleyen Faktörler – Türkiye Kamu Sektörü Örneği”, İç Denetim – Kuruma Değer Katmak, Halis Kıral (der.), Ankara: Seçkin Yayınları.
  • Kustienė, Aurelija, Angelina Tjurina (2019), Managing Conflicts in Internal and External Audit Process, Public Security and Public Order, 19, s. 68-81.
  • March, James, Herbert Simon (1958), Organizations, New York: Wiley.
  • Marques, Francisca, Paulo Lourenço, Isabel Dimas, Teresa Rebelo (2015), The Relationship between Types of Conflict, Conflict Handling Strategies and Group Effectiveness, Journal of Spatial and Organizational Dynamics, 3(1), s. 58-77.
  • Massey, Graham R., Philip L. Dawes (2007), “The Antecedents and Consequences of Functional and Dysfunctional Conflict between Marketing Managers and Sales Managers”. Industrial Marketing Management, 36 (8), s. 1118 – 1129.
  • Menon, Anil, Sundar G. Bharadwaj, Roy Howell (1996), “The Quality and Effectiveness of Marketing Strategy: Effects of Functional and Dysfunctional Conflict in Intraorganizational Relationships”. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 24(4), s. 299-313.
  • Miao, Min-Chih, Ching-Ting Tien, Huo-Tsan Chang, Yu-Yuan Ko (2010), “The Effect of Dysfunctional Conflict On Learning Performance: The Role of Cognitive Style”. Social Behavior and Personality, 38(2), s. 169-186.
  • Mitroff, I. Ian (1998), Smart Thinking for Crazy Times: The Art of Solving The Right Problems. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.
  • Pondy, Louis R. (1967), Organizational Conflict: Concepts and Models, Administrative Science Quarterly, 12, s. 296–320.
  • Rahim, M. Afzalur (1990), “Moderating Effects of Hardiness and Social Support on the Relationships of Conflict and Stress to Job Burnout and Performance”. Rahim M. Afzalur (der.), Theory and Research in Conflict Management, New York: Praeger.
  • Rahim, M. Afzalur (2001), Managing Conflict in Organizations. Westport, Conn: Quorum Books.
  • Rahim, M. Afzalur (2002), Toward a Theory of Managing Organizational Conflict. International Journal of Conflict Management, 13, s. 206-235.
  • Rahim, M. Afzalur, Thomas V. Bonoma (1979), Managing Organizational Conflict: A Model for Diagnosis and Intervention. Psychological Reports, 44, s. 1323–1344.
  • Rognes, Jørn K., Vidar Schei (2010), Understanding the Integrative Approach to Conflict Management, Journal of Managerial Psychology, 25(1), s. 82-97
  • Roussy, Melanie (2015), Welcome to the Day-to-Day of Internal Auditors: How Do They Cope with Conflicts? Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 34 (2), s. 237–264.
  • Savran, Mustafa, Hakan Sunay (2017), Investigation of conflict strategies of physical education teachers working in public and private high schools (Sample of Ankara province), International Journal of Human Sciences, 14(4), 4995-5007.
  • Schmidt, Stuart M., Thomas A. Kochan (1972), Conflict: Toward Conceptual Clarity, Administrative Science Quarterly, 17, s. 359–370.
  • Shbail, Mohannad Al, Salleh Zalailah, Mohd Nazli Nor (2018), Antecedents of Burnout and its Relationship to Internal Audit Quality, Business and Economic Horizons, 14(4), s. 789- 817.ba
  • Smith, Clagett G. (1966), A Comparative Analysis of Some Conditions and Consequences of Intra-Organizational Conflict, Administrative Science Quarterly, 10(4), s. 504-529.
  • Smith, Gene (2005), Communication Skills are Critical for Internal Auditors, Managerial Auditing Journal, 20(5), s. 513–519.
  • Temkin, Terrie H., Wayland H. Cummings (1986), The Use of Conflict Management Behaviors in Voluntary Organizations: An Exploratory Study, Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 15(1), s. 5-18.
  • The Institute of Internal Auditors (2004), International Standards for the Professional Practice of Internal Auditing. https://na.theiia.org/standards-guidance/Public%20Documents/IPPF-Standards-2017.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 14.03.2021)
  • Vokić, Nina Pološki, Sanja Sontor (2010), The Relationship between Individual Characteristics and Conflict Handling Styles – the Case of Croatia, Problems and Perspectives in Management, 8(3), s. 56-67.
  • Wall, James. A. Jr., Ronda Roberts Callister (1995), Conflict and its Management, Journal of Management, 21, s. 515–558.
  • Wall, Victor D., Linda L. Nolan (1986), Perceptions of Inequity, Satisfaction, and Conflict in TaskOriented Groups. Human Relations, 39, s. 1033–1052.
  • West, Michael A., Neil R. Anderson (1996), Innovation in Top Management Teams. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(6), s. 680–693.
  • Zupova, Eliska (2019), Conflict Handling Styles within Local Self-Government Managers in the Slovak Republic, MEST Journal, s. 156-163.
There are 53 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Economics
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Hakan Karabacak This is me 0000-0001-6321-088X

Esra Satıcı This is me 0000-0002-6784-182X

Publication Date April 25, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Issue: 120

Cite

APA Karabacak, H., & Satıcı, E. (2021). ÇATIŞMA YÖNETİMİ STRATEJİLERİ: İÇ DENETÇİLER ÜZERİNE AMPİRİK BİR ARAŞTIRMA. Sayıştay Dergisi(120), 9-34.