The Mediation Role of Self-Compassion in the Relationship Between Positive Body Image and Perfectionism in Adolescent Athletes with regard to Sport Type

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 35 Sayı: 1, 46 - 59, 04.06.2024

Fatma Eda Güngören , F. Hülya Aşçı

https://doi.org/10.17644/sbd.1307561

Öz

The aim of this study was to examine the mediating role of self-compassion in the relationship between positive body image and perfectionism in adolescent athletes according to sport type. 381 (Mage=15.95±1.05) female athletes with at least two years experiences who involved individual and team sports in Istanbul voluntarily participated in the study. Personal Information Form, Body Appreciation Scale-2; Self-Compassion Scale-Short Form and Sports-Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale were administered to all participants. Analysis was performed by using IBM SPSS via the Process Macro plugin. The analyses showed that personal standards (B=-0,16; p<0,05), concern over mistakes (B=-0,33; p<0,05), perceived parental pressure (B=-0,13; p<0,05) perceived coach pressure (B=-0,20; p<0,05) subscales of perfectionism were negatively related to self-compassion. Personal standards (B=0,38; p< 0,05) subscale of perfectionism was positively associated with positive body image but concern over mistakes (B=0,04; p>0,05), perceived parental pressure (B=0,14; p>0,05) and perceived coach pressure (B=0,01; p > 0,05) subscales of perfectionism were not significantly related with positive body image and also sport type has no moderator role in all these relationships. Analysis also revealed that self-compassion mediated the relationship between positive body image and all subscales of perfectionism, but sport type has no moderating role in this mediation effect. In conclusion the perfectionism levels of adolescent athletes are affected by self-compassion, and this affect their positive body image levels. These effects do not change whether the athletes are engaged in individual or team sports.

Anahtar Kelimeler

positive body image, perfectionism, self-compassion, sport type

Adolesan Sporcularda Olumlu Beden İmgesi ile Mükemmeliyetçilik İlişkisinde Öz Şefkatin Aracılık Rolünün Spor Türüne Göre İncelenmesi

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı adolesan sporcularda olumlu beden imgesi ile mükemmeliyetçilik ilişkisinde öz şefkatin aracılık rolünün spor türüne göre incelenmesidir. Çalışmaya İstanbul ilindeki kulüplerde bireysel ve takım sporlarıyla uğraşan, en az 2 yıl spor deneyimi olan 381 (x̄yaş=15,95± 1,05) kız sporcu katılmıştır. Çalışmaya katılan sporculara Kişisel Bilgi Formu, Beden Değeri Ölçeği-2; Öz Şefkat Ölçeği-Kısa Formu ve Spora Özgü Çok Boyutlu Mükemmeliyetçilik Ölçeği uygulanmıştır. Verilerin analizi Process Macro eklentisi aracılığıyla IBM SPSS kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmada aracılık ilişkisini incelemek amacıyla oluşturulan modelleme ‘Koşullu Süreç Modeli’ kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Analiz sonuçlarına göre, mükemmeliyetçiliğin kişisel standartlar (B=-0,16; p<0,00), hatalarla aşırı ilgilenme (B=-0,33; p<0,05), algılanan ebeveyn baskısı (B=-0,13; p<0,05) ve algılanan koç baskısı (B=-0,20; p<0,05) alt boyutları ile öz şefkat arasında negatif ilişki vardır. Mükemmeliyetçiliğin kişisel standartlar (B= 0,38; p<0,05) alt boyutu olumlu beden imgesi ile pozitif ilişkiliyken, hatalarla aşırı ilgilenme (B=0,04; p>0,05), algılanan ebeveyn baskısı (B=0,14; p> 0,05), ve algılanan koç baskısı (B=0,01; p> 0,05), olumlu beden imgesi arasındaki ilişki anlamlı bulunmamıştır ve tüm bu ilişkilerde spor türü düzenleyici role sahip değildir. Ayrıca, bulgular öz şefkatin; kişisel standartlar, hatalarla aşırı ilgilenme, algılanan ebeveyn baskısı ve algılanan koç baskısı ile olumlu beden imgesi arasındaki ilişkiye aracılık ettiğini, bu aracılık etkisinde spor türünün düzenleyici rolü olmadığını göstermiştir. Sonuç olarak, adolesan sporcuların mükemmeliyetçilik düzeyleri öz şefkatten etkilenerek onların, olumlu beden imgesi düzeylerini etkilemektedir ve bu etkiler sporcuların bireysel veya takım sporu ile uğraşmalarına göre değişmemektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

olumlu beden imgesi, mükemmelliyetçilik, öz şefkat, spor türü

Kaynakça

• 1. Adam, M. E., Kowalski, K. C., Duckham, R. L., Ferguson, L. J., ve Mosewich, A. D. (2021). Self-compassion plays a role in Canadian women athletes’ body appreciation and intuitive eating: A mixed methods approach. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 52(4), 287-309.
• 2. Avalos, L., Tylka, T. L., ve Wood-Barcalow, N. (2005). The body appreciation scale: Development and psychometric evaluation. Body Image, 2(3), 285-297.
• 3. Bardone-Cone, A. M., Cass, K. M., ve Ford, J. A. (2008) Examining body dissatisfaction in young men within a biopsychosocial framework. Body Image,5(2), 183-194.
• 4. Barnett, M. D., ve Sharp, K. J. (2016) Maladaptive perfectionism, body image satisfaction, and disordered eating behaviors among US college women: The mediating role of self-compassion. Personality and Individual Differences, 99, 225-234.
• 5. Baron, R. M., ve Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173.
• 6. Budzisz, A., ve Sas-Nowosielski, K. (2021). Positive body image among Polish elite athletes. Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity, 13(5), 9-17.
• 7. Büyüköztürk Ş, Çakmak E.K., Akgün Ö.E., Karadeniz Ş., Demirel F. (2019). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
• 8. Cash, T. F., Morrow, J. A., Hrabosky, J. I., ve Perry A. A. (2004). How has body image changed? A cross-sectional investigation of college women and men from 1983 to 2001. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72(6), 1081- 1089.
• 9. Cash, T. F., ve Smolak, L. (Eds.). (2011) Body image: A handbook of science, practice, and prevention. New York; Guilford press.
• 10. Cash, T. F. (2012). Cognitive-behavioral perspectives on body image. In T. F. Cash (Eds.), Encyclopedia of body image and human appearance (pp. 334–342). London; Elsevier Academic Press.
• 11. Çelik, OB ve Güngör, NB. (2020) Spor bilimleri fakültesi öğrencilerinde benlik saygısı ve beden takdiri: Yapısal bir eşitlik modeli. Uluslararası Eğitim Çalışmaları, 13 (7), 31-39.
• 12. Çepikkurt, F. (2011). Üniversiteli hentbolcuların mükemmeliyetçilik ve kaygı düzeyleri ile başarı hedefleri ve müsabaka sonuçlarına yaptıkları yükleme biçimleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi [Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi]. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Adana.
• 13. Dalley, S. E., Pollet, T. V., ve Vidal, J. (2013) Body size and body esteem in women: The mediating role of possible self-expectancy. Body Image, 10(3), 411-414.
• 14. Diedrich, A., Grant, M., Hofmann, S. G., Hiller, W., ve Berking, M. (2014). Self-compassion as an emotion regulation strategy in major depressive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 58, 43-51.
• 15. Dunn, J. G., Craft, J. M., Dunn, J. C., ve Gotwals, J. K. (2011). Comparing a domain-specific and global measure of perfectionism in competitive female figure skaters. Journal of Sport Behavior, 34(1), 25-46.
• 16. Dunn, J. G., Dunn, J. C., ve Syrotuik, D. G. (2002). Relationship between multidimensional perfectionism and goal orientations in sport. Journal of sport and exercise psychology, 24(4), 376-395.
• 17. Fellows, C. L. (1999). Comparing the differences of self-esteem, body esteem, and disordered eating behaviors between college female athletes and college female non-athletes (Yayın No. 1397170). [Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Utah State University].
• 18. Ferrari, M., Yap, K., Scott, N., Einstein, D. A., ve Ciarrochi, J. (2018). Self-compassion moderates the perfectionism and depression link in both adolescence and adulthood. Plos one, 13 (2), Article 0192022
• 19. Field A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS. 3rd ed. London (UK): Sage Publications Ltd.
• 20. Flett, G. L., ve Hewitt, P. L. (2002). Perfectionism: Theory, research, and treatment. American Psychological Association: Washington, DC.
• 21. Geller, S., Handelzalts, J. E., Levy, S., Barron, D., ve Swami, V. (2021) Self-compassion mediates the relationship between attachment anxiety and body appreciation in women and men: Evidence from Israel. Personality and Individual Differences, 179, Article 110912.
• 22. George, D., ve Mallery, P. (2016). Frequencies. In IBM SPSS Statistics 23 step by step (pp. 115-125). Routledge.
• 23. Gilbert, P. (2009). Introducing compassion-focused therapy. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 15(3), 199–208.
• 24. Greenleaf, C. (2002). Athletic body image: Exploratory interviews with former competitive female athlete. Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal, 11(1), 63-88.
• 25. Groesz, L. M., Levine, M. P., ve Murnen, S. K. (2002). The effect of experimental presentation of thin media images on body satisfaction: A meta‐analytic review. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 31(1), 1-16.
• 26. Gürbüz, (2019). Sosyal bilimlerde aracı, düzenleyici ve durumsal etki analizleri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
• 27. Hayes, A. F. (2012). Process: A versatile computational tool for observed variable mediation, moderation, and conditional process modeling. [White paper]. Retrieved from http://www.afhayes.com/ public/process2012.pdf
• 28. Hayes, A. F. (2022). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (3rd Ed.). The Guilford Press
• 29. Iannantuono, A. C., ve Tylka, T. L. (2012). Interpersonal and intrapersonal links to body appreciation in college women: An exploratory model. Body Image, 9(2), 227-235.
• 30. Jankauskiene, R., ve Baceviciene, M. (2019). Body image and disturbed eating attitudes and behaviors in sport-involved adolescents: the role of gender and sport characteristics. Nutrients, 11(12), Article 3061.
• 31. Jankauskiene, R., Baceviciene, M., ve Trinkuniene, L. (2020). Examining body appreciation and disordered eating in adolescents of different sports practice: cross-sectional study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(11), Article 4044.
• 32. Kantanista, A., Król-Zielińska, M., Borowiec, J., ve Osiński, W. (2017). Is underweight associated with more positive body image? Results of a cross-sectional study in adolescent girls and boys. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 20, Article E8.
• 33. Kong, P., ve Harris, L. M. (2015). The sporting body: body image and eating disorder symptomatology among female athletes from leanness focused and nonleanness focused sports. The Journal of Psychology, 149(2), 141-160.
• 34. Koulanova, A., Sabiston, C. M., Pila, E., Brunet, J., Sylvester, B., Sandmeyer-Graves, A., ve Maginn, D. (2021). Ideas for action: Exploring strategies to address body image concerns for adolescent girls involved in sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 56, Article 102017.
• 35. Krentz, E. M., ve Warschburger, P. (2011). Sports-related correlates of disordered eating in aesthetic sports. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 12(4), 375-382.
• 36. Linnett, R. J., ve Kibowski, F. (2020). A multidimensional approach to perfectionism and self-compassion. Self and Identity, 19(7), 757-783.
• 37. Lizmore, M. R., Dunn, J. G., ve Dunn, J. C. (2017). Perfectionistic strivings, perfectionistic concerns, and reactions to poor personal performances among intercollegiate athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 33, 75-84.
• 38. Mosewich, A. D., Crocker, P. R., Kowalski, K. C., ve DeLongis, A. (2013). Applying self-compassion in sport: An intervention with women athletes. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 35(5), 514-524.
• 39. Oktan, V., ve Saylan, E. (2020). Beden değeri ölçeği-2’nin (BDÖ-2) Türkçe adaptasyonu: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(1), 94-103.
• 40. Özgör N., Altıntaş A., ve Aşçı F. H. (2018,13-15 April). ”The Cultural Adaption of Sport Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale”: Its Reliability and Validity for Turkish Adolescents Athletes. [ (Özet Bildiri/Poster]. IV. Internatıonal Exercise and Sport Psychology Congress, İstanbul, Türkiye.
• 41. Prnjak, K., Jukic, I., ve Tufano, J. J. (2019). Perfectionism, body satisfaction and dieting in athletes: The role of gender and sport type. Sports, 7(8), Article 181.
• 42. Raes, F., Pommier, E., Neff, K. D., ve Van Gucht, D. (2011). Construction and factorial validation of a short form of the self‐compassion scale. Clinical psychology ve psychotherapy, 18(3), 250-255.
• 43. Ramseyer Winter, V., Gillen, M. M., Cahill, L., Jones, A., ve Ward, M. (2019) Body appreciation, anxiety, and depression among a racially diverse sample of women. Journal of Health Psychology, 24(11), 1517-1525.
• 44. Richardson, C. M., Trusty, W. T., ve George, K. A. (2020). Trainee wellness: Self-critical perfectionism, self-compassion, depression, and burnout among doctoral trainees in psychology. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 33(2), 187-198.
• 45. Scully, M., Fitzgerald, A., ve Dooley, B. (2021). An Evaluation of the Factor Structure and Psychometric Properties of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 in a Sample of University Students in Ireland. Journal of Well-Being Assessment, 4, 269-289.
• 46. Seçer, Z. (2017). Sosyal olarak yetkin okul öncesi çocukların duygu düzenlemeleri ile annelerinin duygu sosyalleştirme davranışları arasındaki ilişkiler. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 25(4), 1435-1452.
• 47. Sherry, S. B., Vriend, J. L., Hewitt, P. L., Sherry, D. L., Flett, G. L., ve Wardrop, A. A. (2009) Perfectionism dimensions, appearance schemas, and body image disturbance in community members and university students. Body ımage, 6(2), 83-89.
• 48. Soulliard, Z. A., Kauffman, A. A., Fitterman-Harris, H. F., Perry, J. E., ve Ross, M. J. (2019) Examining positive body image, sport confidence, flow state, and subjective performance among student athletes and non-athletes. Body Image, 28, 93-100.
• 49. Stoeber, J., Lalova, A. V., ve Lumley, E. J. (2020) Perfectionism, self-compassion, and subjective well-being: A mediation model. Personality and Individual Differences, 154, Article 109708.
• 50. Swami, V. (2009). Body appreciation, media influence, and weight status predict consideration of cosmetic surgery among female undergraduates. Body Image, 6(4), 315-317.
• 51. Swami, V., Tran, U. S., Stieger, S., ve Voracek, M. (2015). Associations between women’s body image and happiness: Results of the YouBeauty.com Body Image Survey (YBIS). Journal of Happiness Studies, 16(3), 705-718.
• 52. Swami, V., Weis, L., Barron, D., ve Furnham, A. (2018). Positive body image is positively associated with hedonic (emotional) and eudaimonic (psychological and social) well-being in British adults. The Journal of social psychology, 158(5), 541-552.
• 53. Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S., ve Ullman, J. B. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (Vol. 6, pp. 497-516). Boston, MA: pearson.
• 54. Tan, J. S. T. (2023). The mediating role of self-compassion in the relationship between trait perfectionism and psychological resilience among Filipino university students. Cogent Psychology, 10(1), Article 2168424.
• 55. Tylka, T. L. (2018). Overview of the field of positive psychology image. In E. A. Daniels, M. M. Gillen ve C. H. Markey (Eds.), The body positive: Understanding and improving body image in science and practice (6–33). New York: NY: Cambridge University Press
• 56. Tylka, T. L. (2011). Positive psychology perspectives on body image. In T. F. Cash ve L. Smolak (Eds.), Body Image: A handbook of science, practice, and prevention (56–64). New York: The Guilford Press.
• 57. Tylka, T. L., ve Wood-Barcalow, N. L. (2015). What is and what is not positive body image? Conceptual foundations and construct definition. Body Image, 14, 118-129.
• 58. Tylka, T. L., ve Iannantuono, A. C. (2016). Perceiving beauty in all women: Psychometric evaluation of the broad conceptualization of beauty scale. Body Image,17, 67-81.
• 59. Yıldırım, M., ve Sarı, T. (2018). Öz-şefkat ölçeği kısa formu’nun türkçe uyarlaması: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 18(4), 2502-2517.
• 60. Zessin, U., Dickhäuser, O., ve Garbade, S. (2015). The relationship between self‐compassion and well‐being: A meta‐analysis. Applied Psychology: Health and Well‐Being, 7(3), 340-364.
• 61. Wade, T. D., ve Tiggemann M. (2013). The role of perfectionism in body dissatisfaction. Journal of Eating Disorders, 1(1), 1-6.
• 62. Wasylkiw, L., MacKinnon, A. L., ve MacLellan, A. M. (2012). Exploring the link between self-compassion and body image in university women. Body Image, 9(2), 236-245.
• 63. Webb, J. B., Wood-Barcalow, N. L., ve Tylka, T. L. (2015). Assessing positive body image: Contemporary approaches and future directions. Body Image, 14, 130-145.