Çağdaş Riskler Karşısında Fas’ta Sınırların Hukuki Rejimi: Sistemleştirme Unsurları ve Frontex ile Karşılaştırmalı Bir Perspektif

Abstract

Bu makale, Fas sınır hukukunu yalnızca coğrafi bir sınır çizgisi olarak değil, yetkilerin dağıtıldığı, usullerin belirlendiği ve güvencelerin işletildiği bileşik bir hukuki rejim olarak ele almaktadır. Çalışma, mevzuat analizi ile kurumsal uygulamayı esas alan doktrinel ve işlevsel karşılaştırmalı bir yöntem benimsemektedir. Bu çerçevede, kara, hava ve deniz sınırlarını yöneten iç hukuk düzeni; girişin reddi, uzaklaştırma, denizde durdurma, gümrük denetimi ve veri temelli gözetim bakımından başlıca norm kaynakları, yetkili makamlar ve karar alma usulleri üzerinden sistematik biçimde incelenmektedir. Makale ayrıca, Fas’ın göç yönetimini daha insan odaklı hale getirme yönelimini, düzenlileştirme politikalarını, iltica alanındaki kurumsal boşlukları ve uzaklaştırma ile idari gözetim tedbirlerine karşı öngörülen usuli güvenceleri değerlendirmektedir. Devamında ise, Frontex ile ilişkilendirilen Avrupa bütünleşik sınır yönetimi modeliyle işlevsel bir karşılaştırma yapılmaktadır. Çalışma, Fas’ın önemli ölçüde normatif ve operasyonel bir çerçeve geliştirmiş olduğunu, ancak yetki parçalanması, karar süreçlerinin sınırlı izlenebilirliği ve denetim mekanizmalarının eşitsizliği nedeniyle hesap verebilirliğin zayıf kaldığını ileri sürmektedir; bu durum da yargısal denetimi güçleştirmekte ve hukuki belirliliği azaltmaktadır. Burada, göç kontrolü, güvenlik kaygıları, insani kırılganlık ve bilgi temelli tarama mekanizmalarının kesiştiği hukuki ve operasyonel bağlamlar olarak anlaşılan çağdaş risk ortamları, operasyonel etkinlik ile gereklilik, orantılılık ve etkili başvuru yolları arasındaki gerilimi daha da artırmaktadır. Frontex modeli egemen bir iç hukuk düzenine doğrudan aktarılamaz; ancak standardizasyon, denetlenebilir risk analizi, yapılandırılmış raporlama ve temel hakların izlenmesine verdiği önem bakımından reform açısından yararlı ölçütler sunmaktadır.

Keywords

• Fas
• Sınır Yönetişimi
• Frontex
• Düzensiz Göç
• Temel Haklar

The Legal Regime Governing Borders in Morocco in the Face of Contemporary Risks: Elements of Systematization and a Comparative Perspective with Frontex

Abstract

This article examines Moroccan border law as a composite legal regime rather than a mere territorial line. The article adopts a doctrinal and functional comparative method based on statutory analysis and institutional practice. It systematizes the domestic framework governing land, air, and maritime borders by identifying the principal legal sources, competent authorities, and procedures applicable to refusal of entry, removal, maritime interception, customs control, and data-based surveillance. It further analyses Morocco’s turn toward a more humanized management of migration through regularization policies, asylum-related institutional gaps, and the procedural safeguards available against removal and detention measures. The article then develops a functional comparison with the European integrated border management model associated with Frontex. It argues that Morocco has developed a substantial normative and operational apparatus, but that accountability remains weakened by fragmented competences, limited procedural traceability, and uneven oversight, which complicate judicial review and reduce legal certainty. Contemporary risk environments, understood here as legal and operational contexts in which migration control, security concerns, humanitarian vulnerability, and information-based screening interact, further intensify the tension between operational effectiveness and the requirements of necessity, proportionality, and effective remedies. Although the Frontex model cannot be transplanted into a sovereign domestic order, its emphasis on standardization, auditable risk analysis, structured reporting, and rights-monitoring mechanisms provides useful benchmarks for reform.

Keywords

• Morocco
• Border Governance
• Frontex
• Irregular Migration
• Fundamental Rights

Ethical Statement

This article is adapted from the author’s ongoing doctoral thesis, provisionally titled “Droit international et veille stratégique : cas du Maroc” (Université Internationale de Rabat, Morocco). It is an original manuscript, substantially revised for journal submission, and has not been previously published.

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