BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Causality Relationship Between Total R&D Investment And Economic Growth: Evidence From United States

Yıl 2011, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 1, 79 - 92, 01.03.2011

  Doç.dr.selçuk Akçay

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

-

Kaynakça

  • Adams, J.D., Griliches, Z., (1996), “Research Productivity in a System of Universities,” NBER Working Papers Series, No. 5833.
  • Aghion, P. and P. Howitt, (1992), “A Model of Growth through Creative Destruction. Econometrica,” 60(2), pp.323-351.
  • Aiginer, K., Falk, M. (2005), “Explaining Differences in Economic Growth among OECD Countries,” Empirica, 32, pp.19–43
  • Balassa, B., (1978), “Exports and Economic Growth: Further Evidence,” Journal of Development Economics 5, pp.181–189.
  • Benum E. (2007), “Making Research Count: Norway and the OECD Connection,” Minerva, pp. 365-387.
  • Braconier, H., (2000), “Do Higher Per Capita Incomes Lead to More R&D Expenditure? Review of Development Economics, 4 (3), pp.244– 257.
  • Burney, N.A. (1996), “Exports and Economic Growth: Evidence from Cross-Country Analysis,” Applied Economic Letters, 3, pp.369-373.
  • Cohen, W.M., Levinthal, D.A., (1989), “Innovation and Learning: The two Faces of R&D,” The Economic Journal, 99, pp.569–596.
  • Dickey, D.A., and Fuller, W., (1981) “Likelihood Ratio Statistics for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root,” Econometrica, 49, pp.1057-1072.
  • Engle, R.F. and Granger C.W.J., (1987), “Cointegration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation and Testing,” Econometrica, 55, 1987, pp. 251-276.
  • Estrada, A., Montero, J., M. (2009), “R&D Investment and Endogenous
  • Growth: A SVAR Approach,” Banco De Espana, Working Papers Series, No. 0925.
  • Falk, M.(2007), “R&D Spending in the High-Tech Sector and Economic Growth,” Research in Economics, 61, pp. 140–147
  • European Commission, (2008), “A Time Series Analysis of the Development in National R&D Intensities and National Public Expenditures on R&D,” Study Report, Brussels, December 2008.
  • Feller, I., (1990), “Universities as Engines of R&D-Based Economic Growth: They Think They Can,” Research Policy 19, pp.335–348.
  • Fraumeni, B.M., Okubo, S., (2002), “R&D in the National Income and Product Accounts: A First Look at its Effect on GDP,” Bureau of Economic Analysis Working Papers, 2002-1.
  • Fosu, A.K. (1990), “Exports and Economic Growth: The African Case,” World Development, 18,pp.831-835.
  • Goel, R.K., Payne, J.E., Ram, R. (2008), “R&D Expenditures and U.S. Economic Growth: A Disaggregated Approach,” Journal of Policy Modeling, 30, pp. 237–250.
  • Granger, C. W. J. (1969), “Investigating Causal Relationships by Econometric Models and Cross-Spectral Models,” Econometrica, 37(3), pp. 424–38.
  • Griffith R., Huergo E., Mairesse J., Peters B. (2006), “Innovation and Productivity Across Four European Countries,” Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 22(4), pp. 483-498.
  • Griffith R., Redding S., Van Reenen J. (2004), “Mapping the two Faces of R&D: Productivity Growth in a Panel of OECD Industries,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 86(4), pp. 883-895.
  • Griliches Z. (1994), “Productivity, R&D, and the Data Constraint,” American Economic Review, 84(1), pp. 1-23.
  • Griliches, Z. (1992), “The Search for R&D Spillovers,” Scandinavian Journal of Economics 94, pp. 29-47.
  • Griliches, Z., (1980), “R&D and Productivity Slowdown,” American Economic Review 70, pp. 343–348.
  • Grossman, G. and E. Helpman, (1991a), Innovation and Growth in the Global Economy, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Grossman, G. and E.Helpman, (1991b), “Quality Ladders and Product Cyles,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106, pp.557-586.
  • Grossman, G. and E.Helpman, (1991c), “Quality Ladders in the Theory of Growth,” Review of Economic Studies, 58, pp.43-61.
  • Grossman, G.M., and E. Helpman (1994), “Endogenous Innovation in the Theory of Growth,” Journal of Economic Perspectives, 8, pp. 23-44.
  • Johansen, S., and Juselius, K., (1990), “Maximum Likelihood Estimation and Inference on Cointegration – with Applications to the Demand for Money,” Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 52, pp.169-210.
  • Jovanovic, B., Nyarko, Y., (1995), “Research and Productivity,” NBER Working Papers Series, No. 5321.
  • Lichtenberg, F.R., (1992), “R&D Investment and International Productivity Differences,” NBER Working Paper Series, No. 4161.
  • Madden, G., Savage, S.J., Bloxham, P., (2001), “Asian and OECD International R&D Spillover,” Applied Economics Letters, 8, pp. 431– 435.
  • Maloney, W., Rodriguez-Clare, A., (2007), “Innovation Shortfalls,” The World Bank Working Papers, No. 4283.
  • Mansfield, E., (1988), “Industrial R&D in Japan and the United States: A Comparative Study,” American Economic Review 78, pp.223–228.
  • Mayhew K., Neely A. (2006), “Improving Productivity-Opening the Black Box,” Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 22(4), pp. 445-456.
  • OECD (1993), The Measurement of Scientific and Technological Activities: Standard Practice for Surveys of Research and Experimental Development – Frascati Manual 1993, OECD, Paris.
  • OECD (2003), The Sources of Economic Growth in OECD Countries, Paris.
  • OECD (2009), OECD Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard 2009, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/stiscoreboard-2009-en.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., and Smith, R. J. (2001), “Bounds Testing Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationships,” Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16, pp. 289–326.
  • Pessoa, A. (2010), “R&D and Economic Growth: How Strong is the
  • Link?,” Economics Letters, doi:
  • 1016/j.econlet.2010.01.010
  • Phillips, Peter C. B., and Pierre Perron (1988), “Testing for a Unit Root in Time Series Regression.” Biometrika 75(2), pp.335–46.
  • Ram, R.(1985), “Exports and Economic Growth: Some Additional Evidence,” Economic Development and Cultural Change, 33, pp.415- 25. Rambaldi, A.N. and Doran, H. (1996), “Testing for Granger non- causality in cointegrated systems made easy”, Working Paper in Econometrics and Applied Statistics No. 88, Department of Econometrics, University of New England, Armidale.
  • Romer, P., (1990), “Endogenous Technological Change,” Journal of Political Economy 98, pp.71-102.
  • Shan, J. Sun, F. (1999), “Export-Led Growth and the US Economy: Some Further Testing,” Applied Economics Letters, 6. pp.169-72.
  • Sheehey, E.J., (1992), “Exports and Growth: Additional Evidence,” Journal of Development Studies 28, pp.730–734.
  • Shirazi, N., S., Manap, T., A. (2005), “Export-Led Growth Hypothesis: Further Econometric Evidence from South Asia,” The Developing Economies, XLIII-4, December , pp. 472–88.
  • Sylwester, (2001), “R&D and Economic Growth,” Knowledge, Technology, & Policy, 13(4), pp. 71-84.
  • Toda, H. Y., and Phillips P. C. B. (1993), “Vector Autoregressions and Causality,” Econometrica 61(6), pp.1367–93.
  • Toda, H.Y., Yamamoto, T., (1995), “Statistical Inference in Vector Autoregressions with Possibly Integrated Processes,” Journal of Econometrics, 66, pp.225–250.
  • Tyler, W.G. (1981), “Growth and Export Expansion in Developing Countries: Some Empirical Evidence,” Journal of Development Economics, 3, pp. 337-49.
  • U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, http://www.bea.gov/national
  • Ulku H., (2007), “R&D, Innovation and Output: Evidence from OECD
  • and non OECD Countries,” Applied Economics, 39(3), pp.291–307.
  • Wang, E. C. (2010), “Determinants of R&D Investment: The Extreme- Bounds-Analysis Approach Applied to 26 OECD Countries,” Research Policy, 39, pp. 103-116.

TOPLAM AR&GE YATIRIMLARI İLE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME ARASINDA NEDENSELLİK İLİŞKİSİ: AMERİKA BİRLEŞİK DEVLETLERİNDEN KANIT

Yıl 2011, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 1, 79 - 92, 01.03.2011

  Doç.dr.selçuk Akçay

Öz

Bu çalışma, beş değişkenli vektör otoregressif (VAR) modeli kullanarak, 1960-2007 döneminde Amerika Birleşik Devletlerinde toplam araştırma ve geliştirme yatırımları ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki eşbütünleşme ve nedensellik ilişkisini incelemektedir. Eşbütünleşme için Johansen - Juselius (1990), nedensellik için Toda ve Yamamoto (1995) yaklaşımları kullanılmıştır. Eşbütünleşme testi sonuçlarına göre değişkenler arasında uzun dönemli bir ilişki vardır. Toda ve Yamamoto nedensellik testi sonuçlarına göre toplam AR&GE ile ekonomik büyüme arasında iki yönlü nedensellik ilişkisi bulunmuştur

Anahtar Kelimeler

AR&GE Yatırımları Büyüme Eşbütünleşme Toda –Yamamoto Nedensellik Testi

Kaynakça

  • Adams, J.D., Griliches, Z., (1996), “Research Productivity in a System of Universities,” NBER Working Papers Series, No. 5833.
  • Aghion, P. and P. Howitt, (1992), “A Model of Growth through Creative Destruction. Econometrica,” 60(2), pp.323-351.
  • Aiginer, K., Falk, M. (2005), “Explaining Differences in Economic Growth among OECD Countries,” Empirica, 32, pp.19–43
  • Balassa, B., (1978), “Exports and Economic Growth: Further Evidence,” Journal of Development Economics 5, pp.181–189.
  • Benum E. (2007), “Making Research Count: Norway and the OECD Connection,” Minerva, pp. 365-387.
  • Braconier, H., (2000), “Do Higher Per Capita Incomes Lead to More R&D Expenditure? Review of Development Economics, 4 (3), pp.244– 257.
  • Burney, N.A. (1996), “Exports and Economic Growth: Evidence from Cross-Country Analysis,” Applied Economic Letters, 3, pp.369-373.
  • Cohen, W.M., Levinthal, D.A., (1989), “Innovation and Learning: The two Faces of R&D,” The Economic Journal, 99, pp.569–596.
  • Dickey, D.A., and Fuller, W., (1981) “Likelihood Ratio Statistics for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root,” Econometrica, 49, pp.1057-1072.
  • Engle, R.F. and Granger C.W.J., (1987), “Cointegration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation and Testing,” Econometrica, 55, 1987, pp. 251-276.
  • Estrada, A., Montero, J., M. (2009), “R&D Investment and Endogenous
  • Growth: A SVAR Approach,” Banco De Espana, Working Papers Series, No. 0925.
  • Falk, M.(2007), “R&D Spending in the High-Tech Sector and Economic Growth,” Research in Economics, 61, pp. 140–147
  • European Commission, (2008), “A Time Series Analysis of the Development in National R&D Intensities and National Public Expenditures on R&D,” Study Report, Brussels, December 2008.
  • Feller, I., (1990), “Universities as Engines of R&D-Based Economic Growth: They Think They Can,” Research Policy 19, pp.335–348.
  • Fraumeni, B.M., Okubo, S., (2002), “R&D in the National Income and Product Accounts: A First Look at its Effect on GDP,” Bureau of Economic Analysis Working Papers, 2002-1.
  • Fosu, A.K. (1990), “Exports and Economic Growth: The African Case,” World Development, 18,pp.831-835.
  • Goel, R.K., Payne, J.E., Ram, R. (2008), “R&D Expenditures and U.S. Economic Growth: A Disaggregated Approach,” Journal of Policy Modeling, 30, pp. 237–250.
  • Granger, C. W. J. (1969), “Investigating Causal Relationships by Econometric Models and Cross-Spectral Models,” Econometrica, 37(3), pp. 424–38.
  • Griffith R., Huergo E., Mairesse J., Peters B. (2006), “Innovation and Productivity Across Four European Countries,” Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 22(4), pp. 483-498.
  • Griffith R., Redding S., Van Reenen J. (2004), “Mapping the two Faces of R&D: Productivity Growth in a Panel of OECD Industries,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 86(4), pp. 883-895.
  • Griliches Z. (1994), “Productivity, R&D, and the Data Constraint,” American Economic Review, 84(1), pp. 1-23.
  • Griliches, Z. (1992), “The Search for R&D Spillovers,” Scandinavian Journal of Economics 94, pp. 29-47.
  • Griliches, Z., (1980), “R&D and Productivity Slowdown,” American Economic Review 70, pp. 343–348.
  • Grossman, G. and E. Helpman, (1991a), Innovation and Growth in the Global Economy, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Grossman, G. and E.Helpman, (1991b), “Quality Ladders and Product Cyles,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106, pp.557-586.
  • Grossman, G. and E.Helpman, (1991c), “Quality Ladders in the Theory of Growth,” Review of Economic Studies, 58, pp.43-61.
  • Grossman, G.M., and E. Helpman (1994), “Endogenous Innovation in the Theory of Growth,” Journal of Economic Perspectives, 8, pp. 23-44.
  • Johansen, S., and Juselius, K., (1990), “Maximum Likelihood Estimation and Inference on Cointegration – with Applications to the Demand for Money,” Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 52, pp.169-210.
  • Jovanovic, B., Nyarko, Y., (1995), “Research and Productivity,” NBER Working Papers Series, No. 5321.
  • Lichtenberg, F.R., (1992), “R&D Investment and International Productivity Differences,” NBER Working Paper Series, No. 4161.
  • Madden, G., Savage, S.J., Bloxham, P., (2001), “Asian and OECD International R&D Spillover,” Applied Economics Letters, 8, pp. 431– 435.
  • Maloney, W., Rodriguez-Clare, A., (2007), “Innovation Shortfalls,” The World Bank Working Papers, No. 4283.
  • Mansfield, E., (1988), “Industrial R&D in Japan and the United States: A Comparative Study,” American Economic Review 78, pp.223–228.
  • Mayhew K., Neely A. (2006), “Improving Productivity-Opening the Black Box,” Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 22(4), pp. 445-456.
  • OECD (1993), The Measurement of Scientific and Technological Activities: Standard Practice for Surveys of Research and Experimental Development – Frascati Manual 1993, OECD, Paris.
  • OECD (2003), The Sources of Economic Growth in OECD Countries, Paris.
  • OECD (2009), OECD Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard 2009, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/stiscoreboard-2009-en.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., and Smith, R. J. (2001), “Bounds Testing Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationships,” Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16, pp. 289–326.
  • Pessoa, A. (2010), “R&D and Economic Growth: How Strong is the
  • Link?,” Economics Letters, doi:
  • 1016/j.econlet.2010.01.010
  • Phillips, Peter C. B., and Pierre Perron (1988), “Testing for a Unit Root in Time Series Regression.” Biometrika 75(2), pp.335–46.
  • Ram, R.(1985), “Exports and Economic Growth: Some Additional Evidence,” Economic Development and Cultural Change, 33, pp.415- 25. Rambaldi, A.N. and Doran, H. (1996), “Testing for Granger non- causality in cointegrated systems made easy”, Working Paper in Econometrics and Applied Statistics No. 88, Department of Econometrics, University of New England, Armidale.
  • Romer, P., (1990), “Endogenous Technological Change,” Journal of Political Economy 98, pp.71-102.
  • Shan, J. Sun, F. (1999), “Export-Led Growth and the US Economy: Some Further Testing,” Applied Economics Letters, 6. pp.169-72.
  • Sheehey, E.J., (1992), “Exports and Growth: Additional Evidence,” Journal of Development Studies 28, pp.730–734.
  • Shirazi, N., S., Manap, T., A. (2005), “Export-Led Growth Hypothesis: Further Econometric Evidence from South Asia,” The Developing Economies, XLIII-4, December , pp. 472–88.
  • Sylwester, (2001), “R&D and Economic Growth,” Knowledge, Technology, & Policy, 13(4), pp. 71-84.
  • Toda, H. Y., and Phillips P. C. B. (1993), “Vector Autoregressions and Causality,” Econometrica 61(6), pp.1367–93.
  • Toda, H.Y., Yamamoto, T., (1995), “Statistical Inference in Vector Autoregressions with Possibly Integrated Processes,” Journal of Econometrics, 66, pp.225–250.
  • Tyler, W.G. (1981), “Growth and Export Expansion in Developing Countries: Some Empirical Evidence,” Journal of Development Economics, 3, pp. 337-49.
  • U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, http://www.bea.gov/national
  • Ulku H., (2007), “R&D, Innovation and Output: Evidence from OECD
  • and non OECD Countries,” Applied Economics, 39(3), pp.291–307.
  • Wang, E. C. (2010), “Determinants of R&D Investment: The Extreme- Bounds-Analysis Approach Applied to 26 OECD Countries,” Research Policy, 39, pp. 103-116.
Toplam 56 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

  Doç.dr.selçuk Akçay Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Mart 2011
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2011 Cilt: 16 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Akçay, .D. (2011). TOPLAM AR&GE YATIRIMLARI İLE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME ARASINDA NEDENSELLİK İLİŞKİSİ: AMERİKA BİRLEŞİK DEVLETLERİNDEN KANIT. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(1), 79-92.