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Sporcuların Temel Psikolojik İhtiyaçlarının Tatmini ve Engellenmesinin Ölçülmesi: Ölçek Uyarlama Çalışması

Year 2022, Volume: 33 Issue: 2, 85 - 104, 19.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.17644/sbd.999376

Abstract

Bu araştırmanın amacı, Sporda Psikolojik İhtiyaç Durumları Ölçeği’nin (SPİDÖ) Türkçe versiyonunun geçerlik ve güvenirliğinin test edilmesidir. Ölçek, sporcuların algısına göre spor ortamında temel psikolojik ihtiyaçlarının ne derece tatmin edildiğini ve engellendiğini ölçmektedir. Çeviri geri çeviri süreci tamamlandıktan sonra, 317 erkek ve 272 kadın olmak üzere toplam 589 sporcu (X̄yaş=19.34±4.70) araştırmaya katılmıştır. Veri toplama araçları olarak kişisel bilgi formu, Sporda Psikolojik İhtiyaç Durumları Ölçeği, Sporda Güdülenme Ölçeği II, Sporda Temel İhtiyaçlar Doyum Ölçeği ve Sporcu Tükenmişlik Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Yapı geçerliği için R programı ile (lavaan paketi) doğrulayıcı faktör analizi (DFA) yapılmıştır. Ölçeğin yakınsak ve ıraksak geçerliği, ortalama açıklanan varyans (AVE), bileşik güvenirlik (CR) ve Pearson Çarpımlar Moment korelasyon katsayıları ile incelenmiştir. Güvenirliğin değerlendirilmesi için Cronbach alfa ve bileşik güvenirlik katsayıları hesaplanmıştır. DFA sonucuna göre; ölçeğin orijinal İngilizce versiyonunu oluşturan 29 madde ve 6 boyut Türkçe versiyonda da aynı yapıdadır ve model uyum indeksleri kabul edilebilir düzeydedir (χ2/sd=2.99, RMSEA=.068, SRMR=.065 ve CFI=.918). Ayrıca, cinsiyet, yaş ve spor türüne göre kısmi ölçme değişmezliği sağlanmıştır. Yakınsak ve ıraksak geçerlik için yapılan analizlere göre Sporda Psikolojik İhtiyaç Durumları Ölçeği’nin alt boyutlarından elde edilen puanlar hali hazırda kullanılan geçerli ve güvenilir ölçme araçları ile negatif ve pozitif anlamlı ilişkiler göstermiştir. Alt boyutlara ait AVE, bileşik güvenirlik ve Cronbach alfa katsayıları da kabul edilebilir sınırlar içindedir. Elde edilen tüm bulgular Sporda Psikolojik İhtiyaç Durumları Ölçeği’nin Türkçe formunun yapı geçerliğini, yakınsak ve ıraksak geçerliği, güvenirliği ve ölçme değişmezliğini sağladığını göstermektedir. Araştırmadan elde edilen bulgular doğrultusunda, ölçeğin sporcuların temel psikolojik ihtiyaçlarının tatmini ve bu ihtiyaçların engellenmesini değerlendirmek amacı ile kullanılabilir olduğu söylenebilir.

References

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Measuring Satisfaction and Frustration of Athletes’ Basic Psychological Needs: A Scale Adaptation Study

Year 2022, Volume: 33 Issue: 2, 85 - 104, 19.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.17644/sbd.999376

Abstract

The aim of this study was to test the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Psychological Need States in Sport Scale (PNSS-S). This scale assesses satisfaction and frustration of athletes ‘needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Following the back translation process, a total of 589 athletes (317 men and 272 women) participated in the present study (Mage=19.34±4.70. Personal information form, Psychological Need States in Sports Scale, Sport Motivation Scale-II, Basic Needs Satisfaction in Sports Scale and Athlete Burnout Questionnaire were used as the data collection tools. For construct validity, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed using R statistical software package (lavaan package). Pearson product moment correlation coefficient along with average variance extracted (AVE) and composite reliability (CR) values were used to examine the convergent and divergent validities. Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability coefficients were calculated to evaluate the reliability. According to the CFA result, 29 items and 6 dimensions that make up the original English version of the scale have the same structure in the Turkish version and the model fit indices were at an acceptable level (χ2/df=2.99, RMSEA=.068, SRMR=.065 and CFI=.918). In addition, partial measurement invariance was supported across gender, age and sport type. According to the analyses performed for convergent and divergent validity, the scores obtained from the sub-dimensions of the Psychological Need States in Sports Scale showed negative and positive significant relationships with the currently used valid and reliable measurement tools. AVE, composite reliability and Cronbach's alpha coefficients of the sub-dimensions were also within acceptable limits. All the findings revealed the construct validity, convergent and divergent validity, reliability and measurement invariance of the Turkish version of Psychological Need States in Sports Scale. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that the scale can be used to evaluate satisfaction and frustration of athletes’ basic psychological needs.

References

  • 1. Adie, J. W., Duda, J. L., ve Ntoumanis, N. (2008). Autonomy support, basic need satisfaction and the optimal functioning of adult male and female sport participants: A test of basic needs theory. Motivation and Emotion, 32(3), 189-199.
  • 2. Bartholomew, K. J., Ntoumanis, N., Ryan, R. M., ve Thøgersen-Ntoumani, C. (2011). Psychological need thwarting in the sport context: Assessing the darker side of athletic experience. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 33(1), 75-102.
  • 3. Bayram, N. (2016). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesine giriş AMOS uygulamaları. Bursa: Ezgi Kitabevi.
  • 4. Bayram, N. (2018). Ölçme değişmezliği ve çoklu grup analizleri. Is, Guc: Endüstri İlişkileri ve İnsan Kaynakları Dergisi, 20(1), 1-16.
  • 5. Beaton, D. E., Bombardier, C., Guillemin, F., ve Ferraz, M. (2000). Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine, 25(24), 3186-3191.
  • 6. Bhavsar, N., Bartholomew, K. J., Quested, E., Gucciardi, D. F., Thøgersen-Ntoumani, C., Reeve, J., Sarrazin, P., ve Ntoumanis, N. (2020). Measuring psychological need states in sport: theoretical considerations and a new measure. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 47, 101617.
  • 7. Brislin, R.W. (1986). The wording and translation of research instruments. In W. J. Lonner, J. W. Berry (Eds.). Field methods in educational research (pp.137-164). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
  • 8. Brown, T. A. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. Guilford Press.
  • 9. Bülbül, A., ve Akyol, G. (2020). Sporda Psikolojik İhtiyaçlar Durum Ölçeği (SPİDÖ): Türkçe Uyarlaması, Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 31(4), 163-173.
  • 10. Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2002). Faktör analizi: Temel kavramlar ve ölçek geliştirmede kullanımı. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yönetimi, 32(32), 470-483.
  • 11. Chen, B., Mouratidis, A., Ryan, R. M., Sheldon, K. M., Soenens, B., Van Petegem, S., Verstuyf, J., Vansteenkiste, M., Beyers, W., Boone, L., Deci, E. L., Van der KaapDeeder, J., Duriez, B., Lens, W., ve Matos, L. (2015). Basic psychological need satisfaction, need frustration, and need strength across four cultures. Motivation and Emotion, 39, 216–236.
  • 12. Chen, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 14(3), 464-504.
  • 13. Cheon, S. H., Reeve, J., Lee, Y., Ntoumanis, N., Gillet, N., Kim, B. R., ve Song, Y.-G. (2019). Expanding autonomy psychological need states from two (satisfaction, frustration) to three (dissatisfaction): A classroom-based intervention study. Journal of Educational Psychology, 11, 685–702
  • 14. Cheung, G. W. ve Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 9(2), 233-55.
  • 15. Chu, T. L., ve Zhang, T. (2019). The roles of coaches, peers, and parents in athletes' basic psychological needs: A mixed-studies review. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching, 14(4), 569-588.
  • 16. Deci, E. L. ve Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York: Plenum Press.
  • 17. Deci, E. L., ve Ryan, R. M. (2000). The" what" and" why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological inquiry, 11(4), 227-268.
  • 18. Gagné, M., Ryan, R. M., ve Bargmann, K. (2003). Autonomy support and need satisfaction in the motivation and well-being of gymnasts. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 15, 372-390.
  • 19. Gana, K., ve Broc, G. (2019). Structural equation modeling with lavaan. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
  • 20. Gefen, D., ve Straub, D. (2005). A practical guide to factorial validity using PLS-Graph: Tutorial and annotated example. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 16(5), 91-109.
  • 21. Gillet, N., Vallerand, R. J., Paty, E., Gobancé, L., ve Berjot, S. (2010). French validation and adaptation of the perceived autonomy support scale for exercise settings to the sport context. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 8(2), 117-128.
  • 22. Gliner, J.A., Morgan, G.A., ve Leech, N.L. (2015). Research methods in applied settings: An integrated approach to design and analysis. 3rd edition, Routledge, New York.
  • 23. Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J. ve Anderson. RE. (2010). Multivariate data analysis. New Jersey, Pearson Prentice Hall.
  • 24. Hirschfeld, G., ve Von Brachel, R. (2014). Improving multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis in R–A tutorial in measurement invariance with continuous and ordinal indicators. Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, 19(7), 1-12.
  • 25. Hodge, K., Lonsdale, C., ve Ng, J. Y. Y. (2008). Burnout in elite rugby: Relationships with basic psychological needs fulfilment. Journal of Sports Science, 26(8), 835–844.
  • 26. Hollembeak, J., ve Amorose, A. (2005). Perceived coaching behaviors and college athletes’ intrinsic motivation: a test of self-determination theory. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 17(1), 20-36.
  • 27. Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., ve Mullen, M.R. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53-60.
  • 28. Kääriäinen, M., Kanste, O., Elo, S., Pölkki, T., Miettunen, J., ve Kyngäs, H. (2011). Testing and verifying nursing theory by confirmatory factor analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 67(5), 1163¬-1172.
  • 29. Kelecek, S., Kara, F. M., Kazak-Çetinkalp, F. Z. ve Aşçı, F. H. (2016). “Sporcu tükenmişlik ölçeği” nin Türkçe uyarlaması. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 27(4), 150-161.
  • 30. Kim, J., ve James, J. D. (2019). Sport and happiness: Understanding the relations among sport consumption activities, long-and short-term subjective well-being, and psychological need fulfillment. Journal of Sport Management, 33(2), 119-132.
  • 31. Kipp, L. E., ve Weiss, M. R. (2013). Social influences, psychological need satisfaction, and well-being among female adolescent gymnasts. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 2(1), 62.
  • 32. Kline, R.B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. 3rd ed. New York: Guilford Publications.
  • 33. Koestner, R., Otis, N., Powers, T. A., Pelletier, L., ve Gagnon, H. (2008). Autonomous motivation, controlled motivation, and goal progress. Journal of personality, 76(5), 1201-1230.
  • 34. Korkmaz, S., Goksuluk, D., ve Zararsiz, G. (2014). MVN: An R package for assessing multivariate normality. The R Journal, 6(2), 151-62.
  • 35. Kowal, J., ve Fortier, M. S. (2000). Testing relationships from the hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation using flow as a motivational consequence. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 71(2), 171-181.
  • 36. Lam, L. W. (2012). Impact of competitiveness on salespeople's commitment and performance. Journal of Business Research, 65(9), 1328-1334.
  • 37. Ng, J. Y., Lonsdale, C., ve Hodge, K. (2011). The basic needs satisfaction in sport scale (BNSSS): Instrument development and initial validity evidence. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 12(3), 257–264.
  • 38. Nunnally, J. C., ve Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • 39. Öztürk P., ve Koca C. (2012). Sporda temel ihtiyaçlar doyum ölçeğinin türkçe formunun psikometrik özelliklerinin incelenmesi. II. Uluslararası Beden Eğitimi ve Sporda Sosyal Alanlar Kongresi. 31 Mayıs- 2 Haziran, Gazi Üniversitesi, Ankara, Türkiye.
  • 40. Pelletier, L. G., Rocchi, M. A., Vallerand, R. J., Deci, E. L., ve Ryan, R. M. (2013). Validation of the revised sport motivation scale (SMS-II). Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14(3), 329-341.
  • 41. Quested, E., ve Duda, J. L. (2010). Exploring the social-environmental determinants of well- and ill-being in dancers: A test of basic needs theory. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 32(1), 39-60.
  • 42. R Core Team (2021). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. http://www.R-project.org/.
  • 43. Raedeke, T. D., ve Smith, A. L. (2001). Development and preliminary validation of an athlete burnout measure. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 23(4), 281-306.
  • 44. Reinboth, M., ve Duda, J. L. (2006). Perceived motivational climate, need satisfaction and indices of well-being in team sports: a longitudinal perspective. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 7(3), 269-286.
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There are 60 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Sports Medicine
Journal Section Articles
Authors

İhsan Sarı 0000-0002-9090-8447

Osman Urfa 0000-0002-9821-671X

Gözde Ersöz 0000-0002-4848-1929

F.hülya Ascı 0000-0002-6650-6931

Early Pub Date August 19, 2022
Publication Date September 19, 2022
Submission Date September 23, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 33 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Sarı, İ., Urfa, O., Ersöz, G., Ascı, F. (2022). Sporcuların Temel Psikolojik İhtiyaçlarının Tatmini ve Engellenmesinin Ölçülmesi: Ölçek Uyarlama Çalışması. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 33(2), 85-104. https://doi.org/10.17644/sbd.999376

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