Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Determination Essential and Toxic Metals in Bitter, Milk and White Chocolate Samples from Eight Different Manufacturers

Year 2021, Volume: 25 Issue: 2, 459 - 465, 20.08.2021
https://doi.org/10.19113/sdufenbed.922999

Abstract

Chocolate is consumed by people of all ages in every part of society. Chocolate is a very rich source of many essential metals for the body but it also may involve toxic metals. Therefore, the accurate and precise method should be selected and applied to determine the essential and toxic metals in the chocolate samples. In present study, Na, K, Mg (II), Ca(II), Cu(II), Fe(III), Zn(II), Cd(II), Cr(III), Pb(II) and Ni(II) metals were determined by using flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) in 24 different chocolate samples of 3 different types including 8 different brands of bitter, milk and white. The microwave-assisted digestion system was also used for the chocolate samples digestions. All results were given at 95% of confidence level. In addition, the accuracy of the method was also investigated by the analysis of a standard reference material (spinach leaves, NIST-1570a).

Supporting Institution

The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK/BİDEP 2209A)

Project Number

1919B011700910

Thanks

This study is based on a research supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK/BİDEP 2209A Project Number: 1919B011700910).

References

  • [1] Barreto, J. A., Assis, R. S. Cassella, R. J., Lemos, V. A. 2019. A Novel Strategy Based on In-Syringe Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction for The Determination of Nickel in Chocolate Samples. Talanta, 193, 23–28.
  • [2] Altunay, N., Elik, A., Gürkan, R. 2019. Vortex Assisted-Ionic Liquid Based Dispersive Liquid Liquid Microextraction of Low Levels of Nickel and Cobalt in Chocolate-Based Samples and Their Determination by FAAS. Microchemical Journal, 147, 277–285.
  • [3] Villa, J. E. L., Pereira, C. D., Cadore, S. 2015. A Novel, Rapid and Simple Acid Extraction for Multielemental Determination in Chocolate Bars. Microchemical Journal, 121, 199–204.
  • [4] Dico, G. M. L., Galvano, F., Dugo, G., D'ascenzi, C., Macaluso, A., Vella, A., Giangrosso, G., Cammilleri, G., Ferrantelli, V. 2018. Toxic Metal Levels in Cocoa Powder and Chocolate by ICP-MS Method After Microwave-Assisted Digestion. Food Chemistry, 245 1163–1168.
  • [5] Oliveira, L. B., de Melo, J. C., Morte, E. S. B., de Jesus, R. M., Teixeira, L. S. G., Korn, M. G. A. 2021. Multi-Element Determination in Chocolate Bars by Microwave-Induced Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry. Food Chemistry, 351, 129285.
  • [6] Kruszewski, B., Obiedziński, M. W. 2018. Multivariate Analysis of Essential Elements in Raw Cocoa and Processed Chocolate Mass Materials from Three Different Manufacturers. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 98, 113–123.
  • [7] Ercan, M. S. F., Ayyıldız, M. F., Chormey, D. S. Bakırdere, S. 2021. Determination of Copper in Traditional Coffee Pot Water Samples by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry and Matrix Matching Calibration Strategy After Switchable Solvent Based Liquid-Phase Microextraction. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 193, 5.
  • [8] Chaikhan, P., Udnan, Y., Ampiah-Bonney, R. J. Chaiyasith, W. C. 2021. Air-Assisted Solvent Terminated Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction (AA-ST-DLLME) for The Determination of Lead in Water and Beverage Samples by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Microchemical Journal, 162, 105828.
  • [9] Lemos, V. A., dos Santos, L. O. 2014. A New Method for Preconcentration and Determination of Mercury in Fish, Shellfish and Saliva by Cold Vapour Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Food Chemistry, 149, 203-207.
  • [10] Manan, W. N. A. A., Zulkurnain, N. 2021. Determination of Selected Heavy Metal Concentrations in Water Spinach (Ipomea aquatica). Materials Science Forum, 1025, 279-283.
  • [11] Qin, J., Su, Z., Mao, Y., Liu, C., Qi, B., Fang, G., Wang, S. 2021. Carboxyl-Functionalized Hollow Polymer Microspheres for Detection of Trace Metal Elements in Complex Food Matrixes by ICP-MS Assisted with Solid-Phase Extraction. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 208, 111729.
  • [12] Almeida, J. S., Meira, L. A., Oliveira, M. S., Teixeira, L. S. G. 2021. Direct Multielement Determination of Cd, Pb, Fe, and Mn in Ground Coffee Samples Using Energy Dispersive X-Rayfluorescence Spectrometry. X-Ray Spectrometry, 50, 2–8.
  • [13] Kabak, B. Trak, D. Kendüzler, E., Tomul, F., Arslan, Y. 2020. Separation and Preconcentration of Cobalt(II) From Water Samples with Amberlite CG-120 Resin. Iranian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 39(5), 181-189.
  • [14] Güldaş, M., Dağdelen, A. F., Biricik, G. F. 2008. Determination and Comparison of Some Trace Elements in Different Chocolate Types Produced in Turkey. Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, 6 (3&4), 90-94.
  • [15] Tanase, C. M., Griffin, P., Koski, K. G., Cooper, M. J., Cockell, K. A. 2011. Sodium and Potassium in Composite Food Samples from The Canadian Total Diet Study. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 24, 237–243.
  • [16] Jodral-Segado, A. M., Navarro-Alarcon, M., de la Serrana, H. L., Lopez-Martınez, M. C. 2003. Magnesium and Calcium Contents in Foods from SE Spain: Influencing Factors and Estimation of Daily Dietary Intakes. The Science of the Total Environment, 312, 47–58.
  • [17] Afkhami, A., Madrakian, T., Abbasi-Tarighat, M. 2008. Simultaneous Determination of Calcium, Magnesium and Zinc in Different Foodstuffs and Pharmaceutical Samples with Continuous Wavelet Transforms. Food Chemistry, 109, 660–669.
  • [18] Rehman, S., Husnain, S. M. 2012. Assessment of Trace Metal Contents in Chocolate Samples by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Journal of Trace Element Analysis, 1(1), 1-11.
  • [19] Kassem, M. A., Amin A. S. 2013. Spectrophotometric Determination of Iron in Environmental and Food Samples Using Solid Phase Extraction. Food Chemistry, 141(3), 1941-1946.
  • [20] Bilandžic´, N., Sedak, M., Ðokic´, M., Varenina, I., Kolanovic´, B. S., Božic´, Ð., Brstilo, M., Šimić, B. 2014. Determination of Zinc Concentrations in Foods of Animal Origin, Fish and Shellfish from Croatia and Assessment of Their Contribution to Dietary Intake. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 35, 61–66.
  • [21] Villa, J. E. L., Peixoto, R. R. A., Cadore, S. 2014. Cadmium and Lead in Chocolates Commercialized in Brazil. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 62, 8759−8763.
  • [22] Hernandez, F., Jitaru, P., Cormant, F., Noël, L., Guérin, T. 2018. Development and Application of A Method for Cr(III) Determination in Dairy Products by HPLC–ICP-MS. Food Chemistry, 240, 183-188.
  • [23] Dahiya, S., Karpe, R., Hegde, A. G., Sharma, R. M. 2005. Lead, Cadmium and Nickel in Chocolate and Candies from Suburban Areas of Mumbai, India. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 18(6), 517-522.
  • [24] Vanderschueren, R., Montalvo, D., Ketelaere, B.D. Delcour, J.A., Smolders, E. 2019. The Elemental Composition of Chocolates Is Related to Cacao Content and Origin: A Multi-Element Fingerprinting Analysis of Single Origin Chocolates. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 83, 103277.
  • [25] Mrmošanin, J. M., Pavlović, A. N., Krstić, J. N., Mitić, S. S., Tošić, S. B., Stojković, M. B., Micić, R. J., Đorđević, M. S. 2018. Multielemental Quantification in Dark Chocolate by ICP OES. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 67, 163–171.
  • [26] Sager, M. 2012. Chocolate and Cocoa Products as A Source of Essential Elements in Nutrition. Nutrition & Food Science, 2(1), 1000123.

Sekiz Farklı Üreticiden Temin Edilen Siyah, Sütlü ve Beyaz Çikolata Örneklerindeki Gerekli ve Zehirli Metallerin Tayini

Year 2021, Volume: 25 Issue: 2, 459 - 465, 20.08.2021
https://doi.org/10.19113/sdufenbed.922999

Abstract

Çikolata, toplumun her kesiminden her yaştan insan tarafından tüketilen bir besindir. Çikolata, vücut için gerekli metaller için zengin bir kaynaktır, ancak içeriğinde toksik metaller de bulunabilmektedir. Bu yüzden çikolata örneklerindeki gerekli ve toksik metalleri belirlemek için doğru ve kesin yöntem seçilmelidir. Bu çalışmada 8 farklı markanın siyah, sütlü ve beyaz olmak üzere 3 farklı tipteki toplam 24 farklı çikolata örneğinde Na, K, Mg (II), Ca (II), Cu (II), Fe (III), Zn (II), Cd (II), Cr (III), Pb (II) ve Ni(II) tayinleri alevli atomik absorpsiyon spektrometre (FAAS) kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çikolata numunelerinin çözünürleştirilmesi için ise mikrodalga çözme sistemi kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada tüm sonuçlar % 95 güven seviyesinde verilmiştir. Ek olarak, yöntemin doğruluğu ıspanak yaprağı standart referans maddesinin (NIST-1570a) analizi ile test edilmiştir.

Project Number

1919B011700910

References

  • [1] Barreto, J. A., Assis, R. S. Cassella, R. J., Lemos, V. A. 2019. A Novel Strategy Based on In-Syringe Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction for The Determination of Nickel in Chocolate Samples. Talanta, 193, 23–28.
  • [2] Altunay, N., Elik, A., Gürkan, R. 2019. Vortex Assisted-Ionic Liquid Based Dispersive Liquid Liquid Microextraction of Low Levels of Nickel and Cobalt in Chocolate-Based Samples and Their Determination by FAAS. Microchemical Journal, 147, 277–285.
  • [3] Villa, J. E. L., Pereira, C. D., Cadore, S. 2015. A Novel, Rapid and Simple Acid Extraction for Multielemental Determination in Chocolate Bars. Microchemical Journal, 121, 199–204.
  • [4] Dico, G. M. L., Galvano, F., Dugo, G., D'ascenzi, C., Macaluso, A., Vella, A., Giangrosso, G., Cammilleri, G., Ferrantelli, V. 2018. Toxic Metal Levels in Cocoa Powder and Chocolate by ICP-MS Method After Microwave-Assisted Digestion. Food Chemistry, 245 1163–1168.
  • [5] Oliveira, L. B., de Melo, J. C., Morte, E. S. B., de Jesus, R. M., Teixeira, L. S. G., Korn, M. G. A. 2021. Multi-Element Determination in Chocolate Bars by Microwave-Induced Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry. Food Chemistry, 351, 129285.
  • [6] Kruszewski, B., Obiedziński, M. W. 2018. Multivariate Analysis of Essential Elements in Raw Cocoa and Processed Chocolate Mass Materials from Three Different Manufacturers. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 98, 113–123.
  • [7] Ercan, M. S. F., Ayyıldız, M. F., Chormey, D. S. Bakırdere, S. 2021. Determination of Copper in Traditional Coffee Pot Water Samples by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry and Matrix Matching Calibration Strategy After Switchable Solvent Based Liquid-Phase Microextraction. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 193, 5.
  • [8] Chaikhan, P., Udnan, Y., Ampiah-Bonney, R. J. Chaiyasith, W. C. 2021. Air-Assisted Solvent Terminated Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction (AA-ST-DLLME) for The Determination of Lead in Water and Beverage Samples by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Microchemical Journal, 162, 105828.
  • [9] Lemos, V. A., dos Santos, L. O. 2014. A New Method for Preconcentration and Determination of Mercury in Fish, Shellfish and Saliva by Cold Vapour Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Food Chemistry, 149, 203-207.
  • [10] Manan, W. N. A. A., Zulkurnain, N. 2021. Determination of Selected Heavy Metal Concentrations in Water Spinach (Ipomea aquatica). Materials Science Forum, 1025, 279-283.
  • [11] Qin, J., Su, Z., Mao, Y., Liu, C., Qi, B., Fang, G., Wang, S. 2021. Carboxyl-Functionalized Hollow Polymer Microspheres for Detection of Trace Metal Elements in Complex Food Matrixes by ICP-MS Assisted with Solid-Phase Extraction. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 208, 111729.
  • [12] Almeida, J. S., Meira, L. A., Oliveira, M. S., Teixeira, L. S. G. 2021. Direct Multielement Determination of Cd, Pb, Fe, and Mn in Ground Coffee Samples Using Energy Dispersive X-Rayfluorescence Spectrometry. X-Ray Spectrometry, 50, 2–8.
  • [13] Kabak, B. Trak, D. Kendüzler, E., Tomul, F., Arslan, Y. 2020. Separation and Preconcentration of Cobalt(II) From Water Samples with Amberlite CG-120 Resin. Iranian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 39(5), 181-189.
  • [14] Güldaş, M., Dağdelen, A. F., Biricik, G. F. 2008. Determination and Comparison of Some Trace Elements in Different Chocolate Types Produced in Turkey. Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, 6 (3&4), 90-94.
  • [15] Tanase, C. M., Griffin, P., Koski, K. G., Cooper, M. J., Cockell, K. A. 2011. Sodium and Potassium in Composite Food Samples from The Canadian Total Diet Study. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 24, 237–243.
  • [16] Jodral-Segado, A. M., Navarro-Alarcon, M., de la Serrana, H. L., Lopez-Martınez, M. C. 2003. Magnesium and Calcium Contents in Foods from SE Spain: Influencing Factors and Estimation of Daily Dietary Intakes. The Science of the Total Environment, 312, 47–58.
  • [17] Afkhami, A., Madrakian, T., Abbasi-Tarighat, M. 2008. Simultaneous Determination of Calcium, Magnesium and Zinc in Different Foodstuffs and Pharmaceutical Samples with Continuous Wavelet Transforms. Food Chemistry, 109, 660–669.
  • [18] Rehman, S., Husnain, S. M. 2012. Assessment of Trace Metal Contents in Chocolate Samples by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Journal of Trace Element Analysis, 1(1), 1-11.
  • [19] Kassem, M. A., Amin A. S. 2013. Spectrophotometric Determination of Iron in Environmental and Food Samples Using Solid Phase Extraction. Food Chemistry, 141(3), 1941-1946.
  • [20] Bilandžic´, N., Sedak, M., Ðokic´, M., Varenina, I., Kolanovic´, B. S., Božic´, Ð., Brstilo, M., Šimić, B. 2014. Determination of Zinc Concentrations in Foods of Animal Origin, Fish and Shellfish from Croatia and Assessment of Their Contribution to Dietary Intake. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 35, 61–66.
  • [21] Villa, J. E. L., Peixoto, R. R. A., Cadore, S. 2014. Cadmium and Lead in Chocolates Commercialized in Brazil. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 62, 8759−8763.
  • [22] Hernandez, F., Jitaru, P., Cormant, F., Noël, L., Guérin, T. 2018. Development and Application of A Method for Cr(III) Determination in Dairy Products by HPLC–ICP-MS. Food Chemistry, 240, 183-188.
  • [23] Dahiya, S., Karpe, R., Hegde, A. G., Sharma, R. M. 2005. Lead, Cadmium and Nickel in Chocolate and Candies from Suburban Areas of Mumbai, India. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 18(6), 517-522.
  • [24] Vanderschueren, R., Montalvo, D., Ketelaere, B.D. Delcour, J.A., Smolders, E. 2019. The Elemental Composition of Chocolates Is Related to Cacao Content and Origin: A Multi-Element Fingerprinting Analysis of Single Origin Chocolates. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 83, 103277.
  • [25] Mrmošanin, J. M., Pavlović, A. N., Krstić, J. N., Mitić, S. S., Tošić, S. B., Stojković, M. B., Micić, R. J., Đorđević, M. S. 2018. Multielemental Quantification in Dark Chocolate by ICP OES. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 67, 163–171.
  • [26] Sager, M. 2012. Chocolate and Cocoa Products as A Source of Essential Elements in Nutrition. Nutrition & Food Science, 2(1), 1000123.
There are 26 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Kevser Beyhan This is me 0000-0003-1719-0528

Diğdem Trak 0000-0001-8979-5505

Burcu Kabak This is me 0000-0003-4217-1767

Yasin Arslan 0000-0002-3743-5679

Project Number 1919B011700910
Publication Date August 20, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 25 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Beyhan, K., Trak, D., Kabak, B., Arslan, Y. (2021). Determination Essential and Toxic Metals in Bitter, Milk and White Chocolate Samples from Eight Different Manufacturers. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 25(2), 459-465. https://doi.org/10.19113/sdufenbed.922999
AMA Beyhan K, Trak D, Kabak B, Arslan Y. Determination Essential and Toxic Metals in Bitter, Milk and White Chocolate Samples from Eight Different Manufacturers. SDÜ Fen Bil Enst Der. August 2021;25(2):459-465. doi:10.19113/sdufenbed.922999
Chicago Beyhan, Kevser, Diğdem Trak, Burcu Kabak, and Yasin Arslan. “Determination Essential and Toxic Metals in Bitter, Milk and White Chocolate Samples from Eight Different Manufacturers”. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 25, no. 2 (August 2021): 459-65. https://doi.org/10.19113/sdufenbed.922999.
EndNote Beyhan K, Trak D, Kabak B, Arslan Y (August 1, 2021) Determination Essential and Toxic Metals in Bitter, Milk and White Chocolate Samples from Eight Different Manufacturers. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 25 2 459–465.
IEEE K. Beyhan, D. Trak, B. Kabak, and Y. Arslan, “Determination Essential and Toxic Metals in Bitter, Milk and White Chocolate Samples from Eight Different Manufacturers”, SDÜ Fen Bil Enst Der, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 459–465, 2021, doi: 10.19113/sdufenbed.922999.
ISNAD Beyhan, Kevser et al. “Determination Essential and Toxic Metals in Bitter, Milk and White Chocolate Samples from Eight Different Manufacturers”. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 25/2 (August 2021), 459-465. https://doi.org/10.19113/sdufenbed.922999.
JAMA Beyhan K, Trak D, Kabak B, Arslan Y. Determination Essential and Toxic Metals in Bitter, Milk and White Chocolate Samples from Eight Different Manufacturers. SDÜ Fen Bil Enst Der. 2021;25:459–465.
MLA Beyhan, Kevser et al. “Determination Essential and Toxic Metals in Bitter, Milk and White Chocolate Samples from Eight Different Manufacturers”. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, vol. 25, no. 2, 2021, pp. 459-65, doi:10.19113/sdufenbed.922999.
Vancouver Beyhan K, Trak D, Kabak B, Arslan Y. Determination Essential and Toxic Metals in Bitter, Milk and White Chocolate Samples from Eight Different Manufacturers. SDÜ Fen Bil Enst Der. 2021;25(2):459-65.

e-ISSN: 1308-6529