Dikkat Mi Nabız Mı: Apne Sürelerinin Tahmin Edilmesinde Yukarıdan Aşağıya ve Aşağıdan Yukarıya Süreçlerin Bütünleştirilmesine Yönelik Bir Ön Çalışma

Year 2023, Volume: 34 Issue: 1, 1 - 22, 11.04.2023

Neşe Alkan Tolga Akış

https://doi.org/10.17644/sbd.995385

Abstract

Serbest dalış performansı gibi bazı aktivitelerde zamanın doğru algılanması hayati önem taşımaktadır. Saniyeler ile ifade edilebilecek görece uzun zaman aralıklarının doğru tahmininin altında yatan kesin mekanizmaların anlaşılması, psikolojide çözülmesi gereken konulardan biridir. Bu amaçla, mevcut çalışmada, prospektif bir paradigma kullanılarak, 25, 50 ve 75 saniyelik apne sürelerinin yordayıcıları incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın verileri, iki deneysel koşulda, on bir serbest dalış sporcusunun hedef apne tahminlerini havada ve suda (daldırılmış) yapmaları yolu ile elde edilmiştir. Katılımcıların kalp atış hızı değerleri, dikkat kontrol kapasiteleri ve duygu durumlarının üç farklı hedef apne tahminindeki doğruluğunun incelendiği bu çalışmada: zaman tahminini etkileyen tek faktörün kalp atış hızı olmadığı; dikkat kapasitesi ve olumlu duygudurumun lineer olmayan bir tarzda zaman tahmininin doğruluğuna etki ettiği; yordayıcı olarak kullanılan bu üç değişkenin, deney koşuluna ve hedef aralığın süresine göre farklı şekilde etkili olduğu ve son olarak, katılımcıların en doğru zaman tahmininin, bu çalışmada kullanılan en uzun zaman aralığı olan 75 saniye suda apne olduğu bulunmuştur.

Keywords

zaman tahmini, dikkat, nabız, apne, İçsel zamanlama

Supporting Institution

Atılım Üniversitesi

Project Number

ATÜ-BAP2006-001

Thanks

Atılım Üniversitesi önceki Rektörü Sayın Prof. Dr. Abdürrahim Özgenoğlu'na destekleri ve sporculara gönüllü katılımları için teşekkür ederiz.

Attention or Heart Rate: A Preliminary Study towards Integrating the Top-down and Bottom-up Processes in Estimating the Apnea Durations

Abstract

Accurate perception of time is vital in some athletic activities such as free-diving performance. The exact mechanisms underlying the correct estimation of long intervals using different time estimation paradigms are still an issue to be solved in psychology. To this end, in the current study, by using a prospective paradigm, examined top-down and bottom-up predictors of 25, 50, and 75 seconds of apnea durations. Eleven free-diving athletes performed the target apnea estimations in two experimental conditions: apnea in the air and immersed apnea. In line with our integrative perspective, we obtained heart rate values, attentional control capacities, and affectivity states of the participants, and analyzed the relationship of these with the directional errors of three target apnea estimations. A series of within-participants analyses found the following: first, the heart-rate alone is not the only factor influencing time estimation during long intervals; second, attentional capacity and positive affect contributed to the accuracy of time estimation in a non-constant fashion; third, these three variables affected the accuracy of time estimation differently according to the modality and the duration of the target interval; and fourth, the participants were most accurate in estimating the time during 75s of apnea in the immersed condition.

Keywords

time estimation, attention, heart rate, internal clock, apnea

Project Number

ATÜ-BAP2006-001

References

• 1. Allan, L. G. (1998). The influence of the scalar timing model on human timing research. Behavioural Processes, 44(2), 101-117. doi:10.1016/S0376-6357(98)00043-6
• 2. Allan, L. G., Siegel, S., and Hannah, S. (2007). The sad truth about depressive realism. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 60(3), 482-495. doi:10.1080/17470210601002686
• 3. Andersson, J. P. A., and Evaggelidis, L. (2009). Arterial oxygen saturation and diving response during dynamic apneas in breath‐hold divers. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 19(1), 87-91. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2008.00777.
• 4. Andersson, J. P., Liner, M. H., Fredsted, A., and Schagatay, E. K. (2004). Cardiovascular and respiratory responses to apneas with and without face immersion in exercising humans. Journal of Applied Physiology, 96(3), 1005-1010. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01057.2002
• 5. Andersson, J. P., Linér, M. H., Rünow, E., and Schagatay, E. K. (2002). Diving response and arterial oxygen saturation during apnea and exercise in breath-hold divers. Journal of Applied Physiology, 93(3), 882-886. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00863.2001
• 6. Baranova, T. I., Kovalenko, R. I., Molchanov, A. A., Sviridenko, M. V., Ianvareva, I. N., and Zhekalov, A. N. (2003). [Mechanisms of human adaptation to hypoxia]. Rossiiskii fiziologicheskii zhurnal imeni IM Sechenova/Rossiiskaia Akademiia Nauk, 89(11), 1370-1379. Retrieved from http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/14758662 Abstract only
• 7. Bar-Haim, Y., Kerem, A., Lamy, D., and Zakay, D. (2010). When time slows down: The influence of threat on time perception in anxiety. Cognition and Emotion, 24(2), 255-263. doi:10.1080/02699930903387603
• 8. Bi, C., Yuan, X., and Huang, X. (2013). The impact of object working memory on timing. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 25(4), 390-399. doi:10.1080/20445911.2013.777071
• 9. Blanchette, I., and Richards, A. (2010). The influence of affect on higher level cognition: A review of research on interpretation, judgement, decision making and reasoning. Cognition and Emotion, 24(4), 561-595. doi:10.1080/02699930903132496
• 10. Block, R. A. (1990). Models of psychological time. In: Block, R. A. (Ed.) Cognitive models of psychological time. Hillsdale. New Jersey: Erlbaum. 1·36.
• 11. Block, R. A., and Zakay, D. (1997). Prospective and retrospective duration judgments: A meta-analytic review. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 4(2), 184-197. Retrieved from http://link.springer.com/article/10.3758%2FBF03209393
• 12. Block, R. A., Hancock, P. A., and Zakay, D. (2010). How cognitive load affects duration judgments: A meta-analytic review. Acta Psychologica, 134(3), 330-343. doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2010.03.006
• 13. Brown, S. W. (1997). Attentional resources in timing: Interference effects in concurrent temporal and nontemporal working memory tasks. Perception and Psychophysics, 59(7), 1118−1140. Retrieved from http://link.springer.com/article/10.3758/BF03205526#page-1
• 14. Buetti, S., and Lleras, A. (2012). Perceiving control over aversive and fearful events can alter how we experience those events: An investigation of time perception in spider-fearful individuals. Frontiers in Psychology, 3(337), 1-17. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00337
• 15. Caspers, C., Cleveland, S., and Schipke, J. D. (2011). Diving reflex: Can the time course of heart rate reduction be quantified? Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 21(1), 18-31. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01246
• 16. Comalli Jr, P. E., Wapner, S., and Werner, H. (1962). Interference effects of Stroop color-word test in childhood, adulthood, and aging. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 100(1), 47-53. Retrieved from https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/suelima/public/505labreport1/comallietal1962.pdf
• 17. Di Rienzo, F., Hoyek, N., Collet, C., and Guillot, A. (2014). Physiological changes in response to apnea impact the timing of motor representations: A preliminary study. Behavioral and Brain Functions, 10(1), 1-15. Retrieved from http://www.behavioralandbrainfunctions.com/content/pdf/1744-9081-10-15.pdf
• 18. Dimmock, K. (2007). Scuba diving, snorkeling, and free diving. Water-Based Tourism,Sport, Leisure, and Recreation Experiences, 128-147. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net.
• 19. Droit-Volet, S., Fayolle, S., Lamotte, M., and Gil, S. (2013). Time, emotion and the embodiment of timing. Timing and Time Perception, 1(1), 99-126. Retrieved from http://www.brill.com/publications/journals/timing-time-perception
• 20. Eagleman, D. M. (2008). Human time perception and its illusions. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 18(2), 131-136. doi:10.1016/j.conb.2008.06.002
• 21. Ferrigno, M., Ferretti, G., Ellis, A., Warkander, D., Costa, M., Cerretelli, P., and Lundgren, C. E. (1997). Cardiovascular changes during deep breath-hold dives in a pressure chamber. Journal of Applied Physiology, 83(4), 1282-1290. Retrieved from http://jap.physiology.org/content/83/4/1282.full-text.pdf+html
• 22. Foster, G. E., and Sheel, A. W. (2005). The human diving response, its function, and its control. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 15(1), 3-12. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2005.00440
• 23. Gibbon, J., and Church, R. M. (1990). Representation of time. Cognition, 37, 23–54.
• 24. Gibbon, J., Church, R. M., and Meck, W. H. (1984). Scalar timing in memory. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 423(1), 52-77. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1984.tb23417
• 25. Gibson, J. J. (1966). The Senses Considered as Perceptual Systems. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
• 26. Gregory, R. (1970). The Intelligent Eye. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
• 27. Grondin, S. (2012). Violation of the scalar property for time perception between 1 and 2 seconds: Evidence from interval discrimination, reproduction, and categorization. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 38(4), 880-890. doi:10.1037/a0027188 ·
• 28. Halin, N., Marsh, J. E., Haga, A., Holmgren, M., and Sörqvist, P. (2014). Effects of speech on proofreading: Can task-engagement manipulations shield against distraction? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 20(1), 69-80. doi:10.1037/xap0000002
• 29. Hancock, P. A., and Rausch, R. (2010). The effects of sex, age, and interval duration on the perception of time. Acta Psychologica, 133(2), 170-179. doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2009.11.005
• 30. Healy, A. F., Wohldmann, E. L., Parker, J. T., and Bourne, L. E. (2005). Skill training, retention, and transfer: The effects of a concurrent secondary task. Memory and Cognition, 33(8), 1457-1471. Retrieved from http://link.springer.com/article/10.3758%2FBF03193378
• 31. Heusser, K., Dzamonja, G., Tank, T., Palada, I., Valic, Z., Bakovic, D., Obad, A,, Ivancev, V., Breskovic, T., Diedrich, A., Joyner, M.J., Luft, F.C., Jordan, J., and Dujic, Z. (2009). Cardiovascular regulation during apnea in elite divers. Hypertension, 53, 719–724.
• 32. Heusser, K., Tank, J., Engeli, S., Diedrich, A., Menne, J., Eckert, S., and Jordan, J. (2010). Carotid baroreceptor stimulation, sympathetic activity, baroreflex function, and blood pressure in hypertensive patients. Hypertension,55(3), 619-626. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.14066
• 33. Hughes, R. W., Hurlstone, M. J., Marsh, J. E., Vachon, F., and Jones, D. M. (2013). Cognitive control of auditory distraction: Impact of task difficulty, foreknowledge, and working memory capacity support duplex mechanism account. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 39(2), 539 –553. doi:10.1037/a0029064
• 34. Hutchison, K. A. (2011). The interactive effects of list wide control, item based control, and working memory capacity on Stroop performance. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 37(4), 851– 860. doi:10.1037/a0023437
• 35. Isen, A. M., Nygren, T. E., and Ashby, F. G. (1988). Influence of positive affect on the subjective utility of gains and losses: It is just not worth the risk. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55(5), 710-717. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.55.5.710
• 36. Isen, A. M., and Patrick, R. (1983). The effect of positive feelings on risk taking: When the chips are down. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 31(2), 194-202. doi:10.1016/0030-5073(83)90120-4
• 37. Jamin, T., Joulia, F., Fontanari, P., Bonnon, M., Ulmer, C., and Crémieux, J. (2004a). Effet d’une situation d’apnée statique sur les capacités individuelles d’estimation du temps Effect of a static apnea exposure on time estimation ability. Science and Sports, 19, 142-144. doi:10.1016/S0765-1597(03)00169-2
• 38. Jamin, T., Joulia, F., Fontanari, P., Giacomoni, M., Bonnon, M., Vidal, F., and Crémieux, J. (2004b). Apnea-induced changes in time estimation and its relation to bradycardia. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 75(10), 876-880.
• 39. Joulia, F., Steinberg, J. G., Faucher, M., Jamin, T., Ulmer, C., Kipson, N., and Jammes, Y. (2003). Breath-hold training of humans reduces oxidative stress and blood acidosis after static and dynamic apnea. Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology, 137(1), 19-27. doi:10.1016/S1569-9048(03)00110-1
• 40. Jung, K., and Stolle, W. (1981). Behavior of heart rate and incidence of arrhythmia in swimming and diving. Biotelemetry and Patient Monitoring, 8(4), 228-239. Retrieved from http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/7337825
• 41. Khan, A., Sharma, N. K., and Dixit, S. (2006). Effect of cognitive load and paradigm on time perception. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 32(1), 37-42. Retrieved from http://cpl.revues.org/4998
• 42. Lamotte, M., Izaute, M., and Droit-Volet, S. (2012). Awareness of time distortions and its relation with time judgment: A metacognitive approach. Consciousness and Cognition, 21(2), 835-842. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2012.02.012
• 43. Lansbergen, M. M., Kenemans, J. L., and van Engeland, H. (2007). Stroop interference and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A review and meta-analysis. Neuropsychology, 21(2), 251-262. doi: 10.1037/0894-4105.21.2.251
• 44. Lemaitre, F., Bernier, F., Petit, I., Renard, N., Gardette, B., and Joulia, F. (2005). Heart rate responses during a breath-holding competition in well-trained divers. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 26(6), 409-413. doi: 10.1055/s-2004-821159
• 45. Lindholm, P., Nordh, J., and Gennser, M. (2006). The heart rate of breath-hold divers during static apnea: Effects of competitive stress. Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine Journal, 33(2): 119-124. Retrieved from http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/5027
• 46. MacLeod, C. M. (1991). Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 109(2), 163-203.doi:10.1037/0033-2909.109.2.163
• 47. MacLeod, C. M. (1992) The Stroop task: The "gold standard" of attentional measures. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 121(1), 12-14. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.121.1.12
• 48. Matthews, W. J. (2013). How does sequence structure affect the judgment of time? Exploring a weighted sum of segments model. Cognitive Psychology, 66(3), 259-282. doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2013.01.001
• 49. Matthews, W. J., and Meck, W. H. (2014). Time perception: The bad news and the good. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 5(4), 429-446. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1298
• 50. Neisser, U. (1976). Cognition and reality: Principles and implications of cognitive psychology. WH Freeman/Times Books/Henry Holt and Co.
• 51. Ogden, R. S., Salominaite, E., Jones, L. A., Fisk, J. E., and Montgomery, C. (2011). The role of executive functions in human prospective interval timing. Acta Psychologica, 137(3), 352-358. doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2011.04.004
• 52. Ogden, R.S., Simmons, F.R., and Wearden, J.H. (2021). Verbal estimation of the magnitude of time, number, and length. Psychological Research 85, 3048–3060. doi: 10.1007/s00426-020-01456-4
• 53. Rammsayer, T. H. (1999). Neuropharmacological evidence for different timing mechanisms in humans. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Section B, 52(3), 273-286. doi: 10.1080/713932708
• 54. Rammsayer, T. H., Hennig, J., Haag, A., and Lange, N. (2001). Effects of noradrenergic activity on temporal information processing in humans. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Section B, 54(3), 247-258. doi:10.1080/02724990143000036
• 55. Skolnick, A. (2013, November 17). A Deep-Water diver from Brooklyn dies after trying for a record. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/18/sports/deep-water-diver-from-brooklyn-dies-after-trying-for-a-record.html?pagewanted=alland_r=0
• 56. Stroop, J. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18, 643-662. Retrieved from http://psychcentral.com/classics/Stroop/
• 57. Sucala, M., Scheckner, B., and David, D. (2011). Psychological time: Interval length judgments and subjective passage of time judgments. Current Psychology Letters. Behaviour, Brain and Cognition, 26(2, 2010). Retrieved from http://cpl.revues.org/4998
• 58. Sucala, M., Stefan, S., Szentagotai-Tatar, A., and David, D. (2010). Time flies when you expect to have fun: An experimental investigation of the relationship between expectancies and the perception of time progression. Cognition, Brain, Behavior: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 14(3), 231-241. Retrieved from http://www.cbbjournal.ro/images/stories/articles/2010/3/14-3-03.pdf
• 59. Tipples, J. (2008). Negative emotionality influences the effects of emotion on time perception. Emotion, 8(1), 127-131. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.8.1.127
• 60. Tipples, J. (2011). When time stands still: Fear-specific modulation of temporal bias due to threat. Emotion, 11(1), 74-84. doi: 10.1037/a0022015
• 61. Tobin, S., and Grondin, S. (2012). Time perception is enhanced by task duration knowledge: Evidence from experienced swimmers. Memory and Cognition, 40(8), 1339-1351. doi:10.3758/s13421-012-0231-3
• 62. Trenerry, M. R., Crosson, B., DeBoe, J., and Leber, W. R. (1989). Stroop neuropsychological screening manual. Psychological Assessment Resources Inc., Odessa, Florida.
• 63. Tulving, E. (1972). Episodic and semantic memory. Tulving E, Donaldson, W. (Eds.) Organization of Memory. NY: Academic Press, 382 -402.
• 64. United States Apnea Association (USAA). Retrieved from http://www.usfreediving.org/general-what-is.htm
• 65. Van der Elst, W., Van Boxtel, M. P., Van Breukelen, G. J., and Jolles, J. (2006). The Stroop Color-Word Test influence of age, sex, and education; and normative data for a large sample across the adult age range. Assessment,13(1), 62-79. doi: 10.1177/1073191105283427
• 66. Watson, D., Clark, L. A., and Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063-1070. doi:1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063
• 67. Wearden, J. H. (1999). “Beyond the fields we know...”: Exploring and developing scalar timing theory. Behavioural Processes, 45(1), 3-21. doi:10.1016/S0376-6357(99)00006-6
• 68. Wearden, J. H. (2008). Slowing down an internal clock: Implications for accounts of performance on four timing tasks. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 61(2), 263-274. doi: 10.1080/17470210601154610
• 69. Wearden, J. H., and Grindrod, R. (2003). Manipulating decision processes in the human scalar timing system. Behavioural Processes, 61(1), 47-56. doi:10.1016/S0376-6357(02)00159-6
• 70. Wearden, J. H., and Jones, L. A. (2013). Explaining between-group differences in performance on timing tasks. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 66(1), 179-199. doi: 10.1080/17470218.2012.704928
• 71. Wearden, J. H. (2015). Mission: Impossible? Modelling the verbal estimation of duration. Timing & Time Perception, 3, 223–245. Doi: 10.1163/22134468-03002051
• 72. World Confederation of Underwater Activities (CMAS). Retrieved from http://www.cmas.org
• 73. Zakay, D. (1993). Time estimation methods do they influence prospective duration estimates? Perception London, 22, 91-91. doi:10.1068/p220091
• 74. Zakay, D., and Block, R. A. (1995). An attentional-gate model of prospective time estimation. Time and the dynamic control of behavior, 167-178. Retrieved from http://www.montana.edu/wwwpy/Block/papers/Zakay%26Block-1995.pdf
• 75. Zakay, D., and Block, R. A. (1997). Temporal cognition. Current Directions in Psychological Science,6(1) 12-16. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/20182432?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
• 76. Zakay, D., Block, R. A. Tsal, Y. G., and Daniel (Ed); Koriat, Asher (Ed), (1999). Attention and performance XVII: Cognitive regulation of performance: Interaction of theory and application. Attention and performance, (pp. 557-580). Cambridge, MA, US: The MIT Press, Retrieved from http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1999-02468-019
• 77. Zakay, D., Nitzan, D., and Glicksohn, J. (1983). The influence of task difficulty and external tempo on subjective time estimation. Perception and Psychophysics, 34(5), 451-456. Retrieved http://link.springer.com/article/10.3758/BF03203060